Deck 10: Between-Subjects Factorial Designs

Question 1

More Than One Independent Variable Wally investigated the effects of workspace (cubicle or open office), lighting (low, moderate, or high intensity), and noise (low or moderate) on productivity.How many main effects were possible in this study?

A)2
B)3
C)6
D)9

Answer 1

3

Question 2

More Than One Independent Variable The independent variables in a factorial design are called

A)conditions.
B)elements.
C)factors.
D)levels.

Answer 2

factors.

Question 3

More Than One Independent Variable Researchers recently evaluated the impact of smoking and alcohol consumption on cardiovascular disease.They found that the incidence of cardiovascular disease was higher among women who smoked and consumed alcohol than among those who only smoked, only consumed alcohol, or did neither.This finding illustrates

A)a higher-order interaction.
B)a main effect.
C)an interaction.
D)two main effects.

Answer 3

an interaction.

Question 4

More Than One Independent Variable We have an interaction in an experiment whenever

A)an extraneous variable systematically changes with the dependent variable.
B)an extraneous variable systematically changes with an independent variable.
C)the effect of one independent variable changes across levels of another independent variable.
D)there are two or more independent variables in the same experiment.

Question 5

More Than One Independent Variable Melanie studied the effects of discount coupons (coupons or no coupons) and product placement (near checkout counter or aisle) on potato chip sales.How many main effects were possible in this study?

A)1
B)2
C)3
D)4

Question 6

A crossover interaction is depicted in a bar graph in Box 10-2.Change the bar graph to a line graph to depict this interaction.

Question 7

More Than One Independent Variable Experimental designs that study two or more independent variables at the same time are called

A)factorial designs.
B)multiple independent groups designs.
C)multiple levels designs.
D)univariate designs.

Question 8

More Than One Independent Variable A factorial design can have as many main effects as

A)factors.
B)higher-order interactions.
C)interactions.
D)levels.

Question 9

More Than One Independent Variable Which of these describes an interaction?

A)Men consume more crackers than women.
B)Men consume the most crackers in the presence of women.
C)Subjects consume more crackers in the presence of a member of the other gender.
D)Subject gender affects the number of crackers consumed.

Question 10

More Than One Independent Variable Ashton studied the effect of backpack design and load on shoulder muscle contraction.If one design produced greater muscle contraction at a heavier load than a lighter one, this illustrates a(n)

A)higher-order interaction.
B)interaction.
C)main effect.
D)two main effects.

Question 11

More Than One Independent Variable In a factorial design, the change in behavior due to the action of a single independent variable is called a(n)

A)fixed effect.
B)higher-order interaction.
C)interaction.
D)main effect.

Question 12

A researcher decides to run an experiment to study the effects of two independent variables on learning She will vary background noise by playing or not playing a radio while subjects study a list of words She will vary the length of the list to be learned: Half the subjects will try to learn a short list; half will try to learn a long list in the same amount of time.The dependent variable is the percentage of words recalled.Take this hypothetical experiment and do the following:
a.Describe the experiment using shorthand notation for factorial designs.
b.Diagram the experiment using a design matrix.
c.Identify three extraneous variables you think might affect the outcome of this
study.

Question 13

After watching a group of nursery school children, we get the idea that some toys are more popular with children than others are. We would like to test the difference in time spent playing with toys that are used for building (for example, blocks) and toys that are not (for example, stuffed animals). Because there are many differences between boys and girls, we would also like to look at gender as an independent variable
Diagram the experiment suggested in question 4.

Question 14

More Than One Independent Variable Barbara studied the effects of viewing angle and computer monitor displays on eye blink rate.This study was a

A)factorial design.
B)multiple levels design.
C)two factor experiment.
D)factorial design and two factor experiment.

Question 15

More Than One Independent Variable How many main effects are possible in a 2 X 3 X 2 factorial design?

A)2
B)3
C)6
D)9

Question 16

More Than One Independent Variable In Barbara's study of the effects of viewing angle and computer monitor displays on eye blink rate, the effect of viewing angle on blinking rate is called a(n)

A)fixed effect.
B)higher-order interaction.
C)interaction.
D)main effect.

Question 17

More Than One Independent Variable The advantage of using more than one independent variable in the same experiment is that

A)there are fewer confounding variables.
B)there is no need for matching.
C)we can study the interaction between the variables.
D)we need fewer subjects.

Question 18

More Than One Independent Variable Shawn's study manipulated music (radio or no radio) and list length (short or long), and measured word recognition.Music and list length were

A)conditions.
B)elements.
C)factors.
D)levels.

Question 19

In a study of interpersonal closeness (Holland, Roeder, van Baaren, Brandt, & Hannover, 2004; experiment 2), researchers primed with either independence or interdependence by asking male and female subjects to think about the differences (independence) or similarities (interdependence) between themselves and their family and close friends.Then, they were asked to take a seat in a waiting area full of chairs where a jacket indicated the presence of another person.The dependent variable was the number of chairs between the subject's chair and the chair with the jacket.As predicted, subjects in the independent condition seated themselves farther away from the chair that appeared occupied than subjects in the interdependent condition did.In addition, men tended to sit further away from the jacket than women did.
a.What is the design of this experiment? Describe it using shorthand notation.
Diagram it.
b.How many main effects were reported?
c.Using a simple graph, illustrate the pattern of the overall results of this experiment.

Question 20

More Than One Independent Variable The principal difference between a factorial experiment and a two-group experiment is that a factorial design

A)always achieves greater statistical power.
B)always requires more subjects.
C)has more than one independent variable.
D)has two or more dependent variables.

Question 21

Laying Out a Factorial Design A 2 X 2 between-subjects factorial experiment contains.

A)four factors.
B)four levels of one independent variable.
C)four treatment groups.
D)two treatment groups.

Question 22

Laying Out a Factorial Design Santana studied the effect of beer color and temperature on taste ratings.Beer color and temperature were

A)extraneous variables.
B)factors.
C)main effects.
D)treatment levels.

Question 23

Laying Out a Factorial Design A 2 X 2 X 2 factorial design has

A)six treatment conditions.
B)three independent variables, each with two levels.
C)three independent variables and two dependent variables.
D)two independent variables, each with three levels.

Question 24

Laying Out a Factorial Design Which illustrates the factor and levels method?

A)2 X 2 (Type of Name X Length of Name) between-subjects factorial design
B)2 (Type of Name) X 2 (Length of Name) between-subjects factorial design
C)2 X 2 (Type of Name: given, nickname X Length of Name: short, long) between-subjects factorial design
D)both 2 X 2 (Type of Name X Length of Name) between-subjects factorial design and 2 (Type of Name) X 2 (Length of Name) between-subjects
Factorial design

Question 25

More Than One Independent Variable Puck studied the effects of workspace (cubicle or open office), lighting (low, moderate, or high intensity), and noise (low or moderate) on productivity.An advantage of this design over a two-factor study is that it can detect

A)a higher-order interaction.
B)a main effect.
C)an interaction.
D)more than one main effect.

Question 26

Laying Out a Factorial Design In Santana's study of the effect of beer color (pale and dark brown) and temperature (room temperature and 50 degrees F) on taste ratings, pale and dark brown were

A)extraneous variables.
B)factors.
C)main effects.
D)treatment levels.

Question 27

More Than One Independent Variable Which of the following statements is true?

A)A significant main effect does not ensure a significant interaction.
B)An interaction is only possible when there are significant main effects.
C)At least one main effect is significant if an interaction is significant.
D)When an interaction is significant, the main effects will also be significant.

Question 28

Laying Out a Factorial Design If Wyatt found that college students are only more likely to help someone in an emergency situation when they are the only person present and the victim is female, this would demonstrate a(n)

A)interaction between the number of bystanders and victim sex.
B)main effect for the number of bystanders.
C)main effect for victim sex.
D)main effect for the number of bystanders and victim sex.

Question 29

Laying Out a Factorial Design Wyatt found that college students are more likely to help someone in an emergency situation if they are the only person present than when at least one other bystander is also available.This phenomenon does not depend on the victim's sex.This experiment demonstrated a(n)

A)interaction between the number of bystanders and victim sex.
B)main effect for the number of bystanders.
C)main effect for victim sex.
D)main effect for the number of bystanders and victim sex.

Question 30

More Than One Independent Variable All of these could occur in a two-factor experiment except

A)a higher-order interaction.
B)an interaction.
C)an interaction and one main effect.
D)an interaction and two main effects.

Question 31

Laying Out a Factorial Design Which illustrates the factor-labeling method?

A)2 X 2 (Type of Name X Length of Name) between-subjects factorial design
B)2 (Type of Name) X 2 (Length of Name) between-subjects factorial design
C)2 X 2 (Type of Name: given, nickname X Length of Name: short, long) between-subjects factorial design
D)both 2 X 2 (Type of Name X Length of Name) between-subjects factorial design and 2 (Type of Name) X 2 (Length of Name) between-subjects
Factorial design

Question 32

Laying Out a Factorial Design A 2 X 3 factorial design matrix contains six

A)cells.
B)factors.
C)levels.
D)variables.

Question 33

Laying Out a Factorial Design If an experiment has a 2 X 3 X 4 design,

A)there are 24 treatment conditions.
B)there are 3 independent variables.
C)there can be a higher-order interaction.
D)all of these

Question 34

Laying Out a Factorial Design If an experiment has a 4 X 2 design,

A)the first factor has four treatment levels.
B)there are two treatment groups.
C)there can be two interactions.
D)there can be only one main effect.

Question 35

More Than One Independent Variable Which of the following could occur in a three-factor experiment?

A)a higher-order interaction
B)an interaction
C)three main effects
D)all of these

Question 36

Laying Out a Factorial Design A three-factor experiment with three levels of each factor has a total of ___ different treatment conditions.

A)3
B)9
C)18
D)27

Question 37

Laying Out a Factorial Design All of the following factorial designs have 16 treatment groups except

A)2 X 3 X 3
B)2 X 4 X 2
C)2 X 8
D)4 X 4

Question 38

More Than One Independent Variable Higher-order interactions are only possible when an experiment contains

A)at least two main effects.
B)more than two independent variables.
C)more than two levels of an independent variable.
D)two independent variables, each with at least three levels.

Question 39

More Than One Independent Variable We have a higher-order interaction in an experiment whenever

A)an extraneous variable systematically changes with two or more dependent variables.
B)an extraneous variable systematically changes across levels of two or more independent variables.
C)the effect of one independent variable changes across levels of two or more other independent variables.
D)there are more than two independent variables in the same experiment.

Question 40

Laying Out a Factorial Design Which of these most completely describes the experimental design?

A)2 X 2 (Type of Name X Length of Name) between-subjects factorial design
B)2 (Type of Name) X 2 (Length of Name) between-subjects factorial design
C)2 X 2 (Type of Name: given, nickname X Length of Name: short, long) between-subjects factorial design
D)both 2 X 2 (Type of Name X Length of Name) between-subjects factorial design and 2 (Type of Name) X 2 (Length of Name) between-subjects
Factorial design

Question 41

A Research Example A crossover interaction in a 2 X 2 factorial experiment means that there

A)are two interactions.
B)is an interaction and no main effects.
C)is an interaction and one main effect.
D)is an interaction and two main effects.

Question 42

A Research Example Which of these illustrates a 2 X 2 factorial experiment with an interaction and two main effects?

A)two lines that cross like an X
B)two lines that are parallel and decrease from left to right
C)one horizontal line and a second, slanted line that intersects it from below
D)two lines that are vertically separated and increase from left to right, and the upper line has a steeper slope than the lower line

Question 43

A Research Example Which of these illustrates a 2 X 2 factorial experiment with no interaction and two main effects?

A)lines that cross like an X
B)lines of the same height
C)lines that are parallel, vertically separated, and increase from left to right
D)parallel lines

Question 44

A Research Example Donovan examined the effect of age, education, and socioeconomic status on frequency of condom use.How many significant effects/interactions were possible in his study?

A)3
B)4
C)5
D)7

Question 45

A Research Example The independent variables in Pliner and Chaiken's (1990) study were

A)partner sex and cracker consumption.
B)sex and cracker consumption.
C)subject sex and partner sex.
D)subject sex, partner sex, and cracker consumption.

Question 46

A Research Example In a line graph of a 2 X 2 factorial design, parallel lines indicate

A)an interaction.
B)a main effect.
C)both a main effect and an interaction.
D)no interaction.

Question 47

A Research Example How many interactions were possible in Austin's psychology experiment on persuasion that studied the effect of subject sex (male or female), communicator sex (male or female), and communicator physical attractiveness (low, moderate, or high) on conformity?

A)2
B)3
C)4
D)5

Question 48

A Research Example Which of the following describes between-subjects factorial designs?

A)as the number of factors increases, the number of required subjects increases
B)there can be as many main effects as factors
C)they can produce interactions which are difficult to conceptualize and explain
D)all of these

Question 49

A Research Example A 2 X 2 factorial experiment with no interaction and one main effect is represented by

A)two lines that cross like an X.
B)two lines that are parallel and vertically separated.
C)two lines that increase from left to right and the upper line has a steeper slope than the lower line.
D)two parallel lines.

Question 50

A Research Example We plot the dependent variable on ____ when graphing the results of a factorial experiment.

A)the horizontal axis
B)the X-axis
C)the Y-axis
D)either the X-axis or Y-axis

Question 51

A Research Example When the effects of Factor 1 completely reverse across levels of Factor 2, there is a

A)crossover interaction.
B)high-order interaction.
C)main effect.
D)main effect and an interaction.

Question 52

A Research Example Which is a good "rule of thumb" for selecting an experimental design?

A)Select a design based on the number of subjects immediately available.
B)Select a design that can detect higher-order interactions.
C)Select the design with the lowest statistical power.
D)Select the simplest design that will adequately test your hypothesis.

Question 53

A Research Example A three-factor experiment can have ___ significant effects/interactions.

A)3
B)4
C)5
D)7

Question 54

A Research Example When graphing a 2 X 2 factorial experiment, an interaction would be indicated by all of these except

A)lines that converge.
B)lines that cross.
C)lines that diverge.
D)parallel lines.

Question 55

A Research Example When a graph of a 2 X 2 factorial design resembles an "X," this indicates

A)a crossover interaction.
B)no main effect.
C)two main effects.
D)a crossover interaction and no main effects.

Question 56

A Research Example Which of the following illustrates a 2 X 2 factorial experiment with a crossover interaction and no main effects?

A)two lines that cross like an X
B)two lines that decrease from left to right and the upper line has a shallower slope than the lower line
C)two lines that increase from left to right and the upper line has a steeper slope than the lower line
D)two parallel lines

Question 57

A Research Example All of these are reasons for keeping factorial designs simple except

A)complex designs must be analyzed using more sophisticated statistics.
B)higher-order interactions are very difficult to explain.
C)more factors mean more time is needed to run an experiment.
D)researchers must control more extraneous variables as designs become more complex.

Question 58

A Research Example A 2 X 2 factorial experiment with an interaction and one main effect is
Represented by

A)two lines that are parallel and decrease from left to right.
B)two lines that are parallel and vertically separated.
C)two lines that increase from left to right and the upper line has a steeper slope than the lower line.
D)two parallel lines.