Deck 36: Protection, Support, and Movement

Question 1

Which of the following is NOT a function of the vertebral column in most animals?

A)locomotion
B)attachment site for paired muscles
C)protective canal for spinal cord
D)transmission of torso's weight to lower limbs
E)attachment points for ribs

Answer 1

A

Question 2

What is NOT true concerning creatine?

A)It is sold as a performance enhancer.
B)Muscles use its phosphorylated form as an instant energy source.
C)The body normally makes some and takes in more from food.
D)Its production is highly regulated
E)Long-term side effects of creatine are unknown.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Spiders use hydraulic pressure for all of the following EXCEPT to

A)oppose the contraction of their leg muscles.
B)extend their hind legs outward.
C)assist in jumping.
D)pump blood into body tissues.
E)compensate for their lack of opposing leg muscles.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Which organisms have a hydrostatic skeleton with a soft body wall?

A)earthworms
B)spiders
C)sponges
D)crabs
E)insects

Question 5

Which of the following are components of the axial skeleton?

A)jaws
B)skull bones
C)ribs
D)vertebrae
E)all of these

Question 6

Movement in earthworms involves all the following EXCEPT

A)a hydrostatic skeleton.
B)fluid-filled coelomic chambers.
C)rigid skeletal elements.
D)segments changing shape
E)hydraulic pressure.

Question 7

Andro has all of the following effects on males, EXCEPT _____?

A)increased hair loss
B)shrunken testicles
C)breast enlargement
D)increased risk of heart attack
E)proven enhancement of athletic performance

Question 8

The collarbone is the

A)tibia.
B)patella.
C)scapula.
D)clavicle.
E)tarsal.

Question 9

The axial skeleton includes all EXCEPT which of the following?

A)skull
B)ribs
C)pectoral girdle
D)sternum
E)vertebral column

Question 10

Which of the following are bones of the human pectoral girdle?

A)clavicle
B)ribs
C)sternum
D)femur
E)none of these

Question 11

What is NOT true concerning androstenedione ("andro")?

A)It received a sales boost after Sammy Sosa admitted using the supplement in 1998 in attempting to break Major League Baseball's home-run record.
B)It is an intermediate in the natural production of testosterone.
C)It is an intermediate in the natural production of estrogen.
D)Users risk liver damage
E)The FDA ordered a halt to its distribution in 2004.

Question 12

Which of the following are NOT components of the appendicular skeleton?

A)arm bones
B)collarbones
C)finger bones
D)ribs
E)leg bones

Question 13

All the following have some sort of hardened endoskeleton EXCEPT

A)sea stars.
B)sea urchins
C)fish.
D)sea anemones.
E)turtles.

Question 14

The bone of the upper arm is the

A)radius.
B)ulna.
C)tibia.
D)humerus.
E)femur.

Question 15

The organism in the above photograph has which of the following structural systems?

A)cartilaginous
B)bone
C)hydrostatic
D)chitinous
E)none of these

Question 16

All of the following have exoskeletons EXCEPT

A)lobsters.
B)spiders.
C)insects.
D)earthworms.
E)centipedes.

Question 17

Sea anemones have a(n) __________ that causes them to extend into a feeding position when longitudinal cells __________ and radial cells __________.

A)hydrostatic skeleton; contract; relax
B)endoskeleton; contract; relax
C)exoskeleton; contract; relax
D)hydrostatic skeleton; relax; contract
E)exoskeleton; relax; contract

Question 18

The kneecap is the

A)tibia.
B)patella.
C)scapula.
D)clavicle.
E)tarsal.

Question 19

What is false concerning the muscle enhancing supplement creatine?

A)The FDA banned the sale of creatine.
B)Creatine is a short chain of amino acids.
C)It improves performance in brief, high-intensity exercise
D)It may strain kidneys.
E)Commercial creatine products are not regulated.

Question 20

The organism in the above photograph has which of the following structural systems?

A)cartilaginous
B)bone
C)hydrostatic
D)chitinous
E)endoskeletal

Question 21

Which of the following is properly matched?

A)compact bone tissue; light weight
B)spongy bone; matrix of dense concentric rings
C)red marrow; mostly fat
D)yellow marrow; major site of blood cell formation
E)none of these

Question 22

The initial skeleton of all vertebrate embryos is made of

A)cartilage.
B)collagen.
C)compact bone.
D)spongy bone.
E)fibrous proteins.

Question 23

Which of the following is dense connective tissue that joins two bones?

A)sutures
B)ligaments
C)muscles
D)tendons
E)fascia

Question 24

Which of the following statements is false?

A)Calcium is the most important mineral involved in bone tissue turnover.
B)Osteocytes and osteoclasts are involved with the reabsorption and repair of bones.
C)Bone mass decreases with age.
D)Males have greater problems with loss of bone tissue than females.
E)Marrow fills the cavities in the spaces of the spongy bone and in the center of the shaft of long bones.

Question 25

Growth of long bones

A)follows the cartilage model.
B)occurs in the middle at first, then at both ends.
C)is characterized by bone tissue replacing calcified cartilage.
D)is characterized by the persistence of cartilage at both ends of the bone.
E)includes all of these.

Question 26

Osteoclasts function in bone remodeling to

A)free mineral ions.
B)stimulate blood cell formation.
C)accelerate bone repair.
D)lay down a bony matrix.
E)do all of these.

Question 27

Red marrow is located in the area indicated by

A)A.
B)B.
C)C.
D)D.
E)E.

Question 28

Which of the following is an example of a cartilaginous joint?

A)skull plates
B)humerus to the scapula
C)leg bone connected to the hip bone
D)teeth connected to the jaw
E)two vertebrae together

Question 29

Which of the following is an example of a stretchy cord of connective tissue?

A)skull plates
B)ligaments
C)leg bone connected to the hip bone
D)teeth connected to the jaw
E)all of these

Question 30

Bone mass increases in humans until about age __________ because __________ after that time.

A)18; osteoclast activity commences
B)13; osteoblast activity slows
C)24; osteoblast activity slows
D)24; osteocytes no longer function
E)18; osteocytes are no longer formed

Question 31

A layer of dense connective tissue is indicated by

A)A.
B)B.
C)C.
D)D.
E)E.

Question 32

PTH (parathyroid hormone) does all of the following EXCEPT

A)stimulates calcium release from bones.
B)suppresses calcium reabsorption by the kidneys.
C)enhances osteoclast action.
D)activates vitamin D in the gut.
E)indirectly stimulates calcium absorption by the gut.

Question 33

Which of the following is properly matched?

A)osteoblasts; bone breakdown
B)osteocytes; initial bone formation
C)osteoclasts; initial bone formation
D)osteoclasts; bone breakdown
E)osteoblasts; imprisoned in bony matrix

Question 34

Which of the following is an example of a fibrous joint?

A)skull plates
B)humerus to the scapula
C)leg bone connected to the hip bone
D)teeth connected to the jaw
E)all of these

Question 35

Osteoporosis is enhanced by

A)deficient levels of calcium and vitamin D.
B)lack of physical activity.
C)smoking and excessive alcohol intake.
D)excessive intake of cola drinks
E)all of these.

Question 36

When calcium levels rise, the __________ secrete(s) __________, which __________ osteoclast activity.

A)parathyroids; calcitonin; suppresses
B)thyroid; calcitonin; suppresses
C)thyroid; calcitonin; enhances
D)thyroid; PTH; suppresses
E)parathyroids; PTH; enhances

Question 37

When calcium levels decline, the __________ secrete(s) __________, which __________ osteoclast activity.

A)parathyroids; calcitonin; suppresses
B)thyroid; calcitonin; suppresses
C)thyroid; calcitonin; enhances
D)thyroid; PTH; suppresses
E)parathyroids; PTH; enhances

Question 38

The most prevalent mineral ion stored in and released from bone tissue is

A)phosphorus.
B)iron.
C)calcium.
D)magnesium.
E)manganese.

Question 39

Joints are areas of connection between two

A)bendable regions of the skeleton.
B)bones.
C)glands.
D)cartilage regions.
E)of none of these.

Question 40

The shoulder blade is the

A)tibia.
B)patella.
C)scapula.
D)clavicle.
E)tarsal.

Question 41

The human body has close to __________ muscles.

A)100
B)206
C)300
D)500
E)700

Question 42

During muscle contractions,

A)the sarcomeres shorten.
B)the actin filaments slide over the myosin filaments.
C)the actin filaments move toward the middle of the sarcomere during contraction and away on relaxation.
D)the muscle fibers thicken.
E)all of these occur.

Question 43

During contraction,

A)cross-bridges of muscle filaments are broken and reformed.
B)ATP is used to break cross-bridges.
C)muscle cells use glucose derived from glycogen as an energy source.
D)glycogen depletion may lead to muscle fatigue.
E)all of these occur.

Question 44

The pectoralis major muscle is located

A)in the chest.
B)on the back.
C)near the hips.
D)in the upper leg.
E)in the lower leg.

Question 45

Action potentials traveling down the plasma membrane of a muscle fiber will next reach the _____.

A)plasma membrane.
B)sarcoplasmic reticulum.
C)cytoskeletal system.
D)T tubules.
E)endomembrane system.

Question 46

Functionally, the plasma membrane of a muscle cell is most like that of a

A)bone cell.
B)nerve cell.
C)cartilage cell.
D)secretory cell.
E)epidermal cell.

Question 47

Which mature tissue has nutrient canals?

A)skin
B)bone
C)cartilage
D)epithelial
E)muscle

Question 48

Breaking actin-myosin bonds requires

A)ATP.
B)ADP.
C)calcium.
D)phosphorus.
E)sodium.

Question 49

Muscle cells are not typical cells because

A)groups of them fuse in the embryo to form multinucleated fibers.
B)they contain actin proteins.
C)they contain myosin proteins.
D)they respond to stimuli.
E)all of these are true.

Question 50

Action potentials in muscle fibers cause

A)the sarcoplasmic reticulum to release ATP.
B)the sarcoplasmic reticulum to release calcium.
C)myosin-actin bonds to break.
D)the energizing of myosin molecules.
E)all of these to occur.

Question 51

Prior to muscle fiber stimulation

A)the sarcomeres are contracted.
B)the myosin heads are in the resting position.
C)the myosin heads are activated.
D)calcium is sequestered in the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
E)all of these occur.

Question 52

Sarcomeres consist of a zone and several bands.Actin and myosin filaments overlap at the __________ while the __________ is actin filaments alone and the __________ is myosin filaments alone.

A)A band; I band; H zone
B)H zone; A band; I band
C)I band; H zone; A Band
D)A band; H zone; I band
E)H zone; I band; A band

Question 53

Which of the following is NOT associated with rheumatoid arthritis?

A)autoimmune disorder.
B)damage to lining of synovial joints
C)women are more often affected
D)can occur at any age
E)crystals of uric acid accumulate in joints

Question 54

Energized myosin heads bind to actin only when __________ is present.

A)ATP
B)ADP
C)calcium
D)phosphorus
E)sodium

Question 55

The gastrocnemius muscle is located

A)in the forelimb.
B)on the back.
C)in the hip area.
D)in the lower leg.
E)in the neck.

Question 56

Contraction of the biceps muscle

A)extends the arm.
B)extends the leg.
C)flexes the arm.
D)flexes the leg.
E)works with the triceps muscle.

Question 57

The trunk of the body has muscles of all of the following EXCEPT

A)thorax.
B)limbs.
C)backbone.
D)pelvic cavity.
E)abdominal wall.

Question 58

Gout is caused by

A)crystallization of uric acid in the joint.
B)excess steroid hormones.
C)excess uptake of calcium.
D)allergic reaction to seafood.
E)none of these.

Question 59

Which joints are likely to be affected by osteoarthritis?

A)fingers
B)knees
C)hips
D)backbone
E)all of these

Question 60

When a sarcomere is at rest, the myosin binding sites on actin are blocked by

A)calcium.
B)troponin.
C)tropomyosin.
D)the myosin heads.
E)ADP.

Question 61

Muscle fibers can make ATP by which of the following means?

A)the Krebs Cycle.
B)electron transport.
C)lactate fermentation
D)the dephosphorylation of creatine phosphate.
E)all of these

Question 62

The main source of fuel for more than 30 minutes of muscle contraction is

A)fatty acids.
B)glucose.
C)glycogen.
D)creatine phosphate.
E)glycerol.

Question 63

During moderate but prolonged exercise, most of the energy for contraction is supplied by

A)creatine phosphate.
B)aerobic respiration.
C)anaerobic respiration.
D)fermentation.
E)glycolysis.

Question 64

Calcium promotes sarcomere contraction by binding to __________ thus __________.

A)myosin; activating it
B)actin; activating it
C)tropomyosin; causing troponin to move
D)troponin; causing tropomyosin to move
E)myosin; changing its shape

Question 65

The structure indicated by the letter "B" above represents

A)actin.
B)myofibril.
C)myosin.
D)sarcoplasmic reticulum.
E)muscle fiber.