Deck 14: The Autonomic Nervous System

Question 1

Acetylcholine is released by all somatic motor neurons, all preganglionic neurons of the ANSand by the postganglionic parasympathetic nerve fibers.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Norepinephrine-releasing fibers are called cholinergic fibers.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Thermoregulatory responses to increased heat are mediated by the sympathetic nervous division.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

The autonomic nervous system may cause activation or inhibition, depending on the division that is active and the target that is affected.

Question 5

Autonomic ganglia are motor ganglia, containing the cell bodies of motor neurons.

Question 6

The ANS stimulates smooth muscles, skeletal muscles and glands, whereas the somatic nervous system innervates skeletal muscles only.

Question 7

The sympathetic division innervates more organs than the parasympathetic division.

Question 8

The gray rami communicantes consist of myelinated postganglionic fibers.

Question 9

The celiac ganglion is primarily associated with the sympathetic division.

Question 10

Most blood vessels are innervated by the sympathetic division alone.

Question 11

Somatic and visceral reflex arcs are similar, but visceral reflex arcs lack afferent fibers (visceral sensory neurons).

Question 12

The sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS have the same effect on most body organ systems.

Question 13

The rami communicantes are associated only with the sympathetic division of the ANS.

Question 14

The facial (VII), glossopharyngeal (IX), and vagus (X) nerves contain postganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic nervous system.

Question 15

The effect of beta-blocker drugs (block beta-receptors) is to decrease blood pressure.

Question 16

Some sympathetic preganglionic fibers stimulate the adrenal medulla to releasenorepinephrine and epinephrine into the blood, producing a "surge of adrenaline."

Question 17

Autonomic ganglia are sights of synapse and information transmission from preganglionic to postganglionic neurons.

Question 18

The craniosacral division is another name for the parasympathetic division.

Question 19

All visceral organs receive dual innervation from both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS.

Question 20

Most disorders of the autonomic nervous system reflect abnormalities of smooth muscle control.

Question 21

The vasomotor tone of blood vessels is mostly under sympathetic control.

Question 22

The sacral part of the parasympathetic division serves the pelvic organs and the distal half of the large intestine.

Question 23

Where would you not find a cholinergeric nicotinic receptor?

A) adrenal medulla hormone producing cells
B) all postganglionic neurons (cell bodies and dendrites)
C) sarcolemma of skeletal muscle cells at neuromuscular junctions
D) all parasympathetic target organs

Question 24

All splanchnic nerves are sympathetic.

Question 25

The somatic and autonomic nervous systems differ in all of the following except ________.

A) target organ responses to their neurotransmitters
B) their effectors
C) regulation of activity by higher brain centers
D) their efferent pathways and ganglia

Question 26

Preparing the body for the "fight-or-flight" response is the role of the ________.

A) parasympathetic division
B) somatic nervous system
C) sympathetic division
D) cerebrum

Question 27

Which of the following does not describe the ANS?

A) involuntary nervous system
B) a system of motor neurons that innervates all muscle cells
C) a system of motor neurons that innervates smooth and cardiac muscle and glands
D) general visceral motor system

Question 28

Visceral reflexes include the reflexes that empty the bladder and the rectum.

Question 29

The effect of the parasympathetic division on the penis is vasodilation causing erection, while ejaculation is due to sympathetic stimulation.

Question 30

The autonomic and somatic nervous systems are two separate systems that work totally independent of each other and lack any functional overlap.

Question 31

Cardiovascular effects of the sympathetic division include all of the following except ________.

A) weak dil ation of the blood vessels of skeletal muscles during exercise
B) dilation of the blood vessels serving the skin and digestive viscera
C) constriction of most blood vessels
D) increase of heart rate and force

Question 32

)-adrenergic receptors are the only receptors found on the heart.

Question 33

Because many of the same cardiac cells are innervated by both parasympathetic andsympathetic fibers, the influence of the two divisions on the heart is synergistic, meaning contraction is strongest when both divisions act together.

Question 34

The secretions of the adrenal medulla act to supplement the effects of ________.

A) somatic stimulation
B) sympathetic stimulation
C) parasympathetic innervation
D) vagus (X) nerve activity

Question 35

Rami communicantes are designated white or gray to indicate whether or not the fibers passing through them are myelinated.

Question 36

The blood vessels of the skin are one of the few areas of the body where the vessels are innervated by both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.

Question 37

Most splanchnic nerves pass through the abdominal aortic plexus.

Question 38

The parasympathetic ganglion that serves the eye is the________.

A) submandibular ganglion
B) pterygopalatine ganglion
C) ciliary ganglion
D) otic ganglion

Question 39

The "resting and digesting" division of the autonomic nervous system is the _____ ___.

A) peripheral division
B) parasympathetic division
C) somatic division
D) sympathetic division

Question 40

Cranial nerves III (oculomotor), VII (facial), and IX (glossopharyngeal) supply the entire parasympathetic innervation of the head; however, only the preganglionic fibers lie within these three pairs of cranial nerves.

Question 41

Visceral reflex arcs differ from somatic in that ________.

A) visceral arcs contain two sensory neurons
B) visceral arcs involve two motor neurons
C) somatic arcs contain one additional component that visceral arcs do not possess
D) visceral arcs do not use integration centers

Question 42

Which of the following appears to exert the most direct influence over autonomic functions?

A) medulla oblongata
B) midbrain
C) hypothalamus
D) reticular formation

Question 43

The parasympathetic tone ________.

A) accelerates activity of the digestive tract
B) determines normal activity of the urinary tract
C) prevents unnecessary heart deceleration
D) causes blood pressure to rise

Question 44

Which of the following statements is false?

A) Sympathetic origin is craniosacral; parasympathetic is thoracolumbar.
B) Sympathetic ganglia are within a few centimeters of the CNS; parasympathetic ganglia are close to the visceral organs served.
C) Sympathetic has extensive branching of preganglionic fibers; parasympathetic has minimal branching of preganglionic fibers.
D) Sympathetic division has short preganglionic and long postganglionic fibers; parasympathetic has long preganglionic and short postganglionic fibers.

Question 45

Control of temperature, endocrine activity, and thirst are functions associated with the________.

A) cerebellum
B) hypothalamus
C) medulla
D) thalamus

Question 46

Raynaud's disease________.

A) is induced by heat stress
B) occurs primarily in association with injury to the spinal cord
C) is frequently life threatening
D) is characterized by exaggerated vasoconstriction in the extremities

Question 47

Erection (vasodilation) of the penis or clitoris ________.

A) is primarily under sympathetic control
B) is the result of coordinated activation by both sympathetic and parasympathetic input
C) depends very little on autonomic activation
D) is primarily under parasympathetic control

Question 48

Which of the following is not a plexus of the vagus (X) nerve?

A) pulmonary
B) cardiac
C) esophageal
D) inferior hypogastric

Question 49

The parasympathetic fibers of the ________ nerves innervate smooth muscles of the eye that cause the lenses to bulge to accommodate close vision.

A) trochlear (IV)
B) abducens (VI)
C) oculomotor (III)
D) optic (II)

Question 50

Which sympathetic fibers form a splanchnic nerve?

A) those that synapse in the same trunk ganglion they entered
B) those that synapse with parasympathetic fibers
C) those that pass through the trunk ganglion to synapse in collateral or prevertebral ganglia
D) those that synapse with somatic fibers

Question 51

Once a sympathetic preganglionic axon reaches a trunk ganglion, it can do all of the followingexcept?

A) ascend or descend the trunk to synapse in another trunk ganglion
B) pass through the trunk ganglion without synapsing with another neuron
C) synapse with a parasympathetic neuron in the same trunk ganglion
D) synapse with a ganglionic neuron in the same trunk ganglion

Question 52

Drugs called beta-blockers ________.

A) increase a dangerously low heart rate
B) are potent antidepressants
C) have widespread sympathetic effects
D) decrease heart rate and blood pressure

Question 53

Which is a uniquely sympathetic function?

A) regulation of cardiac rate
B) regulation of respiratory rate
C) regulation of body temperature
D) regulation of pupil size

Question 54

Sympathetic responses generally are widespread because ________.

A) inactivation of ACh is fairly slow
B) preganglionic fibers are short
C) NE and epinephrine are secreted into the blood as part of the sympathetic response
D) preganglionic fibers are long

Question 55

Which of the following is not a result of parasympathetic stimulation?

A) salivation
B) increased peristalsis of the digestive viscera
C) dilation of the pupils
D) elimination of urine

Question 56

Autonomic dysreflexia ________.

A) involves uncontrolled activation of autonomic neurons
B) is also known as autonomic areflexia
C) usually precedes spinal shock
D) results from over-excitatory input from the cortex

Question 57

Sympathetic nerves may leave the spinal cord at which vertebra?

A) third lumbar
B) first thoracic
C) first coccyx
D) second cervical

Question 58

Which of these effectors is not directly controlled by the autonomic nervous system?

A) cardiac muscle
B) most glands
C) smooth muscle
D) skeletal muscle

Question 59

Autonomic ganglia contain ________.

A) synapses between postganglionic fibers and their effectors
B) an outer connective tissue capsule around the cell bodies of preganglionic motor neurons
C) both somatic afferent and efferent neurons
D) the cell bodies of motor neurons

Question 60

Fibers that enter and leave the sympathetic trunks without synapsing form structures called________.

A) splanchnic nerves
B) gray rami communicantes
C) white rami communicantes
D) spinal nerves

Question 61

What studies have suggested that the ANS can also be subject to voluntary controls?

Question 62

Mrs. Oberhaus needs surgery to correct a severe case of Raynaud's disease, affecting one of her hands.What surgical procedure will be performed? After the surgery, will she be more likely to suffer from anhidrosis (lack of sweating) or hyperhidrosis (profuse sweating) in the affected hand?

Question 63

Sympathetic division stimulation causes ________.

A) increased blood glucose, decreased GI peristalsis, and increased heart rate and blood pressure
B) increased blood glucose, increased GI peristalsis, and decreased heart rate and blood pressure
C) decreased blood glucose, increased GI peristalsis, and increased heart rate and blood pressure
D) decreased blood glucose, increased GI peristalsis, and decreased heart rate and blood pressure

Question 64

The mushroom poison muscarine can bind to receptors on ________.

A) all effector cells stimulated by postganglionic cholinergic fibers
B) cell bodies and dendrites of sympathetic postganglionic neurons
C) the hormone producing cells of the adrenal medulla
D) cell bodies and dendrites of parasympathetic postganglionic neurons

Question 65

How is hypertension (high blood pressure) related to the ANS?

Question 66

Which of the following adrenergic neurotransmitter receptors plays the major role in heart activity?

A) alpha 1
B) beta 2
C) beta 3
D) beta 1

Question 67

The smooth muscle of the digestive viscera is served largely by the ________.

A) vagus (X) nerves
B) lumbar splanchnic nerves
C) cephalic plexus
D) pelvic nerves

Question 68

Where would you not find autonomic ganglia?

A) within wall of organ served or close to organ
B) paired, beside spinal cord
C) unpaired, anterior to spinal cord
D) within spinal cord

Question 69

Discuss a way in which the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions cooperate with each other.

Question 70

Parasympathetic functions include ________.

A) raising blood glucose levels
B) a stimulation of heart rate and force of contraction
C) lens accommodation for close vision
D) allowing the body to cope with an external threat

Question 71

Which of the following drug classes would be useful for smoking cessation products?

A) acetylcholinesterase inhibitors
B) nicotinic agents
C) sympathomimetic agents
D) parasympathomimetic agents (muscarinic agents)

Question 72

Mark eats a very big meal in the evening. After the meal his wife would like him to help clean up, butMark explains that he is "too tired" and promptly goes to sleep. What seems to be his problem?

Question 73

A mugger steals your wallet causing all of the following to happen except ________.

A) increased glucose uptake to the liver from blood
B) increased rate and force of heartbeat
C) increased metabolic rate
D) inability to read close-up print

Question 74

Which type of drug would be useful in dilating the pupils for an examination of the retina?

A) muscarinic receptor inhibitor
B) beta-3 receptor mimic
C) beta-1 receptor mimic
D) alpha-1 receptor inhibitor

Question 75

Richard has been under great stress and has complained of migraine headaches for weeks. He tried all kinds of drugs, with little effect. When he was at the end of his rope, a friend suggested yoga andmeditation. Having nothing to lose, he tried them and after several months, felt like a new person. How could these practices help him?

Question 76

Which of the foll owing is mismatched?

A) promotes urination; sympathetic
B) bronchiole dilation in lungs; sympathetic
C) gallbladder contracts to expel bile; parasympathetic
D) penis ejaculation; sympathetic

Question 77

Describe three potential outcomes that result when a preganglionic axon reaches a sympathetic trunk ganglion.

Question 78

Which target organ receives dual innervation?

A) small intestine
B) coronary blood vessels
C) kidney
D) sweat glands

Question 79

Carla was startled by an extremely loud bang that sounded like a gunshot. Her heartbeat accelerated rapidly. When she found that the noise was only a car backfiring, she felt greatly relieved but her heart kept beating heavily for over half an hour. Why did this happen?

Question 80

The route of major parasympathetic outflow from the head is via the ________.

A) sacral nerves
B) sympathetic trunk
C) vagus (X) nerves
D) phrenic nerve