Deck 12: Chromosomes and Human Inheritance

Question 1

With respect to chromosomes, the difference between normal human males and females is defined by which of the following?

A)In females, one X is deleted.
B)Females possess one X and one Y.
C)Males possess an X and a Y.
D)Females have three Xs.
E)Males have two Xs and a Y.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Chromosomes other than those involved in sex determination are known as

A)nucleosomes.
B)hematosomes.
C)alleles.
D)autosomes.
E)liposomes.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Genes are

A)located on chromosomes.
B)inherited in the same way as chromosomes.
C)arranged in linear sequence on chromosomes.
D)assorted independently during meiosis.
E)all of these.

Answer 3

E

Question 4

Like many genetic disorders, galactosemia is a disruption of a metabolic pathway due to a malfunctioning

A)reactant.
B)cofactor.
C)mineral.
D)energy source.
E)product.

Question 5

Which chemical is used to keep chromosomes from separating during metaphase?

A)Giemsa stain
B)acetone
C)colchicine
D)alcohol
E)formaldehyde

Question 6

Colchicine interferes with the function of

A)microtubules.
B)ribosomes.
C)centrioles.
D)centromeres.
E)chromosomes.

Question 7

Galactosemia

A)is an X-linked recessive trait expressed more commonly in males.
B)occurs more frequently in some ethnic groups than others.
C)is an autosomal recessive inheritance.
D)must be homozygous to be expressed.
E)is an autosomal recessive inheritance and must be homozygous to be expressed.

Question 8

Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome (the aging disease)

A)is controlled by a simple recessive gene.
B)is a sex-linked disease more common in males.
C)occurs only in those individuals in which a mutation arises and is not found in other members of the family.
D)is the result of the failure of chromosomes to separate so that an individual receives three instead of two chromosomes.
E)is none of these.

Question 9

Creative individuals who suffered from neurobiological disorders include

A)Socrates.
B)Beethoven.
C)Woolf.
D)Nash.
E)All of these.

Question 10

The human X chromosome

A)is found in females.
B)is found in males.
C)carries different genes than the Y chromosome.
D)interacts with a Y chromosome as homologues during meiosis.
E)fits all of these descriptions.

Question 11

Which statement is false regarding schizophrenia?

A)One of every one thousand people worldwide is affected.
B)The disorder is characterized by delusion, hallucinations, and abnormal social behavior.
C)Exceptional creativity is often associated with it.
D)Affected individuals show altered gene expression in certain brain regions.
E)Family trees point to a genetic basis.

Question 12

Which of the following statements is false about neurobiological disorders (NBDs)?

A)Exceptional creativity is often associated with NBDs.
B)Creative writers are ten times more likely to be depressed than the general population.
C)Highly creative healthy people have personality traits in common with the mentally impaired.
D)There seems to be no genetic basis for NBDs.
E)None of these are false statements.

Question 13

Which statement is false regarding schizophrenia?

A)The genes responsible along with the environmental conditions have now been identified.
B)The disorder is characterized by delusion, hallucinations, and abnormal social behavior.
C)Exceptional creativity is often associated with it.
D)Affected individuals show altered gene expression in certain brain regions.
E)Family trees point to a genetic basis.

Question 14

Which of the following statements is false?

A)The SRY gene is absent in all females.
B)The SRY gene apparently is the gene that controls the development of male sexuality.
C)The development of maleness is by default because males lack two X chromosomes.
D)The human Y chromosome carries 307 genes.
E)Genes on the X chromosome govern color vision.

Question 15

50% of the male sex chromosomes

A)are Y.
B)are X.
C)are XY.
D)are either X or Y.
E)are none of these.

Question 16

In karyotyping, individual chromosomes may be distinguished from others by

A)a comparison of chromosome lengths.
B)bands produced on chromosomes by differential staining.
C)the position of centromeres.
D)all of these.
E)none of these.

Question 17

The Punnett square illustration below shows that theoretically

A)half of human sperm carry a Y chromosome.
B)half of human zygotes are XY.
C)all zygotes carry an X chromosome.
D)gender depends upon which type of sperm fertilizes the egg.
E)all of these are true.

Question 18

Sex chromosomes

A)determine gender.
B)vary from one sex to another.
C)carry some genes that have nothing to do with sex.
D)were unknown to Mendel.
E)are all of these.

Question 19

Concerning the sex chromosomes, which of the following is correct?

A)The Y chromosome carries a greater number of genes for nonsexual traits than does the X.
B)X and Y are different in size but carry nearly equal numbers of genes.
C)The X chromosome carries more genes for nonsexual traits than does the Y.
D)The X chromosome carries only gender-related genes.
E)The X chromosome carries the SRY gene.

Question 20

A karyotype

A)compares one set of chromosomes to another.
B)is a visual display of chromosomes arranged according to size.
C)is a photograph of cells undergoing mitosis during anaphase.
D)of a normal human cell shows 48 chromosomes.
E)cannot be used to identify individual chromosomes beyond the fact that two chromosomes are homologues.

Question 21

Which of the following is a transfer of genes between non-homologous chromosomes?

A)crossing over
B)aneuploidy
C)trisomy
D)translocation
E)duplication

Question 22

Duchenne muscular dystrophy

A)is an X-linked recessive disorder.
B)affects about one in 3,500 boys.
C)inevitably results in death by age 25.
D)results from an abnormal structural protein in muscle cells.
E)fits all of these descriptions.

Question 23

A woman heterozygous for color blindness (an X-linked recessive allele) marries a man with normal color vision.What is the probability that their first child will be color blind?

A)25%
B)50%
C)75%
D)100%
E)none of these

Question 24

A human X-linked gene is

A)found only in males.
B)more frequently expressed in females.
C)found on the Y chromosome.
D)transmitted from father to son.
E)found on the X chromosome.

Question 25

The failure of chromosomes to separate during mitosis or meiosis is called

A)genetic displacement.
B)trisomy.
C)crossing over.
D)nondisjunction.
E)disjunction.

Question 26

Males tend to be affected in greater numbers by X-linked recessive genetic disorders than are females because

A)females have two dominant genes for the disorder.
B)males have only one X chromosome.
C)males have a double dose of the gene.
D)Y chromosomes are not as strong as X chromosomes.
E)none of these.

Question 27

A human X-linked recessive gene may be

A)found on the Y chromosome.
B)passed to daughters from their fathers.
C)passed to sons from their mothers.
D)expressed more commonly among females.
E)passed to daughters from their fathers and passed to sons from their mothers.

Question 28

Queen Victoria

A)was a carrier of hemophilia A.
B)had a hemophilic parent.
C)had hemophilia A.
D)married a man with hemophilia A.
E)had a hemophilic parent and married a man with hemophilia A.

Question 29

Which of the following individuals would be considered a carrier of a sex-linked recessive defect?

A)a man with the defect
B)a woman with the defect
C)a father of a son with the defect
D)the normal daughter whose father had the defect
E)a son of two unaffected parents

Question 30

Red-green color blindness is an X-linked recessive trait in humans.A color-blind woman and a man with normal vision have a son.What is the probability that the son is color blind?

A)100%
B)75%
C)50%
D)25%
E)0%

Question 31

Cri-du-chat syndrome results from a(n)

A)deletion.
B)inversion.
C)translocation.
D)duplication.
E)aneuploidy.

Question 32

An X-linked carrier is a

A)homozygous dominant female.
B)heterozygous female.
C)homozygous recessive female.
D)homozygous male.
E)heterozygous male.

Question 33

Color blindness is an X-linked trait in humans.If a color-blind woman marries a man with normal vision, the children will be

A)all color-blind daughters, but normal sons.
B)all color-blind sons, but carrier daughters.
C)all normal sons, but carrier daughters.
D)all color-blind children.
E)all normal children.

Question 34

Gene duplications

A)have proved to be adaptive in some cases.
B)have resulted in many slightly different hemoglobin molecules in primates.
C)always have negative consequences.
D)can occur via unequal crossovers at prophase I.
E)are all of these EXCEPT "always have negative consequences."

Question 35

Red-green color blindness is an X-linked recessive trait in humans.What is the probability that a color-blind woman and a man with normal vision will have a color-blind daughter?

A)100%
B)75%
C)50%
D)25%
E)0%

Question 36

Which statement about primate chromosomes is false?

A)Thirteen of twenty-three pairs of human chromosomes are nearly identical with chimpanzee and gorilla chromosomes.
B)One human chromosome matches two chimp chromosomes.
C)Inversions, translocations, and duplications may have contributed to differences among primates.
D)Chimpanzees and gorillas have twenty-three pairs of chromosomes.
E)During human evolution, two chromosomes permanently fused.

Question 37

Hemophilia A

A)is rare in the human population.
B)is more common among men.
C)was common in the descendents of Queen Victoria.
D)is an X-linked recessive trait.
E)is all of these.

Question 38

A color-blind man and a woman with normal vision whose father was color blind have a son.Color blindness, in this case, is caused by an X-linked recessive gene.If only the male offspring are considered, the probability that their son is color blind is

A)0.25 (or 25%).
B)0.50 (or 50%).
C)0.75 (or 75%).
D)1.00 (or 100%).
E)none of these.

Question 39

If nondisjunction occurs during meiosis I,

A)the resulting sex cells are heterogametes.
B)one-half of the resulting cells are n + 1, and the other half are n - 1.
C)diploid cells are produced.
D)all gametes will lack a chromosome and be infertile.
E)only one half the gametes are affected.

Question 40

If a daughter expresses an X-linked recessive gene, she inherited the trait from

A)her mother.
B)her father.
C)both parents.
D)neither parent.
E)her grandmother.

Question 41

A genetic abnormality that may result in sterile males with some mental impairment or breast enlargement is

A)XXY.
B)XYY.
C)Turner syndrome.
D)Down syndrome.
E)none of these.

Question 42

Which of the following designates a normal human female?

A)XXY
B)XY
C)XX
D)XYY
E)XO

Question 43

In a pedigree chart, a female who does not demonstrate the trait being studied is represented by a

A)darkened square.
B)clear diamond.
C)clear circle.
D)darkened triangle.
E)darkened oval.

Question 44

Aneuploidy describes all of the following except

A)Turner syndrome.
B)Klinefelter syndrome.
C)translocation.
D)XYY.
E)Down syndrome.

Question 45

Which is NOT a chromosomal abnormality?

A)deletion
B)extra chromosomes
C)translocation
D)crossing over
E)inversion

Question 46

In a pedigree chart, a male showing the specific trait being studied is indicated by a

A)darkened square.
B)clear square.
C)darkened diamond.
D)clear triangle.
E)darkened circle.

Question 47

Which of the following would be the least satisfactory organism for genetic research?

A)humans
B)bacteria
C)corn
D)fruit flies
E)peas

Question 48

Down syndrome involves trisomy

A)3.
B)5.
C)15.
D)19.
E)21.

Question 49

In Down syndrome

A)as the age of the mother increases, the chance of the defect occurring in the unborn children increases.
B)the influence of the father on the defect is equal to that of the mother.
C)most embryos abort before complete term.
D)a person with the defect cannot have a normal child.
E)none of these are true.

Question 50

Which of the following designates a normal human male?

A)YY
B)XX
C)XY
D)XO
E)XYY

Question 51

Down syndrome

A)is very rare.
B)is inherited as an X-linked recessive condition.
C)results in some degree of mental impairment.
D)individuals have normal life expectancies.
E)cannot be detected through prenatal diagnosis.

Question 52

Males that tend to be taller than average and show mild mental impairment may be designated

A)XXY.
B)XYY.
C)Turner syndrome.
D)Down syndrome.
E)none of these.

Question 53

The sex chromosome composition of a person with Klinefelter syndrome is

A)XXX.
B)XO.
C)XXY.
D)XYY.
E)none of these.

Question 54

Which of the following is NOT true?

A)Down syndrome is an example of aneuploidy.
B)The majority of cases of human sex chromosome abnormalities may never be diagnosed.
C)Most embryos with a normal chromosome number miscarry.
D)Aneuploidy is usually fatal in humans.
E)Aneuploidy typically arises through nondisjunction.

Question 55

Which of the following is different from the other four?

A)nondisjunction
B)duplication
C)inversion
D)deletion
E)translocation

Question 56

Which of the following syndromes is characterized by a karyotype with 45 chromosomes?

A)Turner
B)Down
C)androgen insensitivity
D)Klinefelter
E)cri-du-chat

Question 57

If a study of several pedigrees demonstrates that two parents express a characteristic and none of their children express it, then the trait is controlled by

A)a codominant gene.
B)a simple dominant gene.
C)a recessive gene.
D)a sex-linked gene.
E)No conclusion can be drawn.

Question 58

The sex chromosome composition of a person with Turner syndrome is

A)XXX.
B)XO.
C)XXY.
D)XYY.
E)none of these.

Question 59

Suppose that a hemophilic male (X-linked recessive allele) and a female carrier for the hemophilic trait have a nonhemophilic daughter with Turner syndrome.Nondisjunction could have occurred in

A)both parents.
B)neither parent.
C)the father only.
D)the mother only.
E)none of these.

Question 60

Nondisjunction involving the X chromosomes may occur during oogenesis and produce two kinds of eggs.If normal sperm fertilize these two types, which of the following pairs of genotypes are possible?

A)XX and XY
B)XXY and XO
C)XYY and XO
D)XYY and YO
E)none of these

Question 61

Phenotypic treatments for genetic disorders include

A)preventing the disorders in the carriers.
B)eliminating the defective gene.
C)preventing a disorder from being passed on.
D)preventing a disorder from being expressed.
E)all of these.

Question 62

Amniocentesis involves sampling

A)the fetus directly.
B)the fetal cells floating in the amniotic fluid.
C)sperm.
D)blood cells.
E)placental cells.

Question 63

A prenatal diagnosis procedure that has recently come into wide use can be performed earlier than amniocentesis, and it involves sampling the

A)yolk sac material.
B)allantois.
C)chorion.
D)yolk sac.
E)umbilical cord.

Question 64

Amniocentesis is

A)a surgical means of repairing deformities.
B)a form of chemotherapy that modifies or inhibits gene expression or the function of gene products.
C)used in prenatal diagnosis to detect chromosomal mutations and metabolic disorders in embryos.
D)a form of gene replacement therapy.
E)all of these.

Question 65

Symptoms of phenylketonuria (PKU) may be minimized or suppressed by a diet low in

A)serine.
B)glycine.
C)phenylalanine.
D)proline.
E)glutamic acid.

Question 66

If a study of several pedigrees demonstrates that two parents are normal but some of their children express a trait, then the trait is controlled by a

A)codominant gene.
B)simple dominant gene.
C)recessive gene.
D)sex-linked gene.
E)No conclusion can be drawn.