Deck 29: Plant Nutrition and Transport

Question 1

A soil with approximately what percent of humus is best for plant growth?

A)greater than 90
B)15
C)50
D)less than 10
E)30

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Loams are soils with the best water and oxygen penetration because they have

A)a high proportion of sand.
B)a high proportion of silt.
C)a high proportion of clay.
D)high proportions of sand and silt and a low proportion of clay.
E)equal proportions of sand, silt, and clay.

Answer 2

E

Question 3

Humus includes all of the following EXCEPT

A)feces.
B)dead organisms.
C)leaf litter.
D)weathered rock.
E)decomposing organic matter.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Nitrogen-fixing bacteria convert __________ to __________.

A)gaseous nitrogen; ammonia
B)ammonia; gaseous nitrogen
C)gaseous nitrogen; nitrates
D)gaseous nitrogen; nitrites
E)ammonia; nitrates

Question 5

The above figure is a photograph of

A)a plant with root nodules.
B)mycorrhizae.
C)root hairs.
D)a demonstration of the effect of mutualistic Rhizobium.
E)a microscopic view of a nodule forming around area where the bacterium infect.

Question 6

Alpine pennycress plants remove zinc and cadmium from the soil and store them away in their

A)chloroplasts.
B)amyloplasts.
C)central vacuoles.
D)Golgi bodies.
E)vesicles.

Question 7

The Army's solution to the contamination problem at its Aberdeen Proving Grounds is an example of

A)phytoremediation.
B)land reclamation.
C)chemical recycling.
D)soil reconstruction.
E)pollutant transformation.

Question 8

Which of the following factors do leaching and soil erosion have in common?

A)strong winds
B)mineral composition of soil
C)moving water
D)climate
E)none of these

Question 9

Leaves falling on the ground initially become a part of soil horizon __________, but will later be a component of soil horizon __________.

A)A; B
B)A; O
C)O; A
D)B; A
E)B; C

Question 10

TCE, a chemical contaminant at the United States Army's Aberdeen Proving Grounds, resulting from the improper disposal of wastes, is harmful because it can

A)cause liver damage.
B)damage lungs.
C)affect the nervous system.
D)cause coma and death.
E)do all of these.

Question 11

The above figure is a photograph of

A)plant with root nodules.
B)mycorrhizae.
C)root hairs.
D)demonstration of the effect of mutualistic Rhizobium.
E)a nodule forming around area where the bacterium infect.

Question 12

The ability of alpine pennycress to decontaminate soil may be transferable to other plants because basically this ability is due to

A)the structure of its chloroplasts.
B)the structure of its membranes.
C)the structure of its central vacuole.
D)the structure of its plastids.
E)a gene.

Question 13

Plants do not grow well in soils with a lot of clay because these soils

A)hold onto and do not release water easily.
B)are deficient in plant micronutrients and macronutrients.
C)tend to absorb too much surface water.
D)tend to become compacted and exclude air.
E)do none of these.

Question 14

The above figure is a photograph of

A)plant with root nodules.
B)mycorrhizae.
C)root hairs.
D)demonstration of the effect of mutualistic Rhizobium.
E)microscopic view of a nodule forming around area where the bacterium infect.

Question 15

The oxygen needed by plants is ultimately derived from

A)aerobic respiration.
B)photosynthesis.
C)anaerobic respiration.
D)glucose.
E)carbon dioxide.

Question 16

The Army and the Environmental Protection Agency are decreasing the contamination at the Army's Aberdeen Proving Grounds by

A)removing contaminated soil.
B)planting hybrid poplar trees.
C)chemically degrading the contaminants.
D)covering the contaminated soil with a sealant.
E)doing none of these.

Question 17

A side effect of the Army's solution to the contamination problem at its Aberdeen Proving Grounds is

A)increased ground-water pollution.
B)the depletion of most soil nutrients.
C)the restoration of the soil's normal inhabitants.
D)increased air pollution.
E)none of these.

Question 18

In general, plants require how many elements for their growth, development, and survival?

A)6
B)12
C)16
D)22
E)28

Question 19

Which of the following is true concerning root nodules?

A)They may kill a plant.
B)They are produced by a fungus.
C)They remove nitrogen compounds from the plant.
D)They convert the harmful ammonia that plant cells produce into gaseous nitrogen.
E)None of these are true.

Question 20

The weight of nitrogen in a plant that has a dry weight of 100 grams is at least __________ grams.

A)50
B)25
C)10
D)5
E)0.5

Question 21

The cuticle of a leaf is composed of

A)waxes.
B)pectin.
C)cellulose.
D)cutin.
E)all of these.

Question 22

Which of the following statements is false?

A)Transpiration creates tension on water columns in a plant.
B)Transpiration is the loss of water in gaseous form from a plant.
C)Osmotic gradients account for the absorption of water by roots.
D)Transpiration occurs mostly through the cuticle.
E)Hydrogen bonds account for the cohesiveness of water molecules.

Question 23

If a cuticle is removed from a leaf, the leaf will

A)be unable to carry on photosynthesis.
B)be unable to carry on transpiration.
C)lose water and wilt.
D)replace the cuticle with a layer of suberin.
E)immediately close its stomata to prevent water loss.

Question 24

Which of the following statements is false?

A)Root hairs live only a few days
B)Nodules containing bacteria enable plants to increase their absorption of nitrogen.
C)The Casparian strip of the endodermis facilitates the movement of water into the vascular cylinder.
D)Water may travel between the cortex but must move through the cytoplasm of endodermal cells.
E)Some plants have an exodermis with a Casparian strip.

Question 25

What factor is NOT involved in the movement of water through a plant?

A)transpiration pull
B)the cohesion of water molecules
C)hydrogen bonds
D)the replacement of lost water molecules
E)active transport

Question 26

The cuticle

A)conserves water.
B)reduces absorption of carbon dioxide by the plant.
C)relegates transpiration to the stomata.
D)helps prevent wilting.
E)does all of these.

Question 27

Which of the following does NOT describe the Casparian strip?

A)waxy
B)component of the endodermis
C)permeable
D)barrier
E)waterproof

Question 28

Water absorption depends primarily on

A)abscisic acid.
B)cohesion-tension.
C)the concentration gradient between soil and root.
D)active transport.
E)the potassium pump.

Question 29

Which of the following is NOT true concerning the root endodermis?

A)It regulates the movement of water and minerals into the vascular cylinder.
B)It contains a water-impermeable waxy strip.
C)It is a layer of cells surrounding the vascular cylinder.
D)It forces water to move through its Casparian strip.
E)It separates the vascular cylinder from the cortex of a root.

Question 30

Most of the water exiting from a leaf comes most directly from

A)upper epidermal cells.
B)lower epidermal cells.
C)mesophyll cells.
D)xylem tissue.
E)phloem cells.

Question 31

Which of the following is an undesirable characteristic of the cuticle?

A)It restricts the movement of water.
B)It is transparent to sunlight.
C)It coats the exposed surface of leaf epidermal cells.
D)It restricts the movement of carbon dioxide.
E)None of these is undesirable.

Question 32

An opening in leaves that functions in the exchange of gases is called a

A)cuticle.
B)stoma.
C)guard cell.
D)pit.
E)pore.

Question 33

The Casparian strip is associated with the

A)epidermis.
B)vascular tissue.
C)cortex.
D)root hairs.
E)endodermis.

Question 34

About what percent of all the water moving into a leaf is stored or used in metabolism?

A)0
B)2
C)10
D)70
E)90

Question 35

Which of the following statements is false?

A)Xylem vessels are similar to drinking straws.
B)The transport of water in xylem is due to positive pressure generated by the root.
C)The stomata of most plants close at night.
D)Water is drawn up to the top of a tree by the pull of transpiration.
E)Plants absorb the majority of needed elements from water and soil.

Question 36

Most of the water moving through a plant is lost through

A)osmotic gradients in the soil.
B)transpiration.
C)pressure flow forces in the xylem.
D)photolysis.
E)photosynthesis.

Question 37

Transpiration results from

A)the polar nature of water molecules.
B)the drying power of air.
C)cohesion-tension forces.
D)photosynthesis.
E)all of these.

Question 38

Which theory of water transport states that hydrogen bonding allows water molecules to maintain a continuous fluid column as water is pulled from roots to leaves?

A)pressure flow
B)evaporation-condensation
C)cohesion-tension
D)osmotic pressure
E)bulk flow

Question 39

Water tension in a transpiring plant

A)is exerted on a continuous column of water throughout the plant.
B)is the result of the polar nature of water molecules.
C)results in negative pressure in the xylem.
D)exerts a pull on water molecules from leaves to roots.
E)fits all of these descriptions.

Question 40

Root hairs are similar to mycorrhizae in that both

A)are multicellular.
B)are extensions of root epidermal cells.
C)are symbiotic relationships involving root cells.
D)increase the surface area available for absorption.
E)fit all of these descriptions.

Question 41

Carbon dioxide enters the plant

A)at night in most plants.
B)when transpiration stops.
C)when the guard cells lose water and the stomata open.
D)when potassium ions leave the guard cells.
E)when the guard cells are stimulated by light.

Question 42

In CAM plants, such as cacti,

A)the stomata are open both day and night.
B)the stomata are open during the day to let in carbon dioxide even though they cannot afford to lose the water.
C)stomata are absent because water loss through them is too great.
D)stomata open at night.
E)guard cells are present but operate the reverse of the guard cells of non-CAM plants.

Question 43

The arrows in the above figure point to

A)stomata.
B)companion cells.
C)guard cells.
D)perforated end plates of sieve tubes.
E)none of these.

Question 44

Which of the following factors influence the opening and closing of the stomata?

A)rate of photosynthesis
B)water availability
C)concentration of carbon dioxide in the leaf
D)light availability
E)all of these

Question 45

The stomata

A)open at night in most plants.
B)are open when the guard cells are turgid.
C)close when water moves into the guard cells.
D)are covered by the cuticle to reduce water loss.
E)fit all of these descriptions.

Question 46

The movement of organic compounds in phloem is described as

A)sink-to-source.
B)pressure flow.
C)cohesion-tension.
D)active transport.
E)transpiration pull.

Question 47

The most likely result of inhibiting the transport of potassium into the guard cells is that

A)the stomata will not be able to close.
B)water will flow into the cells more freely.
C)the stomata will close.
D)the rate of photosynthesis will accelerate.
E)the production of oxygen will increase.

Question 48

Carbohydrates converted to __________ are __________ in plants.

A)cellulose; stored
B)starch; stored
C)starch; transported
D)fats; stored
E)glucose; transported

Question 49

Sieve tubes are different from vessel members because they

A)do not have nuclei.
B)are not connected to each other.
C)are alive at maturity.
D)conduct minerals.
E)fit all of these descriptions.

Question 50

Drops containing mainly __________ may spatter a car parked under an aphid-infested tree.

A)water
B)sucrose
C)starch
D)cellulose
E)honey

Question 51

The function of the phloem companion cells is to

A)assist vessel members to move organic substances.
B)supply potassium ions for water absorption.
C)help load organic compounds into neighboring sieve tubes.
D)store the organic compounds transported by the sieve tubes.
E)help transport organic compounds when the sieve tubes become overloaded.

Question 52

The guard cells that surround stomata are specialized

A)endodermal cells.
B)parenchyma cells.
C)mesophyll cells.
D)collenchyma cells.
E)cortex cells.

Question 53

Movement of soluble organic material through sieve tube members occurs through

A)translocation.
B)active transport.
C)cohesion-tension.
D)transpiration.
E)facilitated transport.

Question 54

Feeding aphids are anesthetized by exposure to __________ in translocation experiments.

A)alcohol fumes
B)carbon dioxide
C)methane
D)high levels of oxygen
E)smoke

Question 55

During late spring and summer, the source region for the pressure-flow translocation of organic compounds is the

A)root.
B)flower.
C)stem.
D)leaf.
E)fruit.

Question 56

Which statement is false?

A)The stomata open simply to allow carbon dioxide to enter the leaf, not as a result of environmental conditions.
B)As carbon dioxide levels drop in guard cells, there is an influx of potassium.
C)When potassium ions enter guard cells, water moves into the guard cells by osmosis.
D)At night, in most plants carbon dioxide builds up in guard cells, resulting in the movement of potassium and water out of the guard cells.
E)When the guard cells shrivel, the stomata are closed.

Question 57

Guard cells

A)surround the stoma.
B)control the flow of gases between the interior of a leaf and the atmosphere.
C)become turgid when it becomes light if environmental conditions are not too hot or too dry.
D)may absorb water from surrounding epidermal cells.
E)do all of these.

Question 58

Experiments with __________ revealed that __________ is the main carbohydrate that is transported in phloem.

A)bees; sucrose
B)aphids; starch
C)bees; starch
D)ants; sucrose
E)aphids; sucrose

Question 59

During the day in most plants

A)carbon dioxide accumulates in leaf cells.
B)turgor pressure in the guard cells decreases.
C)water and potassium move into the guard cells.
D)the guard cells wilt.
E)water is conserved.

Question 60

All of the following statements are true concerning phloem tissue EXCEPT that

A)it transports plant-manufactured products.
B)it stores organic compounds.
C)it is composed of living cells.
D)only some of its cells have nuclei.
E)it does not transport minerals.

Question 61

Four of the five elements listed below are micronutrients.Select the exception.

A)molybdenum
B)copper
C)nitrogen
D)iron
E)chlorine

Question 62

Four of the five structures listed below are sinks for pressure-flow translocation.Select the exception.

A)fruits
B)roots
C)mature leaves
D)seeds
E)rapidly growing tissue

Question 63

Four of the five events listed below occur during the day, when water is abundant.Select the exception.

A)leaves absorb more carbon dioxide
B)ions are absorbed by the roots
C)less oxygen is absorbed by roots
D)stomata are closed
E)photosynthesis is efficient

Question 64

Four of the five elements listed below are elements whose symptoms of deficiency include chlorosis.Select the exception.

A)phosphorus
B)iron
C)chlorine
D)copper
E)magnesium

Question 65

Which of the following is NOT involved in developing the high-pressure characteristic of a source region in plants?

A)starch
B)sucrose
C)osmosis
D)water
E)companion cell

Question 66

Four of the five processes listed below promote transpiration.Select the exception.

A)potassium ions pumped into guard cells
B)turgor pressure building up in guard cells
C)photosynthesis occurring in guard cells
D)carbon dioxide entering leaf
E)activity of abscisic acid

Question 67

Four of the five processes listed below occur when the stomata are open.Select the exception.

A)ATP is used
B)potassium pump operates
C)active transport occurs
D)water is conserved
E)guard cells swell with water

Question 68

Which of the following processes does NOT serve to maintain low pressure at the receiving end of sieve tube pipelines?

A)sucrose conversion into cell-wall polysaccharides
B)sucrose conversion into starch in the receiving regions
C)sucrose conversion to glucose, which is then used in cellular respiration
D)activity of companion cells
E)conversion of sucrose to fructose in fruits

Question 69

Four of the five choices listed below are involved directly in water movement through plants.Select the exception.

A)negative pressure
B)transpiration
C)cohesion-tension
D)tension in xylem
E)photosynthesis

Question 70

Four of the five processes listed below cause stomata to open.Select the exception.

A)activity of abscisic acid
B)potassium ions building up in guard cells
C)water moving from epidermal cells to guard cells
D)turgor pressure increasing in guard cells
E)guard cells carrying on photosynthesis

Question 71

Which of the following are never sink regions for the pressure-flow translocation of organic compounds?

A)growing leaves
B)seeds
C)fruits
D)roots
E)mature photosynthesizing leaves