Deck 6: Bones and Skeletal Tissues

Question 1

All bones stop growing by the end of adolescence.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

What kind of tissue is the forerunner of long bones in the embryo?

A) hyaline cartilage
B) dense fibrous connective tissue
C) elastic connective tissue
D) fibrocartilage

Answer 2

A

Question 3

The structural unit of compact bone (osteon) resembles the growth rings of a tree trunk.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Short, irregular, and flat bones all consist of thin plates of spongy bone covered by compact bone.

Question 5

The trabeculae of spongy bone are oriented toward lines of stress.

Question 6

Each consecutive bone lamella has collagen fibers that wrap in alternating directions.

Question 7

The term osteoid refers to the organic part of the matrix of compact bones without mineralization.

Question 8

Yellow bone marrow contains a large percentage of .

A) fat
B) elastic tissue
C) blood-forming cells
D) perforating fibers

Question 9

Cartilage has a flexible matrix that can accommodate mitosis of chondrocytes.

Question 10

Closure of the epiphyseal plate stops all bone growth.

Question 11

Bones are classified by whether they are weight bearing or protective in function.

Question 12

An osteon contains osteocytes, lamellae, and a central canal, and is found in compact bone only.

Question 13

The hormone that is primarily involved in the control of bone remodeling is calcitonin.

Question 14

The periosteum is a tissue that serves only to protect the bone because it is not supplied with nerves or blood vessels.

Question 15

What can a deficiency of growth hormone during bone formation cause?

A) inadequate calcification of bone
B) decreased epiphyseal plate activity
C) decreased osteoclast activity
D) increased osteoclast activity

Question 16

The structure of bone tissue suits the function. Which of the following bone tissues is adapted to support weight and withstand torsion stresses?

A) trabecular bone
B) irregular bone
C) compact bone
D) spongy bone

Question 17

Sixty-five percent of the mass of bone is a compound called hydroxyapatite.

Question 18

Short, irregular, and flat bones have medullary cavities in order to keep the weight of the bones light.

Question 19

The cell responsible for secreting the matrix of bone is the .

A) osteoclast
B) osteoblast
C) chondrocyte
D) osteocyte

Question 20

In newborn infants, the medullary cavity and all areas of spongy bone contain red bone marrow.

Question 21

The term diploë refers to the .

A) double-layered nature of the connective tissue covering the bone
B) internal layer of spongy bone in flat bones
C) fact that most bones are formed of two types of bone tissue
D) two types of marrow found within most bones

Question 22

Which hormone increases osteoclast activity to release more calcium ions into the bloodstream?

A) thyroxine
B) parathyroid hormone
C) calcitonin
D) estrogen

Question 23

The periosteum is secured to the underlying bone by .

A) perforating (Sharpey's) fibers
B) a bony matrix with hyaline cartilage
C) the struts of bone known as spicules
D) Volkmann's canals

Question 24

Which of the following is implicated in osteoporosis in older women?

A) abnormal PTH receptors
B) heritage such as African or Mediterranean
C) poor posture
D) estrogen deficiency due to menopause

Question 25

The resilience of bone is thought to come from which of the following?

A) sacrificial bonds in or between collagen molecules
B) amount of mineral salts in the bone
C) presence of osteoblasts in the bone
D) amount of mineral salt and protein in the bone

Question 26

Which of the following is a bone marking described as a round or oval opening through a bone?

A) ramus
B) foramen
C) meatus
D) fossa
E) epicondyle

Question 27

Bones are constantly undergoing resorption (breaking bone down) for various reasons. Which of the following cells accomplishes this process?

A) osteocyte
B) stem cell
C) osteoclast
D) osteoblast

Question 28

Which bone would likely take the longest to heal?

A) finger bone of a young individual
B) thigh bone of a young individual
C) thigh bone of an elderly individual
D) finger bone of an elderly individual

Question 29

Wolff's law is concerned with .

A) the function of bone being dependent on shape
B) vertical growth of bones being dependent on age
C) the thickness and shape of a bone being dependent on stresses placed upon it
D) the diameter of the bone being dependent on the ratio of osteoblasts to osteoclasts

Question 30

For intramembranous ossification to take place, which of the following is necessary?

A) Ossification centers form in the fibrous connective tissue membrane.
B) The cartilage matrix begins to deteriorate.
C) A medullary cavity forms.
D) A bone collar forms around the cartilage model.

Question 31

Which structure allows the diaphysis of the bone to increase in length until early childhood?

A) epiphyseal plate
B) lacuna
C) osteon
D) epiphyseal line

Question 32

The process of bones increasing in thickness is known as .

A) epiphyseal plate closure
B) appositional growth
C) closing of the epiphyseal plate
D) concentric growth

Question 33

Which of the following is the single most important stimulus for epiphyseal plate activity during infancy and childhood?

A) thyroid hormone
B) growth hormone
C) calcium
D) parathyroid hormone

Question 34

A fracture in the shaft of a bone would be a break in the .

A) articular cartilage
B) epiphysis
C) metaphysis
D) diaphysis

Question 35

Ossification of the ends of long bones .

A) takes twice as long as diaphysis ossification
B) is produced by secondary ossification centers
C) involves medullary cavity formation
D) is a characteristic of intramembranous bone formation

Question 36

Which of the following is NOT a function of the skeletal system?

A) production of blood cells (hematopoiesis)
B) communication
C) storage of minerals
D) support

Question 37

The central (Haversian) canal that runs through the core of each osteon is the site of .

A) blood vessels and nerve fibers
B) cartilage and interstitial lamellae
C) adipose tissue and nerve fibers
D) yellow marrow and spicules

Question 38

Cranial bones develop .

A) from a tendon
B) within osseous membranes
C) from cartilage models
D) within fibrous membranes

Question 39

Bones are covered and lined by a protective tissue called periosteum. The inner (osteogenic) layer consists primarily of .

A) chondrocytes and osteocytes
B) dense irregular connective tissue
C) osteogenic cells
D) cartilage and compact bone

Question 40

Which of the following bones are NOT a part of the appendicular skeleton?

A) skull
B) shoulder
C) hip
D) upper limb

Question 41

Prevention of osteoporosis includes adequate intake of .

A) vitamin D and chloride
B) potassium and vitamin D
C) calcium and vitamin E
D) calcium and vitamin D

Question 42

What tissue forms the model for endochondral ossification?

A) fascia
B) cartilage
C) fibrous membrane
D) bone

Question 43

When an osteoblast becomes completely surrounded by its own matrix secretions it is referred to as a(n) .

A) osteocyte
B) osteogenic cell
C) chondrocyte
D) osteoclast

Question 44

The pubic symphysis connects the two hip bones anteriorly and provides a little movement during childbirth. Choose the most appropriate tissue for this structure that is subjected to both pressure and stretch.

A) fibrocartilage
B) bone
C) elastic cartilage
D) hyaline cartilage

Question 45

At an archeological site you discover a bone that is cylindrical in shape, about one inch long and a quarter of an inch wide. Choose the correct classification.

A) irregular
B) short
C) long
D) sesamoid

Question 46

Growth of bones is controlled by a symphony of hormones. Which hormone is of greatest importance for bone growth during infancy and childhood?

A) parathyroid hormone
B) growth hormone
C) calcitonin
D) thyroid hormones

Question 47

Choose the structures that most directly provide nutrients and remove wastes from osteocytes in compact bone.

A) nutrient foramens
B) perforating (Volkmann's) canals
C) canaliculi
D) central canals

Question 48

Which of the following is a bone disorder characterized by excessive and haphazard bone deposit and resorption?

A) osteoporosis
B) Paget's disease
C) osteomalacia
D) rickets

Question 49

At what age do bones reach their peak density?

A) early adulthood
B) late adulthood
C) at birth
D) early childhood

Question 50

Which of the following statements best describes interstitial growth of cartilage?

A) Growth occurs in the lining of the long bones.
B) Chondrocytes in the lacunae divide and secrete matrix, allowing the cartilage to grow from within.
C) Unspecialized cells from mesenchyme develop into chondrocytes, which divide and form cartilage.
D) Fibroblasts give rise to chondrocytes that differentiate and form cartilage.

Question 51

In humans, the effect of the hormone calcitonin is to .

A) temporarily decrease blood calcium levels when administered in large doses
B) increase blood calcium levels by stimulating osteoclasts
C) increase blood calcium levels by inhibiting osteoblasts
D) decrease mitosis of chondrocytes at the epiphyseal plate

Question 52

Cartilage grows in two ways, appositional and interstitial. What is appositional growth?

A) along the edges only of existing osteons, making each osteon larger
B) growth at the epiphyseal plate
C) the lengthening of hyaline cartilage
D) the secretion of new matrix against the external face of existing cartilage

Question 53

Skeletal remains are discovered at an archeological site. X-rays of the femur show evidence of a thin epiphyseal plate. This bone likely belonged to which of the following?

A) 8-year-old female
B) 25-year-old female
C) 60-year-old male
D) 18-year-old male

Question 54

Choose the best location for obtaining a red bone marrow sample from a patient.

A) frontal bone
B) head of humerus
C) medullary cavity of femur
D) hip bone

Question 55

Lengthwise, long bone growth during infancy and youth is exclusively through .

A) calcification of the matrix of the zone underlying articular cartilage
B) the secretion of bone matrix into the medullary cavity
C) interstitial growth of the epiphyseal plates
D) differentiation of osteoclasts into osteocytes

Question 56

Choose which bone marking type would likely increase in size when a weight lifter repeatedly exercises muscles that attach to it.

A) trochanter
B) fossa
C) foramen
D) meatus

Question 57

Spongy bone contains _ .

A) osseous lamellae
B) trabeculae
C) lamellar bone
D) osteons

Question 58

Ossification (Osteogenesis) is the process of .

A) making collagen fibers for calcified cartilage
B) bone destruction to liberate calcium
C) making a cartilage model of the fetal bone
D) bone formation

Question 59

In some cases, the epiphyseal plate of the long bones of children closes too early. What might be the cause?

A) osteoblast activity exceeds osteoclast activity
B) elevated levels of sex hormones
C) too much vitamin D in the diet
D) overproduction of thyroid hormone

Question 60

In the epiphyseal plate, cartilage grows .

A) in a circular fashion
B) by pulling the diaphysis toward the epiphysis
C) by pushing the epiphysis away from the diaphysis
D) from the edges inward

Question 61

Alice and James adopted a 3-year-old child from a developing country. They noticed that her legs were bowed and there were some deformities in her cranial and pelvic bones. They brought her to a physician for a diagnosis. What was the likely diagnosis, and what was the treatment for the disorder?

Question 62

Bones appear to be lifeless structures. Does bone material renew itself?

Question 63

Johnny fractured the lower third of his right tibia in a skiing accident. The soft tissues in the area were severely damaged and their surgical removal was necessary. After prolonged immobilization, it was found that Johnny was healing very poorly. The explanation offered by the orthopedic surgeon was that vascularization of the fracture site was still inadequate and good healing was absolutely dependent upon an adequate blood supply. Describe how a long bone receives its blood supply and trace the path of nutrient delivery to the osteocytes.

Question 64

List in order the four major healing stages of a simple fracture.

Question 65

Emily, a 64-year-old formerly obese woman who successfully lost over 100 pounds, was brought to the
hospital suffering pain in her legs, and an X-ray revealed that she had a simple fracture in her right femur and a
crack in her left tibia. Other tests revealed that her bones were brittle and porous. What might have happened to
Emily, and what advice would she have been given by the physician?

Question 66

While on spring break from college, June fell on the pavement and broke her wrist. At the emergency room, a resident placed a cast on her wrist after manipulating the bones. It seemed to heal within a few months. Now, decades later she has noticed lumps in the area where the break happened and she has been complaining of pain. What could be causing the lumps and the pain?

Question 67

Compare how nutrients reach individual osteocytes in compact bone and in spongy bone.

Question 68

What is found in a central (Haversian) canal?

Question 69

A 75-year-old woman and her 9-year-old granddaughter were victims of a train crash. In both cases, trauma to the chest was sustained. X-rays of the grandmother revealed several fractured ribs, but her granddaughter had none. Explain these different findings.

Question 70

Compare the function of the organic materials in the bone matrix with the function of the inorganic materials in the matrix.

Question 71

Create an analogy for the chemical composition of bone using highway construction.

Question 72

Mrs. Brown was outside on her patio cleaning windows when she fell off her step ladder and fractured her right hip. She had emergency surgery with an open reduction and internal fixation of the right hip. Three days postoperatively, she asks you if she will have trouble going through airport security. What has prompted her concern?

Question 73

When does prevention of osteoporosis start?

Question 74

Why are the bones of young children much more flexible than those of the elderly?

Question 75

Proper blood calcium levels are required for muscle contraction, nerve function, and other critical activities in the body. How does the body maintain homeostasis in response to decreased blood calcium levels? Discuss the main gland, hormone, and target of the hormone.

Question 76

What are the three characteristics used to classify bone fractures?

Question 77

People who live in northern latitudes may require supplemental calcium with vitamin D. Explain why.

Question 78

Compare the starts of intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification.

Question 79

What are the differences between the diaphysis and the epiphyses of long bones?

Question 80

If your elderly patient's blood calcium level is normal, does that mean the patient does not have osteoporosis?
Explain.