Deck 19: The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels

Question 1

An obstruction in the superior vena cava would decrease the flow of blood from the head and neck to the heart.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

The cerebral arterial circle (circle of Willis) is an arterial anastomosis.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

The aorta receives the full force of blood exiting the heart during ventricular systole. Which of the following statements best describes the adaptive anatomy of the aorta?

A) The tunica external of the aorta is nearly absent compared to other vessels.
B) Smooth muscle is relatively thin in the aorta to increase lumen size and systemic blood flow.
C) The aorta's tunica media is thick with dense regular connective tissue to withstand the blood's pressure.
D) Elastic fibers are extensive in the tunica media of the aorta and dampen the pulse pressure generated by the heart.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Which blood vessels lack elastic tissue?

A) muscular arteries and arterioles
B) arterioles and capillaries
C) venules and veins
D) capillaries and venules

Question 5

Osmotic pressure is created by the presence in a fluid of small diffusible molecules that easily move through the capillary membrane.

Question 6

Whereas diffusion is more important for solute exchange between plasma and interstitial fluid, bulk flow is more important for regulation of the relative volumes of blood and interstitial fluid.

Question 7

An increase in blood viscosity will cause an increase in peripheral resistance.

Question 8

The pulmonary circulation does not directly serve the metabolic needs of body tissues.

Question 9

During a marathon which of the following hormones is least likely to be released by the runner?

A) atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
B) epinephrine
C) antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
D) angiotensin II

Question 10

The carotid sinus reflex protects the blood supply to the brain, whereas the aortic reflex is more concerned with maintaining adequate blood pressure in the systemic circuit as a whole.

Question 11

In red bone marrow newly formed blood cells enter the circulation. You would expect to see many type of capillaries in red bone marrow.

A) continuous
B) fenestrated
C) metarterioles
D) sinusoid

Question 12

If a person were to have substantial blood loss, you would expect to see all of the following physiological events to happen EXCEPT one. Select the least likely response to substantial blood loss.

A) increases peripheral resistance
B) decreased heart rate
C) increasing vasomotor tone
D) a weak, thread pulse

Question 13

The adjustment of blood flow to each tissue in proportion to its requirements at any point in time is termed autoregulation.

Question 14

Arterial pressure in the pulmonary circulation is much higher than in the systemic circulation because of its proximity to the heart.

Question 15

Reduction in the concentration of albumin in blood plasma would alter capillary exchange by .

A) decreasing colloid osmotic pressure and blood volume, blood pressure increases
B) increasing hydrostatic pressure and edema will occur
C) increasing hydrostatic pressure and blood volume, blood pressure increases
D) decreasing colloid osmotic pressure and edema will occur

Question 16

A person suddenly gaining significant amounts of adipose tissue can expect all of the following physiological changes except one. Which of the following is least likely to occur with a sudden and significant gain in adipose tissue?

A) lower heart rate and reduced blood flow
B) increased angiogenesis and higher peripheral resistance
C) higher peripheral resistance and higher blood pressure
D) increased risk of developing atherosclerosis

Question 17

Vessels that carry blood away from the heart and are named by the organs they supply (renal) are .

A) muscular arteries
B) capillaries
C) elastic arteries
D) arterioles

Question 18

Arteries supplying the same territory are often merged with one another, forming arterial anastomoses.

Question 19

Which of the following would NOT be expected from taking a diuretic drug?

A) greater stress on the heart to provide adequate perfusion
B) decreased blood pressure
C) increased urine output
D) lower plasma volume

Question 20

Which structural layer of blood vessels is most responsible for maintaining blood pressure?

A) tunica intima
B) tunica externa
C) tunica media
D) subendothelial

Question 21

In general, it is expected that .

A) hydrostatic pressure will remain constant throughout the capillary bed
B) hydrostatic pressure will rise as blood moves away from the arteriole end of the capillary bed
C) hydrostatic pressure will drop as blood moves away from the arteriole end of the capillary bed
D) osmotic pressure will be lower in the arteriole end of the capillary bed compared to the venous end

Question 22

Which of the choices below explains why the arterioles are known as resistance vessels?

A) They distribute blood to various parts of the body.
B) Their prime function is the exchange of nutrients and wastes between the blood and tissue cells.
C) The contraction and relaxation of the smooth muscle in their walls can change their diameter.
D) They contain a large quantity of elastic tissue.

Question 23

The pulse pressure is .

A) systolic pressure plus diastolic pressure
B) systolic pressure divided by diastolic pressure
C) diastolic pressure plus 1/3 (systolic pressure plus diastolic pressure)
D) systolic pressure minus diastolic pressure

Question 24

In general, it is expected that .

A) osmotic pressure will be higher in the arteriole end of the capillary bed compared to the venous end
B) hydrostatic pressure will remain constant throughout the capillary bed
C) osmotic pressure will remain relatively consistent throughout the capillary bed
D) osmotic pressure will be lower in the arteriole end of the capillary bed compared to the venous end

Question 25

Which of the following processes provides a long-term response to changes in blood pressure?

A) neural controls
B) chemoreceptor-initiated reflexes
C) renal regulation
D) baroreceptor-initiated reflexes

Question 26

Atherosclerosis causes elastic arteries to become less stretchy. How does this affect pulse pressure?

A) Pulse pressure is temporarily increased.
B) Pulse pressure is chronically decreased.
C) Pulse pressure is temporarily decreased.
D) Pulse pressure is unaffected by atherosclerosis.
E) Pulse pressure is chronically increased.

Question 27

Which of the following signs of hypovolemic shock is a relatively late sign?

A) rapidly falling blood pressure
B) cold, clammy skin
C) rapid, thready pulse
D) increased heart rate

Question 28

Which of the following contain oxygenated blood?

A) pulmonary arteries
B) lobar arteries
C) pulmonary veins
D) pulmonary trunk

Question 29

Which of the following statements regarding the hepatic portal system is FALSE?

A) It branches off of the inferior vena cava.
B) Its major vessels are the superior mesenteric, inferior mesenteric, and splenic veins.
C) It carries nutrients, toxins, and microorganisms to the liver for processing.
D) It consists of a vein connecting two capillary beds together.

Question 30

The velocity of blood is slowest in the capillaries and pressure of blood is lowest in the veins. Which of the following is NOT an accurate description of the benefits of slow, low pressure blood in the capillary beds?

A) Slower blood flow through capillaries allows more time for diffusion to take place in the capillary bed.
B) Lower pressure reduces the chance of injury to delicate capillary vessels.
C) Lower pressure in the capillary bed helps to increase pressure in the venous circulation.
D) Lower pressure on the venous end of the capillary bed allows for greater reabsorption of fluid back to the plasma.

Question 31

Which of the following statements is NOT true of the precapillary sphincters?

A) They decrease the osmotic pressure in the thoroughfare channel.
B) They allow blood to bypass the true capillaries that are fed by the metarteriole.
C) They regulate the flow of blood to tissues served by the true capillaries.
D) They increase or decrease rates of perfusion to the tissues served by the true capillaries.

Question 32

Blood flow is proportional to the difference in blood pressure. Blood flow is proportional to the total peripheral resistance.

A) inversely; inversely
B) directly; directly
C) directly; inversely
D) inversely; directly

Question 33

Which of the following is most likely to occur in the arteriovenous shuts present in the blood vessels of the finger tips and toes?

A) Colder temperatures will result in vasodilation in the arteriovenous shuts.
B) Exercise will result in vasoconstriction in the arteriovenous shuts.
C) Colder temperatures will result in vasoconstriction in the arteriovenous shuts.
D) Warmer temperatures will result in vasoconstriction in the arteriovenous shuts.

Question 34

Which statement best describes arteries?

A) All carry blood away from the heart.
B) All carry oxygenated blood to the heart.
C) All contain valves to prevent the backflow of blood.
D) Only large arteries are lined with endothelium.

Question 35

Each of the following describes the action of aldosterone except one. Which of the following does NOT describe the activity of aldosterone hormone?

A) It promotes an increase in blood pressure.
B) It will reduce urine output.
C) It will result in higher sodium levels in the urine.
D) It promotes an increase in sodium reabsorption from the kidney to the blood.

Question 36

The release of which hormone is most likely to cause a reduction in blood volume and pressure?

A) atrial natriuretic peptide
B) norepinephrine
C) antidiuretic hormone
D) aldosterone

Question 37

Which of the following is likely during vigorous exercise?

A) The skin will be cold and clammy.
B) Blood flow to the kidneys increases.
C) Blood will be diverted to the digestive organs.
D) Capillaries of the active muscles will be engorged with blood.

Question 38

Which will NOT occur if blood pressure drops below homeostatic levels?

A) Cardiac output will increase.
B) The cardioacceleratory center of the medulla will be activated.
C) Baroreceptors in the carotid sinuses and aortic arch will be stimulated.
D) Vasomotor center of the medulla will trigger vasoconstriction.

Question 39

Which of the following does NOT contribute to venous blood pressure?

A) increased abdominal pressure during breathing
B) skeletal muscle activity
C) constriction of smooth muscle around veins by the sympathetic nervous system
D) venous anastomoses

Question 40

Permitting the exchange of nutrients and gases between the blood and tissue cells is the primary function of .

A) capillaries
B) arterioles
C) arteries
D) veins

Question 41

Select the correct statement about factors that influence blood pressure.

A) An increase in cardiac output corresponds to a decrease in blood pressure, due to the increased delivery.
B) Systemic vasodilation would increase blood pressure, due to diversion of blood to essential areas.
C) Excess red cell production would cause a blood pressure increase.
D) Excess albumen transport protein production would decrease blood pressure.

Question 42

The abdominal aorta splits into which vessels?

A) right and left femoral arteries
B) right and left common iliac arteries
C) right and left common carotid arteries
D) right and left subclavian arteries

Question 43

Peripheral resistance _.

A) increases as blood vessel diameter increases
B) increases as blood viscosity increases
C) is not a major factor in blood pressure in healthy individuals
D) decreases with increasing length of the blood vessel

Question 44

The form of circulatory shock known as hypovolemic shock is .

A) shock that results from large-scale loss of blood volume, or after severe vomiting or diarrhea
B) any condition in which blood vessels are inadequately filled and blood cannot circulate normally
C) the form of shock caused by anaphylaxis
D) always fatal

Question 45

Blood flow to the skin _ .

A) increases when body temperature drops so that the skin does not freeze
B) is controlled mainly by decreasing pH
C) is not an important source of nutrients and oxygen for skin cells
D) increases when environmental temperature rises

Question 46

Which of the following is a type of circulatory shock?

A) cardiogenic, which results from any defect in blood vessels
B) vascular, due to extreme vasodilation as a result of loss of vasomotor tone
C) circulatory, where blood volume is normal and constant
D) hypovolemic, caused by increased blood volume

Question 47

These capillaries may be lined with phagocytes that can extend their process into the plasma to catch "prey."

A) sinusoids
B) anastomoses
C) fenestrations
D) thoroughfare channels

Question 48

The influence of blood vessel diameter on peripheral resistance is .

A) insignificant because vessel diameter does not vary
B) significant because resistance is inversely proportional to the fourth power of the vessel radius
C) significant because resistance is directly proportional to the blood vessel diameter
D) the only factor that influences resistance

Question 49

Which of the choices below reflects the balance (or imbalance) between the direction and amount of fluid that flows across the capillary walls?

A) plasma and formed element concentration
B) hydrostatic and osmotic pressure
C) hydrostatic pressure only
D) blood volume and viscosity

Question 50

Which of the following is least involved in pulmonary circulation?

A) left atrium
B) right ventricle
C) pulmonary arteries and veins
D) superior vena cava

Question 51

The beginning of a true capillary is surrounded by a precapillary sphincter. The opening and closing of precapillary sphincters is controlled by .

A) parasympathetic nervous system
B) local chemical conditions
C) sympathetic nervous system
D) blood pressure in the metarteriole

Question 52

Which of the following is the most significant source of blood flow resistance?

A) blood vessels type
B) blood viscosity
C) blood vessel diameter
D) total blood vessel length

Question 53

Due to the branching of arteries the type of arteries that would be most numerous would be .

A) pulmonary arteries
B) elastic arteries
C) arterioles
D) muscular arteries

Question 54

Histologically, the is squamous epithelium supported by a sparse connective tissue layer.

A) tunica intima
B) tunica media
C) tunica adventitia
D) tunica externa

Question 55

Which of the following blood pressure readings would be indicative of hypertension?

A) 170/96
B) 140/90
C) 110/60
D) 120/80

Question 56

Which of the following is NOT true regarding fenestrated capillaries?

A) Fenestrated capillaries are essential for filtration of blood plasma in the kidney.
B) Fenestrated capillaries in endocrine organs allow hormones rapid entry into the blood.
C) Fenestrated capillaries form the blood-brain barrier.
D) Fenestrated capillaries in the small intestine receive nutrients from digested food.

Question 57

The term ductus venosus refers to .

A) a special fetal vessel that allows umbilical blood to bypass the liver
B) damage to the valves in the veins, leading to varicose veins
C) a condition of the aged in which the arteries lose elasticity
D) a fetal shunt that bypasses the lungs

Question 58

The pulse rate depends on all of the following except one. Select the one answer the does NOT affect a pulse rate reading.

A) emotions
B) postural changes
C) the vessel selected to palpate
D) activity

Question 59

Factors that aid venous return include all EXCEPT .

A) activity of skeletal muscles
B) urinary output
C) pressure changes in the thorax
D) venous valves

Question 60

Brain blood flow autoregulation .

A) causes constriction of cerebral blood vessels in response to a drop in systemic blood pressure
B) is abolished when abnormally high CO₂ levels persist
C) is less sensitive to pH than to a decreased oxygen level
D) is controlled by cardiac centers in the pons

Question 61

What do the ductus arteriosus and the foramen ovale become at birth?

A) ligamentum arteriosum; ligamentum teres
B) ligamentum teres; fossa ovalis
C) ligamentum arteriosum; fossa ovalis
D) fossa ovalis; ligamentum arteriosum

Question 62

The velocity of blood flow is _ .

A) in direct proportion to the total cross-sectional area of the blood vessels
B) slower in the arteries than in capillaries because arteries possess a relatively large diameter
C) slowest in the capillaries because the total cross-sectional area is the greatest
D) slower in the veins than in the capillaries because veins have a large diameter

Question 63

A patient with essential hypertension might have pressures of 200/120 mm Hg. This hypertensive state could result in all of the following changes EXCEPT _ _.

A) increased work of the left ventricle
B) decreased size of the heart muscle
C) increased damage to blood vessel endothelium
D) increased incidence of coronary artery disease

Question 64

If a person has lost a significant amount of blood but still maintains a normal blood pressure it does not necessarily mean that the person is maintaining adequate perfusion. Which of the following best explains why this is so?

A) The heart has increased its rate to increase cardiac output.
B) The sympathetic nervous system has increased its nervous impulses.
C) The heart has increased its contractile force increasing cardiac output.
D) Blood vessels are constricting causing greater peripheral resistance.

Question 65

The short-term controls of blood pressure, mediated by the nervous system and bloodborne chemicals, primarily operate via all but which of the following?

A) reflex arcs involving baroreceptors
B) chemoreceptors
C) altering blood volume
D) reflex arcs associated with vasomotor fibers

Question 66

Which of the following would NOT result in the dilation of the feeder arterioles and opening of the precapillary sphincters in systemic capillary beds?

A) a local increase in pH
B) an increase in local tissue carbon dioxide
C) a local increase in histamine
D) a decrease in local tissue oxygen content

Question 67

Cerebral blood flow is regulated by .

A) intrinsic autoregulatory mechanisms
B) ADH
C) the hypothalamic "thermostat"
D) skin temperature

Question 68

A family of peptides called are released by the endothelium and are among the most potent vasoconstrictors known.

Question 69

Arteriolar blood pressure increases in response to all but which of the following?

A) falling blood volume
B) increasing heart rate
C) increasing stroke volume
D) rising blood volume
E) all of these

Question 70

Where in the body would you find low oxygen levels causing vasoconstriction and high levels causing vasodilation?

A) lungs
B) kidney
C) heart
D) liver

Question 71

The internal carotid arteries supply the with blood.

Question 72

List the major factors that are linked to essential hypertension and note which ones are controllable by the patient.

Question 73

A thrombus (blood clot) in the first branch of the arch of the aorta would affect the flow of blood to the .

A) right side of the head and neck and right upper arm
B) left side of the head and neck
C) left upper arm
D) myocardium of the heart

Question 74

Normal average blood pressure for a newborn baby is .

A) 120/80
B) 130/80
C) 90/55
D) 150/90

Question 75

The baroreceptors in the carotid sinus and aortic arch are sensitive to which of the following?

A) a decrease in oxygen levels
B) an increase in oxygen levels
C) a decrease in carbon dioxide
D) changes in arterial pressure

Question 76

Select the correct statement about blood flow.

A) It is measured in mm Hg.
B) It is greatest where resistance is highest.
C) It is relatively constant through all body organs.
D) Blood flow through the entire vascular system is proportional to cardiac output.

Question 77

The in the carotid sinuses and aortic arch detect increases in blood pressure.

Question 78

Mechanisms that do NOT help regulate blood pressure include .

A) chemical controls such as atrial natriuretic peptide
B) the dural sinus reflex
C) renal regulation via the renin-angiotensin system of vasoconstriction
D) nervous control that operates via reflex arcs involving baroreceptors, chemoreceptors, and higher brain centers

Question 79

Arterial provide alternate pathways for blood to get to an organ.

Question 80

Secondary hypertension can be caused by _ .

A) stress
B) obesity
C) smoking
D) kidney disease