Deck 26: Quantum Physics and Atomic Structure

Question 1

The maximum wavelength for the photoemission of electrons from a metal surface depends on

A) applied voltage.
B) light intensity.
C) the metal that the light strikes.
D) current.
E) None of these is correct.

Answer 1

the metal that the light strikes.

Question 2

In a photoelectric experiment, the threshold frequency for a material is 3.2 × 10¹⁴ Hz. An electron ejected from this surface by a photon of frequency 9.4 × 10¹⁴ Hz can be stopped by a stopping potential of

A) 8.5 mV.
B) 1.6 V.
C) 0.26 nV.
D) 2.6 V.
E) 3.6 kV.

Answer 2

2.6 V.

Question 3

This is an apparatus for studying the photoelectric effect. The work function of the material being investigated is 3.5 *10^-19 J. The battery is set at 1.5 V. What is the longest wavelength of light needed to produce an electric current from the cathode C) to the anode A)?

A) 337 nm
B) 354 nm
C) 620 nm
D) 827 nm
E) None of these is correct.

Answer 3

337 nm

Question 4

The wavelength of blue light is closest to

A) 400 nm.
B) 500 nm.
C) 600 nm.
D) 700 nm.
E) 800 nm.

Question 5

The speed of the escaping photoelectrons

A) increases with increasing wavelength of the incident light.
B) decreases with increasing wavelength of the incident light.
C) is independent of the wavelength of the incident light.
D) is directly proportional to the intensity of the incident light.
E) depends only on the intensity of the incident light.

Question 6

If the frequency of light causing photoemission of electrons is doubled, the kinetic energy of the ejected electrons

A) increases by a factor of .
B) doubles.
C) decreases by a factor of 2.
D) increases by a factor less than 2.
E) increases by a factor more than 2.

Question 7

Potassium has a work function of 2.3 eV for photoelectric emission. Which of the following wavelengths is the longest wavelength for which photoemission occurs?

A) 400 nm
B) 450 nm
C) 500 nm
D) 540 nm
E) 600 nm

Question 8

Photons with an energy of 7.52 eV strike a material that has a work function of 4.22 eV. The maximum kinetic energy of the electron emitted from this material is

A) 7.5 eV.
B) 12 eV.
C) 3.3 eV.
D) 0.98 eV.
E) No electrons are ejected by these photons.

Question 9

In the photoelectric effect, the work function depends on the

A) incident wavelength.
B) applied voltage.
C) light intensity.
D) metal that the light strikes.
E) current.

Question 10

The velocity of escape of photoelectrons

A) increases with increasing frequency of the incident light.
B) decreases with increasing frequency of the incident light.
C) is independent of the frequency of the incident light.
D) is directly proportional to the intensity of the incident light.
E) depends only on the intensity of the incident light.

Question 11

Which of the following statements about Maxwell's theory of electromagnetism is false?

A) The theory shows that light travels as transverse waves.
B) The theory shows that the speed of light is c in vacuum.
C) The theory shows that light travels as photons.
D) The theory shows that light consists of electric and magnetic waves.
E) The theory shows that light does not depend on existence of a medium to travel.

Question 12

The graph shows the kinetic energy of photoelectrons ejected from a certain metal as a function of the frequency of the light incident upon the metal. The work function of this metal is

A) 33 × 10^-20 J.
B) 20 × 10^-20 J.
C) 10 × 10^-20 J.
D) 5 × 10^-20 J.
E) None of these is correct.

Question 13

Light of wavelength 400 nm is incident on a certain metal. The stopping potential for the emitted electrons is measured to be 1.2 V. What is the work function of this metal? Planck's constant h = 6.626 × 10^-34 J · s = 4.136 × 10^-15 eV · s.)

A) 4.3 eV
B) 3.1 eV
C) 1.9 eV
D) 1.2 eV
E) 0.95 eV

Question 14

Estimate the number of photons emitted by the Sun in a second. The power output from the Sun is 4 × 10²⁶ W and assume that the average wavelength of each photon is 550 nm.

A) 10²⁶
B) 10⁴⁵
C) 10²³
D) 10²⁸
E) None of the above.

Question 15

Albert Einstein was awarded the Nobel Prize for his

A) theory of special relativity.
B) theory of general relativity.
C) explanation of Brownian motion.
D) explanation of the Michelson-Morley experiment.
E) explanation of the photoelectric effect.

Question 16

The visible portion of the electromagnetic spectrum extends from

A) 200 nm to 500 nm.
B) 300 nm to 600 nm.
C) 400 nm to 700 nm.
D) 500 nm to 800 nm.
E) 600 nm to 900 nm.

Question 17

50 eV) when it is illuminated by light of wavelength 350 nm is

A) 0.20 eV.
B) 0.41 eV.
C) 0.63 eV.
D) 0.95 eV.
E) 1.05 eV.

Question 18

The wavelength of red light is closest to

A) 100 nm.
B) 300 nm.
C) 500 nm.
D) 700 nm.
E) 900 nm.

Question 19

Which of the following experiments) illustrates the particle nature of light?

A) Young's double slit experiment
B) the photoelectric effect
C) Compton scattering
D) A and B
E) B and C

Question 20

The work function for tungsten is 4.58 eV. What is the kinetic energy of electrons emitted when light of wavelength 400 nm is incident on a tungsten surface? Planck's constant h = 6.626 × 10^-34 J · s = 4.136 × 10^-15 eV · s.)

A) 0.74 eV
B) 1.5 eV
C) 7.7 eV
D) 2.9 eV
E) No electrons are emitted.

Question 21

The energy of an x-ray photon of wavelength 3.0 × 10^-10 m is

A) 1.0 × 10^-16 J.
B) 9.9 × 10^-16 J.
C) 6.6 × 10^-16 J.
D) 2.2 × 10^-24 J.
E) 3.2 × 10^-29 J.

Question 22

Microwaves range in wavelength from about 2.0 × 10^-2 cm to about 5.0 cm. What is the maximum energy in eV that a microwave may have?

A) 0.025 meV
B) 6.2 meV
C) 2.5 eV
D) 6.2 eV
E) 0.62 meV

Question 23

The maximum kinetic energy of photoelectrons produced in the photoelectric effect depends directly on the

A) frequency of the incident photons.
B) intensity of the incident photons.
C) area of the metal surface from which the photoelectrons are released.
D) thickness of the metal.
E) photoelectric current.

Question 24

The graph shows the stopping potential for photoelectrons as a function of the frequency of the incident light for two different metals Cs and W). Which of the following statements is true?

A) Because the intercepts are different, Planck's constant is not constant.
B) For a given frequency of incident light, the photoelectrons from W are more energetic than those from Cs.
C) The maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectrons increases as the frequency of the incident light increases.
D) The stopping potentials for all metals are the same.
E) The threshold frequency for Cs is greater than that for W.

Question 25

This is an apparatus for studying the photoelectric effect. The work function of the material being investigated is 3.8 * 10^-19 J. Light of a wavelength 350 nm is incident on the material. What is the lowest voltage needed between the cathode C) and the anode A) to stop any electrons ejected from the cathode from reaching the anode?

A) 2.37 V
B) 1.17 V
C) 3.54 V
D) 4.71 V
E) None of these is correct.

Question 26

The dissociation energy is the energy required to separate the two atoms in a diatomic molecule in their ground state. If the dissociation energy of molecular oxygen is 7.2 eV, then calculate the maximum wavelength of light from the Sun that can break apart atmospheric O₂.

A) 1.7 × 10^-7 nm
B) 1.7 × 10^-8 m
C) 1.7 × 10^-9 m
D) 1.7 × 10^-7 m
E) 1.7 × 10² m

Question 27

Magnetic resonance imaging MRI) is a much-used noninvasive diagnostic technique in medicine. The radio frequency photons used have energies of about 10^-7 eV. What wavelength does this correspond to?

A) 12 nm
B) 1.2 m
C) 12 m
D) 1.2 nm
E) 120 m

Question 28

The energy of a quantum of radiation that has a wavelength of 447 nm in a vacuum is approximately

A) 2.37 × 10^-19 J.
B) 1.60 × 10^-19 J.
C) 9.88 × 10^-33 J.
D) 9.11 × 10^-31 J.
E) None of these is correct.

Question 29

The graph shows the maximum kinetic energy of electrons emitted by a photosensitive surface as a function of the frequency of the incident radiation. The slope of this curve represents

A) the intensity of the incident radiation.
B) the maximum kinetic energy.
C) the threshold frequency.
D) Planck's constant.
E) the stopping potential.

Question 30

The photoelectric threshold of a certain metal is 310 nm. The maximum kinetic energy of electrons ejected from the surface of the metal by ultraviolet light of wavelength 200 nm is

A) 2.22 eV.
B) 2.60 eV.
C) 10.2 eV.
D)12.3 eV.
E) None of these because no electrons are ejected.

Question 31

Light falling on the surface of a metal such as cesium can liberate electrons from the metal. The kinetic energy of electrons emitted from a metal can be increased by

A) using light of higher frequency.
B) using light of lower frequency.
C) increasing the intensity of the incident light.
D) using a metal with a greater work function.
E) None of these is correct.

Question 32

When a surface is illuminated with light of wavelength 500 nm, the maximum speed of the photoelectrons is 300 km/s. When the same surface is illuminated by light of half this wavelength, what is the maximum speed of the photoelectrons in this case?

A) 680 km/s
B) 1280 km/s
C) 885 km/s
D) 980 km/s
E) 14800 km/s

Question 33

A Compton-scattered x-ray photon has less energy than the incident photon. The scattered photon therefore

A) has the same wavelength as the incident photon.
B) has a longer wavelength than the incident photon.
C) has a shorter wavelength than the incident photon.
D) cannot be assigned a wavelength.
E) has none of these wavelengths.

Question 34

The work function for a metal is 5.58 eV. What is the threshold wavelength for the photoelectric effect of incident photons?

A) 2.22 × 10^-7 m
B) 2.22 × 10^-9 m
C) 4.50 × 10⁶ m
D) 4.50 × 10^-6 m
E) 2.22 × 10^-11 m

Question 35

If the work function of thoriated tungsten is 4 *10^-19 J, the longest wavelength of light that will cause photoelectrons to be emitted is approximately

A) 880 nm.
B) 400 nm.
C) 497 nm.
D) 700 nm. E) 181 nm.

Question 36

The graph shows the maximum kinetic energy of electrons emitted from a metal as a function of the frequency of the incident light. The work function of the metal is

A) 6.0 eV.
B) 4.0 eV.
C) 2.5 eV.
D) 0.4 eV.
E) 4 × 10^-19 eV.

Question 37

The energy of a photon of visible light is on the order of

A) 10^-6 eV.
B) 10^-3 eV.
C) 1 eV.
D) 10³ eV.
E) 10⁶ eV.

Question 38

The pupil area of the human eye is ~ 1 × 10^-5 m². The minimum light intensity that the eye is sensitive to is ~ 1 × 10^-10 Wm^-2. How many photons per second of wavelength 550 nm does this correspond to?

A) ~300 s^-1
B) ~30000 s^-1
C) ~3000 s^-1
D) ~3 × 10^-2 s^-1
E) ~3 × 10¹² s^-1

Question 39

Which of the following formulas has the correct units for the linear momentum of a photon?

A) hc/λ
B) c/n
C) l/λ
D) λ /h
E) None of these is correct.

Question 40

An x-ray photon scattering off an electron imparts some of its energy to the electron the Compton effect). Which of the following statements is true?

A) The wavelength of the scattered photon is unchanged.
B) The wavelength of the scattered photon is decreased.
C) The wavelength of the scattered photon is increased.
D) The scattered photon gains speed.
E) The scattered photon is slowed.

Question 41

What is the shift in wavelength of a photon scattered off an electron at 160º?

A) 2.4 pm
B) 0.15 pm
C) 1.6 pm
D) 1.2 pm
E) 4.7 pm

Question 42

In the Compton effect,

A) an electron is stopped suddenly.
B) an x ray collides with an electron, the electron is ejected, and the x-ray photon ceases to exist.
C) a neutrino is produced in a nuclear decay.
D) an energetic photon collides with an electron, and both the electron and the photon are scattered.
E) None of these is correct.

Question 43

A gamma-ray photon of energy 800 keV scatters off an electron at an angle perpendicular to its original direction. It then scatters off a second electron such that this secondary scattered photon continues in the direction of the original photon. Calculate the difference in energy between the first and second recoiling electrons.

A) 606 keV
B) 194 keV
C) 488 keV
D) 118 keV
E) 370 keV

Question 44

A gamma-ray photon is back scattered at an angle of 180° after a collision with an electron. If the scattered photon has energy 150 keV, what was the energy of the initial photon?

A) 303 keV
B) 363 keV
C) 95 keV
D) 427 keV
E) 393 keV

Question 45

What is the momentum in SI units) of a photon of wavelength λ = 410 nm? Planck's constant h = 6.626 × 10^-34 J·s.)

A) 1.62 ×10^-27 kg m/s
B) 2.45 × 10^-27 kg m/s
C) 3.23 × 10^-27 kg m/s
D) 4.67 × 10^-27 kg m/s
E) 5.29 × 10^-27 kg m/s

Question 46

Calculate the photon energy for light of wavelength λ = 600 nm.Planck's constant h = 6.626 × 10^-34 J·s.)

A) 1.24 eV
B) 1.98 eV
C) 2.07 eV
D) 2.48 eV
E) 2.98 eV

Question 47

The figure shows x rays incident on a crystal spectrometer that are reflected from the crystal and used for Compton scattering in a carbon block. Of the wavelengths shown, λ₃ ≠ λ; thus, which of the following expressions is true?

A) λ ₁ =λ ₂ = λ ₃ = λ ₄
B) λ = λ ₁ > λ ₃
C) λ < λ ₂ < λ ₁ < λ ₄
D) λ ₃ > λ ₁ = λ ₄
E) λ ₄ > λ ₂ > λ

Question 48

What is the momentum in SI units) of a photon of wavelength λ = 480 nm? Planck's constant h = 6.626 × 10^-34 J·s.)

A) 7.24 × 10^-27 kg m/s
B) 6.21 × 10^-27 kg m/s
C) 4.14 × 10^-27 kg m/s
D) 2.76 × 10^-27 kg m/s
E) 1.38 × 10^-27 kg m/s

Question 49

In Young's experiment,

A) each slit acts as a line source.
B) an interference pattern is observed on a screen placed behind the slits.
C) interference maxima occur at angles such that the path difference is an integral number of wavelengths.
D) interference minima occur when the path difference is one half wavelength or any odd number of half wavelengths.
E) All of the above are correct.

Question 50

An x-ray photon of wavelength 0.10 nm is Compton-scattered from a free electron. The greatest observed shift in wavelength, as seen in the scattered photon, is

A) 0.0012 nm.
B) 0.0024 nm.
C) 0.0048 nm.
D) 0.18 nm.
E) 0.10 nm.

Question 51

In a Compton scattering experiment, an 8.00-MeV incident photon is scattered at an angle of 15º with energy of 5.20 MeV. The kinetic energy of the recoil electron is

A) 2.80 MeV.
B) 2.08 MeV.
C) 5.20 MeV.
D) 7.28 MeV.
E) 800 MeV.

Question 52

A gamma-ray photon of energy 1.00 MeV scatters off an electron at an angle perpendicular to its original direction. Calculate the kinetic energy of the recoiling electron.

A) 489 keV
B) 511 keV
C) 663 keV
D) 253 keV
E) 337 keV

Question 53

Calculate the photon energy for light of wavelength λ = 500 nm.Planck's constant h = 6.626 × 10^-34 J·s.)

A) 1.24 eV
B) 1.98 eV
C) 2.24 eV
D) 2.48 eV
E) 2.98 eV

Question 54

Which of the following statements concerning particles and waves is/are correct?

A) Uncharged particles travel in straight lines until they collide with something.
B) When two particles meet in space, they never produce an interference pattern.
C) When a large number of small particles exchange a small amount of energy, the exchange cannot be distinguished from that of a wave.
D) When two waves of equal intensity and originating from coherent sources meet in space, the resulting wave can have an intensity anywhere from zero to 4 times the intensity of each of the original waves.
E) All of the above are correct.

Question 55

Photons of wavelength 0.00150 nm undergo Compton collisions with free electrons. What is the energy of the scattered photons whose angle of scattering is 45º?

A) 13.3 × 10^-14 J
B) 9.00 × 10^-14 J
C) 28.0 × 10^-14 J
D) 18.0 × 10^-14 J
E) 2.14 × 10^-14 J

Question 56

Photons of wavelength 0.00150 nm undergo Compton collisions with free electrons. What is the energy of the scattered photons whose angle of scattering is 60º?

A) 13.3 × 10^-14 J
B) 3.27 × 10^-14 J
C) 28.0 × 10^-14 J
D) 7.36 × 10^-14 J
E) 2.14 × 10^-14 J

Question 57

When a certain x ray is Compton scattered at right angles to its initial direction, the shift in its wavelength is λ _c = 2.4 pm 1 picometer = 10^-12 m). If the wavelength of this ray is 15.4 pm, the wavelength of the scattered x ray must be closest to

A) 2.4 pm.
B) 0.15 pm.
C) 18 pm.
D) 13 pm.
E) 170 pm.

Question 58

What is the momentum in SI units) of a photon of wavelength λ = 560 nm? Planck's constant h = 6.626 × 10^-34 J·s.)

A) 3.7 × 10^-42 kg · m/s
B) 8.4 × 10^-25 kg · m/s
C) 1.2 × 10^-30 kg · m/s
D) 1.2 × 10^-27 kg · m/s
E) 3.6 × 10^-27 kg · m/s

Question 59

A gamma-ray photon of energy 800 keV scatters off an electron at an angle perpendicular to its original direction. It then scatters off a second electron such that this secondary scattered photon continues in the direction of the original photon. Calculate the energy difference between the initial and final photon.

A) 682 keV
B) 194 keV
C) 606 keV
D) 118 keV
E) 312 keV

Question 60

In Compton scattering of x rays by electrons, the maximum shift in the x-ray wavelength occurs when the scattering angle is

A) 180º.
B) 135º.
C) 90º.
D) 45º.
E) 0º.

Question 61

An electron m_e = 9.11 × 10^-31 kg) traveling with a velocity of 5.50 × 10⁶ m/s has a de Broglie wavelength of approximately

A) 0.0710 nm.
B) 0.130 nm.
C) 0.180 nm.
D) 0.230 nm.
E) 0.550 nm.

Question 62

An electron m_e = 9.11 × 10^-31 kg) traveling with a velocity of 1.1 × 10⁶ m/s has a de Broglie wavelength of approximately

A) 0.66 nm.
B) 0.78 nm.
C) 0.89 nm.
D) 0.97 nm.
E) 1.2 nm.

Question 63

A gamma-ray photon of energy 100 keV scatters off an electron at an angle perpendicular to its original direction. Calculate the de Broglie wavelength of the recoiling electron.

A) 13.5 × 10^-12 m
B) 12.4 × 10^-12 m
C) 14.8 × 10^-12 m
D) 2.4 × 10^-12 m
E) 9.54 × 10^-12 m

Question 64

A proton has five times the momentum of an electron. If the electron has a de Broglie wavelength λ, then the de Broglie wavelength of the proton is

A) λ.
B) 5λ.
C) λ /5.
D) 25λ.
E) λ /25.

Question 65

The wave-particle duality theory is the first adequate explanation of which one of the following observations about the hydrogen atom?

A) The proton attracts the electron.
B) The proton forms the nucleus of the atom.
C) The electron orbits the proton.
D) The mass of the atom is less than the sum of the individual proton and electron masses.
E) The ground-state atom is stable to radiative collapse.

Question 66

Electrons do not exhibit wave properties as readily as light because electrons typically have much __________ momenta than light and hence much __________ wavelengths.

A) greater; longer
B) greater; shorter
C) lesser; longer
D) lesser; shorter
E) greater; the same

Question 67

The wavelength of an electron is 1.33 nm. Its kinetic energy is approximately

A) 1.18 eV.
B) 1.08 eV.
C) 0.922 eV.
D) 0.850 eV.
E) 3.40 eV.

Question 68

Suppose that the world could be changed so that the de Broglie wavelength of a 40-kg runner who goes 100 m in 10.0 s was 5 m. Assuming that all other constants remain the same, the value of Planck's constant would have to be

A) 0.80 J · s.
B) 1.3 J · s.
C) 0.76 J · s.
D) 2.0 kJ · s.
E) 0.20 MJ · s.

Question 69

An electron that is not localized in space is described by the wave function Ψ = A sin kx - ωt). The kinetic energy of the electron is 10 keV. The value of ω is approximately

A) 1.5 × 10¹⁹ s^-1.
B) 3.0 × 10¹⁹ s^-1.
C) 4.5 × 10¹⁹ s^-1.
D) 1.5 × 10²¹ s^-1.
E) 3.0 × 10²¹ s^-1.

Question 70

An electron that is not localized in space is described by the wave function Ψ = A sinkx - ωt). The kinetic energy of the electron is 10 keV. The value of is approximately

A) 1.6 × 10^-11 m^-1.
B) 3.2 × 10¹³ m^-1.
C)1.6 × 10¹¹ m^-1.
D) 3.2 × 10¹¹ m^-1.
E) 5.1 × 10¹¹ m^-1.

Question 71

The electron microscope is a welcome addition to the field of microscopy because electrons have a __________ wavelength than light, thereby increasing the __________ of the microscope.

A) longer; resolving power
B) longer; breadth of field
C) shorter; resolving power
D) longer; intensity
E) None of these is correct.

Question 72

The Davisson and Germer experiment verified that

A) the velocity of light in a vacuum is a universal constant.
B) electrons have an intrinsic spin.
C) waves have a particle aspect.
D) electrons show wave characteristics.
E) the neutron does not have a charge.

Question 73

For an electron to have a de Broglie wavelength of 0.10 nm it must be accelerated from rest through a potential difference of

A) 1.0 V.
B) 0.51 MV.
C) 0.15 kV.
D) 5 kV.
E) 0.94 kV.

Question 74

The fact that particles have a wave nature was first verified by

A) the Heisenberg uncertainty principle.
B) Davisson and Germer's diffraction of electrons experiment.
C) blackbody radiation studies.
D) the Bohr theory of the atom.
E) the photoelectric effect.

Question 75

Which of the following particles has the longest wavelength?

A) a photon with a frequency of 3 × 10¹⁹ Hz
B) a photon with an energy of 2 × 10^-13 J
C) an electron with a momentum of 6.6 × 10^-21 kg · m/s
D) a proton with a momentum of 6.6 × 10^-21 kg · m/s
E) All four have the same wavelength.

Question 76

A 10.0-kg mass moving with a velocity of 100 m/s has a de Broglie wavelength of approximately

A) 1.98 × 10^-22 m.
B) 1.51 × 10³⁶ m.
C) 6.62 × 10^-33 m.
D) 6.62 × 10^-37 m.
E) 6.62 × 10^-31 m.

Question 77

If a baseball, an electron, and a photon all have the same momentum, which has the longest wavelength?

A) baseball
B) electron
C) photon
D) all have the same wavelength
E) It depends on the energy of the photon.

Question 78

The momentum of a 20-MeV electron is approximately

A) 1.6 × 10^-21 kg · m/s.
B) 2.4 × 10^-42 kg · m/s.
C) 5.8 × 10^-42 kg · m/s.
D) 2.4 × 10^-21 kg · m/s.
E) 5.8 × 10^-21 kg · m/s.

Question 79

The speed of an electron whose de Broglie wavelength is 0.0010 m is approximately

A) 7.3 × 10^-7 m/s.
B) 7.3 × 10^-4 m/s.
C) 0.73 m/s.
D) 0.51 km/s.
E) 5.1 × 10⁵ m/s.

Question 80

The wave-particle duality theory is the first adequate explanation of which one of the following observations about the hydrogen atom?

A) More than one possible orbit exists for the electron.
B) An infinite number of possible orbits exist for the electron.
C) Only certain energies are possible for the orbiting electron.
D) More than one momentum is possible for the orbiting electron.
E) None of these is correct.