Question 1

Which of the following is true about proximal vs. distal interventions?
a. Distal interventions are more efficient and easier to implement because they target whole groups at a time
b. Proximal interventions are more intrusive because they are implemented in close proximity to people
c. Distal interventions are more challenging and costly to implement
d. Proximal interventions target the fundamental causes of health problems

Accepted Answer

Distal interventions are more challenging and costly to implement

Question 2

Many studies have documented higher rates of smoking, alcohol consumption and low physical activity among lower income persons compared to persons of higher SES. Based on this fact, is the following statement TRUE or FALSE? &#34;Health disparities based on income inequality are primarily attributable to differences in health behavior between high and low income persons.&#34;

Accepted Answer

While differences in health behaviors (such as smoking, alcohol consumption, and physical activity) contribute to health disparities, they do not fully account for the complex relationship between income inequality and health outcomes. Other factors, including access to healthcare, environmental exposures, stress, education, and job opportunities, also play significant roles in creating health disparities based on income inequality.

Question 3

Which of the following was an important finding of the Haitian study of arrested pregnancy syndrome?
a. The syndrome was found to be very rare
b. The syndrome was found to be fairly common
c. The syndrome was more common in rural areas
d. The syndrome accounts for a large percentage of maternal deaths

Accepted Answer

The important finding of the Haitian study of arrested pregnancy syndrome was that the syndrome was found to be fairly common.

Question 4

Select an example of a psychological factor related to asthma.&#10;a. Smoking&#10;b. Health literacy&#10;c. Exposure to violence&#10;d. Crowding

Accepted Answer

Exposure to violence is considered a psychological factor because it can lead to stress and anxiety, which may exacerbate asthma symptoms or trigger an asthma attack.

Question 5

Lack of U.S. data on poverty and health can be attributed to which of the following factors.
a. The government does not keep statistics by SES
b. Americans are uncomfortable with social class differences
c. Welfare programs eliminate the need to consider SES effects on health
d. Data on minority groups replaces the need for SES data
Questions from Lecture: Social Epidemiology

Accepted Answer

Americans' discomfort with social class differences can lead to a lack of comprehensive data collection on poverty and health, as these topics are often sensitive and politically charged.

Question 6

The Causal Continuum is best described by which of the following statements?
a. Shows the relationship between distal, intermediate and proximate factors
b. Shows the pathway of effect between pathogens, human host and environment
c. Shows the pathway of effect between neighborhoods, communities and society
d. Shows the relationship between social selection and social causation

Accepted Answer

The Causal Continuum shows the relationship between distal, intermediate and proximate factors in determining health outcomes, making choice A the correct answer. Choice B describes the Pathogen-Host-Environment Model, choice C describes the Socio-Ecological Model, and choice D describes the Fundamental Causes Model.

Question 7

The problem of asthma has been linked to people staying indoors because of fears about personal safety. This illustrates which of the following?
a. Evolutionary determinant of health
b. Neighborhoods as a community-level determinant of health
c. Interpersonal determinant of health
d. Community participation as a determinant of health

Accepted Answer

This scenario showcases how neighborhood safety can affect the health of its residents. People who perceive their neighborhood to be unsafe may choose to stay indoors, limiting their exposure to fresh air and increasing their risk of developing asthma. This is a community-level determinant of health.

Deck 3: Social Epidemiology