Deck 5: Ethical Standards

Question 1

Autonomy is viewed as a freedom unless it _____.

A) Annoys health providers
B) Causes financial stress
C) Interferes with another's rights
D) Disputes religious beliefs

Answer 1

Interferes with another's rights

Question 2

Which are among the six criteria required to assign distributive justice?

A) Ability to pay, merit, equity, social standing
B) Age, effort, merit, need
C) Need, equity, contribution, effort
D) Professional status, merit, contribution, need

Answer 2

Need, equity, contribution, effort

Question 3

Deontology's most apparently beneficial application is in the area of _____.

A) Assignment of benefits
B) Deciding fee-for-service adjustments
C) Informed consent for research
D) Providing insurance benefits

Answer 3

Informed consent for research

Question 4

The fair distribution of benefits and burdens refers to _____.

A) Beneficence
B) Comparative justice
C) Distributive justice
D) Fidelity

Question 5

In the healthcare context, the distributive justice criterion of contribution refers to the _____.

A) amount the health insurance provider is expected to reimburse
B) How much money the client pays for the health care service rendered
C) The healthcare provider's write-off amount for the services provided
D) What a person might be expected to contribute to society at a later date

Question 6

Privacy refers to the right to be left alone while confidentiality is the _____.

A) obligation of the healthcare provider to protect patient information
B) principle that ethics, morals, and values supersede privacy
C) provider's right to control personal information about patients
D) theory that patient records should be accessible to anyone

Question 7

Under distributive justice, the willingness to comply with instruction or medical advice is best described as _____.

A) Compliance
B) Cooperation
C) Effort
D) Obedience

Question 8

Which of the following is an example of applying the best interest standard to impaired persons?

A) Advanced directive signed by the patient.
B) Family members who provide guidance.
C) Implied consent communicated by the patient.
D) Informed consent that is signed by the patient.

Question 9

Values are based upon _____.

A) Legislation
B) Personal choices
C) Philosophy
D) Society

Question 10

Morals and values are internalized concepts, whereas ____ are defined or acknowledged through expressed behaviors regarding ideals.

A) Ethics and etiquette
B) Etiquette and laws
C) Laws and ethics
D) Religion and etiquette

Question 11

The focus of the best interest standard rests mostly on:

A) Beneficiaries.
B) Legal authority.
C) Liability.
D) Nonmaleficence.

Question 12

Justice refers to the obligation to be fair to all people. Comparative justice refers to:

A) Balancing the competing interests of individuals and groups against one another.
B) Determining how HMOs should be reimbursed.
C) Creating a staffing formula or acuity scale to determine the nurse-patient ratio.
D) Selecting how Medicaid benefits should be provided.

Question 13

In the healthcare context, the distributive justice criterion of ability refers to the _____.

A) Eligibility of patients to receive services/procedures
B) Medical stability required for a test or procedure
C) The patient's power to pay for healthcare procedures
D) Whether a provider is permitted to offer a service

Question 14

Morals may be defined as _____.

A) A framework for decision making
B) Principles of right conduct
C) Rules of conduct by authorities
D) The basis of healthcare

Question 15

The Hippocratic oath expresses both _____.

A) Autonomy and nonmaleficence
B) Fidelity and autonomy
C) Justice and beneficence
D) Nonmaleficence and beneficence

Question 16

The best interest standard describes _____.

A) Determining what is in the best interest of another who cannot it determine it for herself
B) Fairness to all people, which includes adhering to the U.S. Constitution and its Bill of Rights
C) Prohibition against doing harm, which is part of the Hippocratic oath that a physician takes
D) Self determination, which means that the individual has the right to decide everything for himself

Question 17

Which is the formal study of moral choices that conform to standards of conduct?

A) Ethics
B) Etiquette
C) Law
D) Morals

Question 18

When comparing ethics with etiquette, laws, morals, and values, ethics are based on _____.

A) Legislation
B) Philosophy
C) Religion
D) Society

Question 19

Beneficence refers to _____.

A) Devotion to obligations
B) Fairness to all people
C) Kindness, mercy, and charity
D) Prohibition against doing harm

Question 20

Which includes concepts that give meaning to an individual's life and serve as the framework for decision making?

A) Ethics
B) Etiquette
C) Morals
D) Values

Question 21

Immanuel Kant founded the theory of _____.

A) Deontology
B) Medical research
C) Utilitarianism
D) Veracity

Question 22

The concept of habitual truthfulness and honesty is called _____.

A) Argument
B) Fidelity
C) Justification
D) Veracity

Question 23

Autonomy refers to independence, self-determination, or freedom.

Question 24

Which implements the concept of gatekeeping to contain healthcare costs?

A) Acute healthcare facilities/hospitals
B) Health maintenance organizations
C) Patients who receive care
D) Providers who render care

Question 25

The concept of rights _____.

A) Always encompass ideas of fairness, honesty, and impartiality
B) Derives from the concept of justice in that both involve obligations
C) Includes dependency, which encompasses self-determination
D) Undermines the affirmation or violation of basic human rights

Question 26

Placebos are medically inert substances used as a control in testing the effectiveness of another medicated substance.

Question 27

In the healthcare context, the distributive justice criterion, the potential for benefit after an initial investment of limited resources is referred to as _____.

A) Contribution
B) Justice
C) Merit
D) Need

Question 28

Prospective payment systems and health maintenance organizations reward healthcare providers monetarily for maintaining lower costs and penalize those providers who do not keep costs within preestablished limits. With regard to ethics, placing such monetary rewards and penalties before health-care providers _____.

A) Establishes limits on the amount a payer is reimbursed for rendering care
B) May impact both the quantity and quality of patients' health care
C) Penalizes providers who create gatekeeping procedures that limit access
D) Usually benefits everyone after an initial investment of limited resources

Question 29

Ethical theories refer to systematic statements or plans of principles used to deal with ethical dilemmas.

Question 30

Which ethical concept applies to a legal situation when someone else must decide for an individual because that individual cannot make the decision due to competence?

A) best-interest standard
B) cost-benefit analysis
C) double-effect principle
D) nonmaleficence-beneficence

Question 31

In the healthcare context, the distributive justice criterion of equity refers to the _____.

A) Collateral provided against for payment of procedures performed
B) Fact that each healthcare service provided is of equal monetary value
C) Equal distribution of healthcare procedures and services to all in need
D) Resources distributed by weighing members' needs against one another

Question 32

Nonmaleficence is defined as _____.

A) including the qualities of kindness, mercy, and charity
B) needing someone to decide for an individual who cannot decide for himself
C) recognizing that ethical choices may result in adverse outcomes
D) the prohibition against doing harm and an obligation to maximize the good

Question 33

Which is sometimes considered as an issue related to the financial controls imposed by prospective payment systems and health maintenance organizations?

A) best-interest standard
B) categorical imperative
C) distributive justice
D) nonmaleficence

Question 34

Rights refer to a just claim or entitlement, whether based on law, ethics, or morality.

Question 35

The double-effect principle refers to _____.

A) faithfulness, loyalty, and devotion to one's duties in an incompetent person
B) obligations to be fair to all people and includes fairness, honesty, and impartiality
C) mentally challenged individuals or those who were once competent
D) recognizing that ethical choices may result in adverse outcomes

Question 36

A categorical imperative is defined as:

A) Applications of conditional commands without exception.
B) Capitation methods implemented by managed care organizations.
C) Commands derived from a principle that does not allow exceptions.
D) Logical choices upon which to base healthcare treatment.

Question 37

Gatekeeping refers to:

A) Controlling which providers are allowed to provide certain healthcare services.
B) Increasing the provision of preventive care to subscribers and family members.
C) Limiting access to specialty care in an effort to contain healthcare costs.
D) Preventing those with preexisting conditions from enrolling in healthcare plans.