Deck 9: Sex,Gender,and Sexuality

Question 1

According to ________,a gender-based division of labor is actually good because it protects the family unit from having unnecessary competition between the man and the woman in the household.

A) structural-functionalism
B) symbolic interactionism
C) conflict theory
D) sociobiology

Answer 1

A

Question 2

It may be argued that a gendered division of labor is functional because specialization will:

A) increase the expertise of each sex in its own tasks.
B) prevent competition between men and women that might damage the family.
C) strengthen family bonds by making men dependent on women and vice versa.
D) All of these are reasons that a gendered division of labor may be functional.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

The behaviors we normally associate with being female and male:

A) are universal traits found in all countries.
B) may vary across cultures and over time.
C) may not change from one time period to another.
D) vary across cultures but do not change over time.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

The ratio of girls to boys under age 6 in India suggests that:

A) 600,000 girls are lost to sex-selective abortion or infanticide each year.
B) there is a strong preference for girls in India.
C) there is an environmental problem that is affecting the rate of female births.
D) nature is taking its course.

Question 5

The concept of sex is used to refer to which of the following?

A) masculine/feminine
B) male/female
C) sexual self-concept
D) gender role

Question 6

Marcus says that it is important for women to stay home and take care of the children because raising children is very important and women are better at doing it.Marcus would probably best be described as:

A) an anarchist.
B) a conflict theorist.
C) a structural-functionalist.
D) a symbolic interactionist.

Question 7

Gender roles refer to:

A) the rights and obligations that are normative for men and women in a particular culture.
B) behaviors that can only be performed by one sex or the other (e.g., only females can bear children).
C) biological differences between men and women.
D) innate tendencies for males to be masculine and females to be feminine.

Question 8

Which best describes the difference between partner assault of men and women?

A) Women are more likely to assault men and men are less likely to report it.
B) Women overreport partner assault to gain advantage in custody cases.
C) Men are more likely to be hit in self defense, and less likely to be seriously injured or killed than women.
D) Men are never assaulted by their partners.

Question 9

Barbie likes to play with dolls and Ken likes to play with his toy trucks.This illustrates differences due to:

A) sex.
B) inherited personality traits.
C) gender.
D) social class.

Question 10

Which of the following seems to be universally true across nearly all cultures?

A) Violence against women is not tolerated.
B) Women prefer monogamy.
C) Female children are more valued than male children.
D) Women have less power than men.

Question 11

Across almost all cultures:

A) women prefer monogamy.
B) female children are valued more than male children.
C) male children are valued more than female children.
D) gender roles are the same.

Question 12

According to ________,a gender-based division of labor was designed to benefit men and eliminate some of the competition for higher paying jobs.

A) structural-functionalism
B) symbolic interactionism
C) conflict theory
D) sociobiology

Question 13

__________ is the belief that men and women have biologically different capacities and that these form a legitimate basis for unequal treatment.

A) Sexism
B) Gender discrimination
C) Feminism
D) Homophobia

Question 14

According to conflict theory,contemporary sex differences are designed to:

A) help maintain family stability.
B) benefit women.
C) benefit the capitalist class.
D) increase specialization.

Question 15

________ refer(s)to the normative dispositions and behavior that cultures assign to each sex.

A) Sex
B) Gender
C) Life chances
D) Conventional achievements

Question 16

Max says that having a segmented labor market in which women work in some kinds of jobs and men work in other kinds of jobs is not really needed and that the inequality is the result of men wanting to have and maintain their powerful position over women.Max is probably:

A) an anarchist.
B) a conflict theorist.
C) a structural-functionalist.
D) a symbolic interactionist.

Question 17

?Social scientists are most concerned with:

A) gender.
B) sexual differences between men.
C) the biological makeup of men and women.
D) None of these is of any more interest to social scientists than the others.

Question 18

According to __________,gender inequality is based on the premise that a division of labor is the most efficient way to get a job done.

A) symbolic interaction theory
B) structural-functional theory
C) conflict theory
D) chaos theory

Question 19

According to conflict theorists,a gendered division of labor was designed to:

A) strengthen the family unit.
B) increase the expertise of each sex in its own tasks.
C) prevent competition between men and women that might damage the family.
D) benefit men.

Question 20

Violence toward women results largely from:

A) women's lack of contribution to the household.
B) accidents.
C) female power disadvantage.
D) excessive testosterone.

Question 21

Which of these parental behaviors is least likely to occur?

A) Parents encourage their daughter to join a team sport.
B) Parents enroll their daughter in a computer class.
C) Parents enroll their son in a dance class.
D) Parents encourage their son to join a sports team.

Question 22

In her study of preschoolers,Karin Martin found that:

A) teachers generally treat boys and girls the same in the classroom.
B) teachers routinely reinforce traditional gender differences.
C) preschoolers showed no gender differences in preferences for playtime activities.
D) girls were encouraged to be rowdy.

Question 23

Parents who are likely to punish their children for exhibiting cross-gender behaviors are:

A) more likely to punish girls for behaving "like a boy."
B) more likely to punish boys for behaving "like a girl."
C) about equally as likely to punish both boys and girls for behaving like the other.
D) usually embarrassed to admit that they punish their children for such behavior.

Question 24

Children develop strong gender stereotypes because:

A) there is little interaction between children and their parent of the opposite sex.
B) they are not aware of biological differences between males and females.
C) they see the world as highly divided by sex.
D) they do not like gender-neutral toys.

Question 25

Research shows that parents:

A) treat girls and boys the same way until the children begin to exhibit specific gender-role behaviors.
B) punish girls more for cross-gender behavior.
C) punish boys more for cross-gender behavior.
D) typically do not respond positively or negatively when their children play with cross-gender toys.

Question 26

?In her study of preschoolers,Karin Martin discovered that:

A) both boys and girls were discouraged from being loud.
B) both boys and girls were allowed to be loud because of their young age.
C) girls were allowed to be loud and talkative because most of the teachers were women and wanted to teach the girls to be self-confident.
D) boys were allowed to be loud but girls were not.

Question 27

Pascoe's study of compulsive heterosexuality among teenage boys in a California high school found that:

A) while masculine behavior was socially approved, aggressive and violent behavior was not.
B) teachers disciplined boys when their attempts at masculine behavior put girls at risk of harm.
C) the boys demonstrated their masculinity in ways that were sometimes threatening or harmful to girls.
D) "being a man" was interpreted as acting in a protective manner toward girls.

Question 28

Young children's ideas about what it means to be a boy or girl:

A) tend to be fairly gender-neutral.
B) do not begin to form until the child goes to school.
C) tend to be rigid.
D) are very flexible until they reach puberty.

Question 29

In a study of women at gyms,after being told by trainers that they could lift weights without fear because they would not "bulk up," it was discovered that:

A) nearly all the women began strenuous weightlifting programs.
B) most women did not lift weights at all or limited their weightlifting.
C) by the end of two years a majority of the women had developed fairly defined muscles.
D) the women were not really afraid of "bulking up."

Question 30

The activities that individuals engage in to affirm that they understand what is expected of them as male or female it is called:

A) accessorizing gender.
B) doing gender.
C) labeling.
D) domesticization of gender.

Question 31

All of the following reinforce biological sex differences EXCEPT:

A) doctors giving hormone shots to boys to prevent them from being "too short."
B) doctors prescribing birth control pills to women to prevent menstrual cramps.
C) plastic surgeons performing breast implants on women.
D) plastic surgeons performing pectoral impacts on men.

Question 32

Current thinking suggests that men's higher rate of suicide is linked to:

A) their greater amount of stress.
B) their greater likelihood of serious disease.
C) the fact that they have less social support.
D) their lack of emotional strength.

Question 33

The average woman lives about:

A) the same number of years as the average man.
B) two years longer than the average man.
C) five years longer than the average man.
D) ten years longer than the average man.

Question 34

In the developing world,pregnant women are much more likely to die during pregnancy or childbirth than are women in the most developed countries.The majority of these deaths are related to:

A) lack of access to medical care.
B) a shortage of medical personnel.
C) violence from the husbands.
D) their low social status.

Question 35

When males feel the need to continually reinforce their masculinity through aggressiveness and other stereotypically masculine behaviors,this is called:

A) doing gender.
B) compulsive heterosexuality.
C) heterosexism.
D) self-fulfilling prophecy.

Question 36

All of the following are examples of gender status beliefs EXCEPT:

A) a female truck driver assumes she is not as good at her job as a man, so she has something to prove.
B) a male has confidence in his ability to get a job over female candidates, but he's not so sure about the other male candidates.
C) a female believes she can do anything better than a man can.
D) a man assumes he is not as good at taking care of his children as his wife is.

Question 37

Compared to the typical female,the typical male in this classroom can expect to:

A) earn less money.
B) have greater difficulty gaining access to a professional job.
C) have less political power.
D) live fewer years.

Question 38

Joey wants to learn to knit.When he tells his mom,she responds by telling him that knitting is for girls and buys him a G.I.Joe instead.As a result of the type of parenting he receives,Joey's gender stereotypes are likely to be:

A) flexible.
B) rigid.
C) non-existent.
D) fuzzy and mixed.

Question 39

In Karin Martin's study of preschoolers,she noted that boys were:

A) discouraged from playing "dress-up."
B) encouraged to play "dress-up."
C) discouraged from being loud.
D) more likely to be disciplined.

Question 40

Which of the following helps explain the difference in life expectancy between men and women?

A) high rates of maternal mortality
B) men's riskier lifestyle
C) men's greater biological immunity against disease
D) lower male infant mortality

Question 41

Informal discrimination that serves as an invisible barrier to women's promotions in traditionally male careers is known as:

A) the glass ceiling.
B) limited advancement.
C) glass escalators.
D) the glass-bottomed boat.

Question 42

Men are more likely to choose and be urged into disciplines that are more lucrative than women.The implications of the educational choices of men and women on their economic well-being is an example of:

A) personal preference.
B) institutional sexism.
C) the natural order of things.
D) overt individual discrimination.

Question 43

In 2006,women and men were about equally as likely to have majored in __________ in college.

A) engineering
B) education
C) business
D) health sciences

Question 44

Female labor force participation has increased.Since 1950,the ratio of female earnings to male earnings has:

A) increased dramatically.
B) remained about the same.
C) declined somewhat.
D) declined dramatically.

Question 45

Men working in female-identified occupations:

A) are promoted less rapidly than women with comparable training and experience.
B) receive rapid promotions "up" to more masculine administrative positions.
C) report being made to feel uncomfortable by sexual harassment and other forms of hostility from female co-workers.
D) are pressured out of the occupation over time.

Question 46

Which of the following is NOT a reason listed in your text for men and women having different types of jobs?

A) gendered jobs
B) different abilities
C) different qualifications
D) discrimination

Question 47

The "gender gap" in education of men faring worse than women is specific to which group?

A) African American men
B) Asian American men
C) Native American men
D) Latino American men

Question 48

The workplace remains highly sex-segregated.Women are MOST likely to be employed in __________ jobs and LEAST likely to be employed in __________ jobs.

A) clerical; professional
B) professional; blue-collar
C) sales and service; blue-collar
D) professional; clerical

Question 49

All of the following are reasons that women earn less than men when doing the same job EXCEPT:

A) different titles for men and women
B) discrimination against women
C) women tend to be hired by smaller, less prestigious companies than men
D) women are less qualified for their positions than men

Question 50

Of all the people aged 16 and over,_____ of men and _____ of women are in the labor force.

A) 45%; 49%
B) 72%; 59%
C) 56%; 61%
D) 93%; 92%

Question 51

In 2011,full-time full-year female workers earned an all-time high of _____ of what men earn.

A) 94%
B) 86%
C) 80%
D) 68%

Question 52

Even if a man and a woman have the same occupation,the man is likely to have a substantially higher income than the woman.Which of the following reasons for this discrepancy was NOT cited in the textbook?

A) Women tend to be employed in smaller and lower-paying firms.
B) Employers invest more in training men.
C) Women are less capable of long hours and hard work.
D) Training is discriminated against women because employers expect them to put their family first.

Question 53

Childbearing and child care responsibilities may account for at least some of the female disadvantage in status and power because:

A) women do not put as much effort into their careers as men do.
B) employers are less likely to hire them, expecting that women will devote less effort to their careers.
C) women are mostly interested in their children and are typically only working to support their children.
D) women spend too much time on the phone with daycare centers.

Question 54

The glass ceiling is:

A) a process by which women and minorities are promoted more quickly in order to meet quotas.
B) an invisible barrier that limits the ability of members of minority groups to be promoted into the higher ranks.
C) the term for the positions as the top of the organizational chart.
D) an urban legend that does not really exist.

Question 55

One of the primary reasons men and women have different jobs is because some jobs are "gendered." This means:

A) women and men feel that some jobs are men's jobs and some jobs are women's jobs.
B) some kinds of work demand a man's strength.
C) jobs such as being a secretary or teacher have always been a woman's job and always will be.
D) some employers are allowed to hire only women or only men, depending on the job.

Question 56

Which of the following helps explain why African American men fare worse in school?

A) They are more likely to have learning disabilities than other groups.
B) Teachers have lower expectations for them than other groups.
C) They are more likely to be drug-addicted than other groups.
D) They are less likely to understand the importance of education than other groups.

Question 57

Starting in _____ grade,boys tend to pursue math and science courses,while girls tend to pursue classes in language and literature.

A) third
B) fifth
C) seventh
D) ninth

Question 58

Women are over-represented in the discipline of:

A) education.
B) physical science.
C) engineering.
D) computer science.

Question 59

Men who work in non-traditional fields are likely to encounter rapid promotions up.This is known as:

A) the glass ceiling.
B) overzealous advancement.
C) the glass escalator.
D) the glass-bottomed boat.

Question 60

Studies of labor force participation show that when men and women are in the same occupation:

A) their earnings are nearly equal.
B) men earn substantially more than women.
C) men earn slightly more than women.
D) women earn slightly more than men.

Question 61

The text gives credit to radical feminists for:

A) securing the right to vote for women.
B) promoting opportunities for women in employment and education.
C) bringing attention to issues such as domestic violence and date rape.
D) giving more respect to women's traditional homemaking roles.

Question 62

Which of the following would a woman be more likely to say than a man?

A) "The SUV is nicer than the sedan."
B) "I like the SUV the best."
C) "Don't you think the SUV is nicer than the sedan?"
D) "SUVs are cooler than sedans."

Question 63

Compared with white women,African American women:

A) have always been more likely to work outside of the home.
B) have had less to lose and more to gain from abandoning conventional gender roles.
C) earn very similar incomes.
D) All of these are true about African American women.

Question 64

Which wave of feminism celebrated women's sexual freedom and pleasure?

A) first wave
B) second wave
C) third wave
D) every wave

Question 65

In studying the differences between male and female interaction,we see that:

A) men take up more speaking time than women.
B) women interrupt men more often than men interrupt women.
C) women take up more speaking time than men.
D) women are less likely to smile.

Question 66

Which of the following would be MOST likely to report experiencing sexual harassment?

A) male college graduates
B) female college graduates
C) male non-college graduates
D) female non-college graduates

Question 67

Ben works in an office with several women.The women have hung some calendars with scantily dressed men and have brought in magazines containing pictures of nude men.They frequently talk about sex,tell sexually explicit stories,and make crude remarks about Ben and sex.Ben has found this to be increasingly disturbing and is almost unable to concentrate on his work.This is referred to as:

A) reverse discrimination.
B) quid pro quo harassment.
C) a hostile sexual environment.
D) None of these; only women can be victims of sexual harassment.

Question 68

Many of the gender differences in interaction styles are:

A) only imagined.
B) associated with women's lower prestige and power.
C) based on real biological differences.
D) disappearing altogether.

Question 69

Sexual harassment can include:

A) the expectation of sexual favors in exchange for something else.
B) a hostile environment.
C) unwanted sexual attention.
D) All of these would be considered sexual harassment.

Question 70

When clear-cut situational factors give women more status in a conversation,what happens to women's low-status interaction styles?

A) They increase slightly.
B) They decrease slightly.
C) They remain the same.
D) They are not exhibited.

Question 71

The sexual scripts of a society:

A) are unchanging and deeply rooted historically.
B) are homogenous-that is, shared by all members of the society.
C) may vary between groups and be the source of conflict.
D) are normally only communicated by family and very close friends.

Question 72

Liberal feminists are responsible for:

A) increasing opportunities for women within politics, education, and sports.
B) bringing attention to the problem of date rape.
C) founding the domestic violence movement.
D) securing the right to vote for women.

Question 73

Until the mid-nineteenth century,women in the U.S.:

A) could not own property and were treated as property.
B) had important roles in public life.
C) shared equal standing with men.
D) gained their status from the products they made at home and sold in the market.

Question 74

Women in the U.S.gained the right to vote in:

A) 1965.
B) 1952.
C) 1920.
D) 1865.

Question 75

The textbook suggests that the real cause of sexual harassment is:

A) increasingly more revealing styles of women's clothing.
B) women encouraging it in order to advance.
C) women's relatively powerless social position.
D) associated with higher levels of testosterone

Question 76

Much of the income inequality for African American women is explained by:

A) having less education than African American men.
B) the lower earnings of African American men.
C) more reliance on part-time work than other groups.
D) higher rates of absenteeism than other groups.

Question 77

The foundation of the feminist movement is that:

A) there is a need for a radical remaking of society.
B) women do not need men in their lives.
C) women and men are deserving of equal rights and the lives, culture, and values of women are as important as those of men's.
D) women are deserving of special treatment because of the potential for childbearing and their ability to nurture others.

Question 78

Premarital sex:

A) is a fairly recent phenomenon.
B) is increasingly more accepted by society.
C) has declined dramatically since the identification of AIDS.
D) is increasingly frowned upon by society.

Question 79

When studying the differences in male and female interaction,we see that:

A) men are more likely to smile when interacting with others.
B) women are more likely than men to use assertive gestures than men.
C) women occupy more physical space while communicating.
D) there are gender differences in how people communicate.

Question 80

Rates of sexual intercourse among never-married teens have _____________since the late 1980s.

A) risen dramatically
B) risen slightly
C) decreased slightly
D) decreased dramatically