Deck 18: Emergence of Evolutionary Thought

Question 1

In the above figure which of the following is true?

A)Enough change in the dark blue phenotype is seen to suggest that the population is evolving.
B)The light color phenotype is being selected for by songbird predation.
C)Differential reproductive rate is having an effect on evolution.
D)There is no evidence to support observable evolution within this population.
E)All of these are true.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

The Hardy-Weinberg formula is valuable for the calculation of changes in

A)population size.
B)speciation.
C)allele frequencies.
D)mutation.
E)dimorphism.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Whether a mutation is ultimately considered harmful, neutral, or lethal is often determined by

A)phenotype.
B)the will of the individual.
C)the Hardy-Weinberg formula.
D)environment.
E)fate.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Introduction of previously nonexistent genes into a population may be accomplished by

A)nonrandom mating.
B)mutation.
C)sexual recombination.
D)the founder effect.
E)changes in chromosome structure.

Question 5

Which of the following is NOT a major process of microevolution?

A)mutation
B)divergence
C)genetic drift
D)gene flow
E)natural selection

Question 6

Rats

A)are carriers of human pathogens.
B)spread bubonic plague via infected fleas.
C)infest rice fields, significantly reducing the yield.
D)cause billions of dollars of annual economic loss.
E)do all of these.

Question 7

Immigration of individuals into a population in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium will NOT alter the equilibrium if

A)they are beyond the age of reproduction.
B)females and males are in equal proportions.
C)they mate randomly in the new population.
D)they arrive in large numbers.
E)they bring their offspring with them.

Question 8

New alleles arise by

A)mutation.
B)migration.
C)genetic drift.
D)random mating.
E)independent assortment.

Question 9

Of the following, which does NOT characterize a population in genetic equilibrium?

A)large population size
B)no mutation
C)differential reproduction
D)absence of gene flow
E)random mating

Question 10

Which of the following is a source of new alleles within a population?

A)genetic recombination
B)meiosis
C)mutation
D)genetic drift
E)natural selection

Question 11

Genetic equilibrium and allele frequencies are maintained by all EXCEPT which one of the following?

A)lack of gene flow.
B)large population interbreeding freely
C)differential survival and reproduction
D)random mating
E)absence of mutations

Question 12

Which of the statements below is true about warfarin?

A)It is a very effective rodenticide.
B)It interferes with blood clotting in rats.
C)Rats that are resistant to warfarin possess a gene that is rare among vulnerable rats.
D)It is an agent of natural selection in rats.
E)All of these are true.

Question 13

Which of the following is (are) a group of individuals of the same species that occupies a specified area?

A)individuals
B)species
C)population
D)polyploids
E)all of these

Question 14

Which statement is NOT true?

A)Migration leads to genetic variation.
B)Dominant genes always occur more frequently in a population than recessive genes.
C)Nonrandom mating may result in changes in gene frequency.
D)The Hardy-Weinberg law applies to large, stable populations.
E)Crossing over increases variation.

Question 15

All EXCEPT which of the following events shuffles existing alleles into different combinations in sexually reproducing organisms?

A)changes in chromosome number
B)mutation
C)independent assortment of chromosomes
D)crossing over
E)fertilization

Question 16

Which is NOT true about gene mutations?

A)All are transmitted to the next generation.
B)They are rare but their rates can be predicted.
C)Those with beneficial effects will be favored by natural selection.
D)Many reduce an individual's chance of surviving and reproducing.
E)Those with neutral effects neither help nor hurt the individual.

Question 17

In humans, only identical twins have the same

A)genotype.
B)phenotype.
C)traits.
D)genotype and phenotype.
E)genotype, phenotype, and traits.

Question 18

Which of these statements is true?

A)Environment can readily alter some genotypes.
B)Genotype is manifested in phenotype.
C)Genetic variation is easier seen than phenotypic variation.
D)Variation dies with individuals.
E)Phenotype is seen physically in the genotype.

Question 19

New combinations of genes may be produced by

A)independent assortment.
B)mutation.
C)crossing over.
D)sexual reproduction.
E)all of these.

Question 20

The best control for rats is

A)a very effective rodenticide.
B)removal of garbage which causes them to eat each other.
C)cats introduced into the food storage buildings.
D)new sonic disturbance boxes.
E)none of these.

Question 21

Of 400 people who dwell on a Pacific island, 16 are homozygous recessive for a trait that has only two different types of alleles in the population.The number of heterozygous people is

A)256.
B)32.
C)64.
D)128.
E)384.

Question 22

In the Hardy-Weinberg equation, the term q² refers to the frequency of

A)a recessive allele of a given locus.
B)the homozygous recessive genotype at a given locus.
C)recessive alleles in a population.
D)heterozygotes in a population.
E)alleles in the gene pool.

Question 23

If this population of butterflies is in genetic equilibrium, the frequency of the homozygous dominant genotype in the new generation will be

A)p².
B)2pq.
C)p² + q².
D)490 AA.
E)p² and 490 AA.

Question 24

The maintenance of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium is predominant

A)when sexual selection occurs.
B)when mutations occur.
C)in small populations.
D)when there is no gene flow between different populations.
E)when all of these are true.

Question 25

The genetic equilibrium of a population can be upset by all EXCEPT which of the following?

A)mutations
B)migration
C)random mating
D)genetic drift
E)natural selection

Question 26

The impact of natural selection is demonstrated by

A)directional selection.
B)stabilizing selection.
C)neutral selection.
D)disruptive selection.
E)directional selection, stabilizing selection, and disruptive selection.

Question 27

As the trees in England become less sooty due to pollution controls on factories, which of the following should occur?

A)Fewer dark moths should survive.
B)Numbers of dark and light moths won't change due to stabilizing selection.
C)Genetic mutations will be reversed.
D)More light-gray moths should survive.
E)Fewer dark moths should survive, and more light-gray moths should survive.

Question 28

Directional selection occurs when

A)the environment controls which organisms will survive.
B)humans determine which organisms will survive.
C)the extremes of the population have a lesser chance to survive.
D)the extremes of the population have a better chance to survive.
E)the organisms on one extreme of the population have a better chance to survive than those on the other extreme.

Question 29

Suppose that you have a population of guinea pigs in which two-thirds of the alleles for coat color specify black, and one-third specify white.According to the Hardy-Weinberg rule, what will be the ratio of these alleles in the gene pool in future generations, provided all the guinea pigs reproduce?

A)1:1
B)2:1
C)3:1
D)6:1
E)7:1

Question 30

Which of the following is NOT true about the Hardy-Weinberg formula?

A)It is helpful to doctors and genetic counselors.
B)It can predict the carrier frequency of alleles known to cause genetic disorders.
C)It can explain why some individuals absorb too much iron from their food.
D)The math is useful in research on the effects of a mutant BRCA2 allele.
E)It can predict that the frequency of hemochromatosis carriers in Irish populations is 0.24

Question 31

If the frequency of the recessive allele is 30 percent, the frequency of the heterozygous carrier is what percent?

A)42
B)9
C)27
D)60
E)80

Question 32

In the text example, the change in moth populations from predominantly light- to dark-winged forms was the result of

A)environmental changes.
B)natural selection.
C)food choices by predators.
D)the ability of birds to find the prey.
E)all of these.

Question 33

If the frequency of a recessive gene in a population under genetic equilibrium is 40 percent, in the next generation the frequency of that gene would be

A)20 percent.
B)40 percent.
C)80 percent.
D)2pq.
E)unpredictable.

Question 34

If the frequency of a recessive allele is 36 percent, the frequency of the dominant allele is what percent?

A)5
B)8
C)25
D)48
E)64

Question 35

Which of the following is an example of random mating?

A)The largest and strongest males develop a harem.
B)A female bird will mate only with males that perform the best courtship displays.
C)Members of a sorority usually marry fraternity brothers.
D)Some males mate with any female they encounter.
E)Female birds of paradise select the most colorful males as mates.

Question 36

Populations of the peppered moth provide an example of __________ selection.

A)kin
B)disruptive
C)directional
D)stabilizing
E)artificial

Question 37

If the frequency of expression of a recessive trait in a population is 16 percent, the frequency of the recessive allele is what percent?

A)16
B)25
C)40
D)50
E)67

Question 38

The Hardy-Weinberg rule is

A)useful in determining the extent to which a sexually reproducing population is evolving.
B)used to predict when genetic drift will occur in a sexually reproducing population.
C)useful in determining the extent to which polyploidy is occurring in specific plant populations.
D)used to predict when specific groups of organisms will become extinct.
E)all of these.

Question 39

Selection pressures acting on a population may favor

A)individuals at the left end of the range of variation.
B)individuals at the right end of the range.
C)extreme individuals at both ends of the range.
D)the intermediate individuals within the range.
E)all of these.

Question 40

In a population that is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, the frequency of the recessive homozygous genotype is 0.49.The percentage of the population that is heterozygous is

A)51.
B)49.
C)42.
D)7.
E)3.

Question 41

Directional selection is demonstrated in

A)the color of peppered moths in England.
B)the development of resistance to insecticides.
C)the development of resistance to antibiotics.
D)the coat color of rock pocket mice in Arizona.
E)all of these.

Question 42

The difference in the appearance of the male and the female is known as

A)polymorphism.
B)sexual dimorphism.
C)the dioecious condition.
D)sexual selection.
E)a primary sexual characteristic.

Question 43

Sexual dimorphism has arisen as a result of

A)stabilizing selection.
B)heterozygote superiority.
C)kin selection.
D)sexual selection.
E)directional selection.

Question 44

The persistence of the sickle-cell anemia allele in the African population is the result of

A)a high rate of mutation of the normal allele to the sickle-cell anemia allele.
B)the advantage of the heterozygous form over the homozygous forms.
C)nonrandom mating.
D)a decline in the occurrence of malaria in Africa.
E)genetic drift.

Question 45

Human infants of low or very high birth weights are less likely to survive than those of average weight.This outcome is an example of __________ selection.

A)directional
B)stabilizing
C)balanced polymorphism
D)disruptive
E)gender

Question 46

When DDT was first introduced, insects were very susceptible to it.The development of resistance to DDT by insects was the result of

A)special creation.
B)natural selection of forms that expressed genes for resistance.
C)the high biotic potential of insects.
D)a naturally occurring example of inheritance of acquired characteristics.
E)mutation induced by DDT.

Question 47

For most species that exhibit sexual dimorphism the selection of a mate is the responsibility of the

A)male.
B)parents.
C)female.
D)larger individual, no matter the species.
E)more colorful individual.

Question 48

Stabilizing selection occurs when

A)the environment controls which organisms will survive.
B)humans determine which organisms will survive.
C)the extremes of the population have a lesser chance to survive.
D)the extremes of the population have a better chance to survive.
E)the organisms on one extreme of the population have a better chance to survive than those on the other extreme.

Question 49

The influence of genetic drift on allele frequencies increases as

A)gene flow increases.
B)population size decreases.
C)mutation rate decreases.
D)the number of heterozygous loci increases.
E)random mating increases.

Question 50

The introduction of a small population onto an island that results in a limited gene pool is an example of

A)the Hardy-Weinberg law.
B)genetic drift.
C)the bottleneck effect.
D)the founder effect..
E)the effect of genetic isolation.

Question 51

Balanced polymorphism is a type of

A)disruptive selection.
B)sexual selection.
C)directional selection.
D)reproductive isolation.
E)stabilizing selection.

Question 52

An insect that exhibits resistance to a pesticide

A)developed the resistance in response to the pesticide.
B)mutated when exposed to the pesticide.
C)inherited genes that made it resistant to the pesticide.
D)provides an example of pest resurgence.
E)is none of these.

Question 53

Male mallards have had emerald green head feathers and wings with metallic blue patches for hundreds of years, whereas female mallards have been drab, brown-feathered ducks.This phenotypic situation suggests that mallards may be an example of

A)directional selection.
B)polyploidy.
C)allopatric speciation.
D)disruptive selection.
E)sexual selection

Question 54

Genetic drift

A)leads to a loss of diversity in a population.
B)requires small populations.
C)occurs in populations with the founder effect.
D)occurs following a bottleneck.
E)fits all of these descriptions.

Question 55

The famous "bell-shaped curve" that usually results when test scores are plotted against number of students is an example of what type of selection?

A)disruptive
B)stabilizing
C)divergent
D)variable
E)directional

Question 56

The black-bellied seedcrackers of Cameroon

A)have bills either 12 or 15 mm wide.
B)use both hard and soft seeds during the wet season
C)sustain intense competition for scarce seeds during times of drought.
D)provide an example of disruptive selection.
E)fit all of these descriptions.

Question 57

Rita Covas and colleagues found evidence of stabilizing selection in African sociable weaver birds.Their field studies indicate that

A)fat birds escape predators better than lean birds.
B)fat birds are less attractive to predators.
C)lean birds are more likely to starve.
D)good nesting sites are abundant.
E)each bird constructs its own nest.

Question 58

In a certain bird species, clutch size (the number of eggs laid by a female at one time) ranges from four to eight, and the most frequent clutch size is six.This phenomenon is an example of

A)sexual selection.
B)stabilizing selection.
C)disruptive selection.
D)directional selection.
E)divergent selection.

Question 59

In stabilizing selection

A)differential survival and reproduction favor the extremes of the population.
B)humans are the chief factor controlling which organisms survive and reproduce.
C)the intermediate type of organisms survive and reproduce.
D)the characteristics of a population move in one direction or another through time.
E)variability is encouraged in a population, and unusual forms are more common.

Question 60

This graph shows both human birth weight and newborn infant mortality.The most common birth weight is between seven and eight pounds.Human birth weight seems to be an example of

A)directional selection.
B)stabilizing selection.
C)sexual selection.
D)disruptive selection.
E)artificial selection.

Question 61

Evidence from the flour beetle experiments discussed in the text provides support for genetic drift resulting in

A)random change in allele frequencies.
B)fixation of one or more alleles.
C)loss of genetic diversity.
D)greater change in allele frequencies in smaller populations.
E)all of these.

Question 62

Complete reproductive isolation is evidence that what has occurred?

A)extinction
B)speciation
C)polyploidy
D)hybridization
E)gene flow

Question 63

Two individuals are members of the same species if they

A)possess the same number of chromosomes.
B)breed at the same time.
C)are phenotypically indistinguishable.
D)can mate and produce fertile offspring.
E)occupy the same habitat.

Question 64

The sharp reduction of the gene pool and the numbers of a population through a severe epidemic is an example of

A)natural selection.
B)genetic isolation.
C)the bottleneck effect.
D)the founder effect..
E)all of these.

Question 65

If you sampled the genetic characteristics of a large population and found that of the 50 loci analyzed there is very little, if any, variation, the most likely explanation is that

A)a uniform environment selected for these alleles.
B)there has been a lack of migration, and the genetic equilibrium stabilized the population.
C)strong selection pressures eliminated alternative alleles.
D)a bottleneck effect may have occurred in the past to reduce the variability in the population.
E)a combination of low mutation rates and differential sexual selection produced these results.

Question 66

When a population goes through a bottleneck,

A)genetic drift is likely to occur.
B)mutation rates increase.
C)extinction rates decrease.
D)natural selection decreases in intensity.
E)inbreeding decreases.

Question 67

What aspect of a population is critical in determining a species in Ernst Mayer's "biological species concept"?

A)similar physical appearance
B)similar patterns of behavior
C)capability to interbreed
D)common habitat
E)similar nutritional requirements

Question 68

Members of the same species must

A)look alike.
B)be reproductively isolated from one another.
C)share the same gene pool.
D)resist interbreeding.
E)produce the same variations.

Question 69

For sexually reproducing organisms, a species consists of

A)individuals sharing a habitat.
B)a group of reproductive females.
C)populations that have the potential to interbreed and produce fertile offspring.
D)individuals that have the same nutritional requirements.
E)individuals in the same geographical range with similar ecological requirements.

Question 70

According to Ernst Mayr, a species consists of individuals that are characterized by all of the following EXCEPT

A)they are in one or more groups.
B)they produce fertile offspring.
C)they are reproductively isolated from other groups.
D)they are similar in appearance.
E)they interbreed.

Question 71

Which of the following is a type of postzygotic reproductive isolating mechanism?

A)temporal isolation
B)mechanical isolation
C)behavioral isolation
D)hybrid sterility
E)all of these

Question 72

Reproductive isolating mechanisms are

A)specific behaviors that allow males to compete against other males for females.
B)the processes by which sexual selection evolves within a population.
C)the ways that gene flow is blocked between populations.
D)the ways in which individuals within a species are unable to produce fertile offspring.
E)the various geographic barriers to immigration and emigration of individuals between populations.

Question 73

Island populations do NOT exhibit which of the following when compared to the mainland populations from which they are derived?

A)greater variability
B)greater extinction rates
C)fewer heterozygous loci
D)large chance fluctuations in allele frequencies
E)less genetic drift

Question 74

Divergence may lead to

A)genetic drift.
B)speciation.
C)genetic equilibrium.
D)gene flow.
E)all of these.

Question 75

Gene flow

A)has a homogenizing influence on a population.
B)speeds up the divergence of two populations.
C)increases the genetic variation between populations.
D)is promoted by isolating mechanisms.
E)promotes inbreeding.

Question 76

Speciation occurs

A)after populations become reproductively isolated and diverge.
B)when mutations generate observable differences.
C)when transitional forms develop between different populations.
D)when natural selection pressures reach their maximum.
E)with all of these.

Question 77

Which of the following does NOT promote speciation?

A)gamete differences
B)gene flow
C)season of fertility
D)natural selection
E)genetic drift

Question 78

The situation in which an embryo produced as a result of a mating between individuals of different species is incompatible with the mother and is subsequently aborted is an example of

A)temporal isolation.
B)hybrid inviability.
C)mechanical isolation.
D)gametic mortality.
E)behavioral isolation.

Question 79

Which of the following is a type of reproductive isolating mechanism?

A)temporal isolation
B)mechanical isolation
C)behavioral isolation
D)ecological isolation
E)all of these

Question 80

All EXCEPT which of the following is a possible bottleneck for a population?

A)contagious disease
B)widespread pesticide application
C)habitat loss
D)protective endangered species legislation
E)persistent drought