Deck 8: Energy-Releasing Pathways

Question 1

Cellular respiration

A)evolved to enable living organisms to utilize energy stored in glucose.
B)occurs only in animal cells because plants carry on photosynthesis.
C)utilizes fat as its primary energy source.
D)occurs at the same rate throughout all cells of the body.
E)is the only cellular mechanism that yields ATP.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

When molecules are broken apart in respiration,

A)the heat produced is used to drive biological reactions.
B)the oxygen in the compounds that are broken apart is used as an energy source.
C)the energy released is channeled into molecules of ATP.
D)ATP is converted into ADP.
E)ADP is released as a waste product.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Most plants and animals use __________ as their final hydrogen acceptor in cellular respiration.

A)oxygen
B)sulfur
C)nitrogen
D)magnesium
E)phosphorus

Answer 3

A

Question 4

ATP

A)can be produced by photosynthesis.
B)is produced in the degradation of organic compounds such as glucose.
C)is generated in anaerobic respiration.
D)is formed in aerobic respiration.
E)does all of these.

Question 5

Which of the following are symptoms and signs of Luft's Syndrome?

A)high oxygen consumption.
B)constant fever.
C)flushed skin.
D)weakness.
E)all of these.

Question 6

Cellular respiration

A)is the reverse of the process of photosynthesis.
B)involves the physical exchange of gases.
C)is a mechanism of tapping the energy found in the bonds between atoms in organic compounds.
D)can occur only if there is a supply of glucose available because no other compound can be the energy source for cellular respiration.
E)occurs only in animal cells.

Question 7

During the third stage of aerobic respiration, electrons and hydrogen ions released by the reactions of the first two stages are picked up by

A)photosynthetic enzymes and ATP.
B)CO₂ and H₂O.
C)iron and glucose.
D)NAD and FAD
E)none of these.

Question 8

All living organisms

A)generate ATP.
B)utilize oxygen.
C)have a well-defined nucleus.
D)produce carbon dioxide.
E)generate ATP and respire.

Question 9

Glycolysis requires the input of how many ATPs to cause the breakdown of glucose?

A)one ATP molecule
B)two ATP
C)three ATP
D)one ATP molecule must be taken away from glucose
E)four ATPs

Question 10

Which of the following has the greatest total energy?

A)cAMP
B)ADP
C)ATP
D)glucose
E)NADPH

Question 11

ATP is

A)the energy currency of a cell.
B)produced by the destruction of ADP.
C)produced but not expended in the process of photosynthesis.
D)produced during the phosphorylation of any organic compound.
E)none of these.

Question 12

The aerobic respiration process ends in what area of the eukaryotic cell?

A)photosynthetic
B)cytoplasm
C)mitochondria
D)the Krebs cycle
E)gap junction

Question 13

Defective mitochondria are a cause of Luft's syndrome and

A)Marfan's syndrome.
B)Friedrich's ataxia.
C)type I diabetes.
D)Alzheimer's disease.
E)all of these.

Question 14

Which of the following liberates the most energy in the form of ATP?

A)aerobic respiration
B)anaerobic respiration
C)alcoholic fermentation
D)lactate fermentation
E)all liberate the same amount, but through different means

Question 15

Aerobes use __________ as the final electron acceptor.

A)hydrogen
B)carbon
C)oxygen
D)H₂O
E)NAD⁺

Question 16

The symptoms and signs of Luft's Syndrome include all of the following EXCEPT

A)high oxygen consumption.
B)constant fever.
C)flushed skin.
D)abnormally shaped mitochondria.
E)low number of mitochondria

Question 17

ATP is to the cell as __________ is(are) to the financial community.

A)printed currency
B)checks
C)credit
D)gold reserves
E)automated tellers

Question 18

The symptoms and signs of Friedreich's ataxia include all of the following EXCEPT

A)loss of coordination.
B)iron buildup in mitochondria.
C)serious heart problems.
D)abnormally shaped mitochondria.
E)weak muscles.

Question 19

Plant cells are capable of

A)photosynthesis.
B)ATP production.
C)glucose breakdown.
D)aerobic respiration.
E)all of these.

Question 20

The correct operational sequence of the three processes listed below is I.glycolysis
II)electron transport chain
III)Krebs cycle

A)I >>> II >>> III.
B)II >>> I >>> III.
C)III >>> I >>> II.
D)II >>> III >>> I.
E)I >>> III >>> II.

Question 21

Which of the following is a phosphorylated intermediate compound in glycolysis?

A)phosphoglycerate (PGA)
B)phosphoenol pyruvate (PEP)
C)phosphoglyceraldehyde (PGAL)
D)fructose bisphosphate
E)all of these

Question 22

Which of the following molecules does NOT have a total of three carbon atoms?

A)PEP
B)PGAL
C)fructose-1,6-biphosphate
D)pyruvate
E)phosphoglycerate (PGA)

Question 23

Substrate-level phosphorylation

A)occurs during glycolysis.
B)requires the presence of oxygen.
C)is a precursor for the phosphorylation of glucose.
D)is the source for the majority of the ATP produced in aerobic respiration.
E)does not occur during the Krebs cycle.

Question 24

How many ATP molecules (net yield) are produced per molecule of glucose degraded during glycolysis?

A)1
B)2
C)4
D)36
E)38

Question 25

The Krebs cycle takes place in the

A)ribosomes.
B)cytoplasm.
C)nucleus.
D)mitochondria.
E)chloroplasts.

Question 26

Glycolysis depends upon a continuous supply of glucose and

A)NADP.
B)pyruvate.
C)NAD⁺.
D)NADH.
E)H₂O.

Question 27

The use of two ATP molecules at the beginning of glycolysis is comparable to __________ in finances.

A)a dividend
B)a credit
C)a debt
D)an investment
E)liquidity

Question 28

Krebs cycle reactions and electron transfer phosphorylation are

A)in the mitochondrion and ER, respectively.
B)in separate parts of the mitochondrion.
C)inside and outside the mitochondrion, respectively.
D)in the same mitochondrial compartment.
E)cytoplasmic reactions.

Question 29

During the Krebs cycle,

A)substrate-level phosphorylation occurs.
B)oxaloacetate is regenerated.
C)electrons and H⁺ are transferred to coenzymes NAD⁺ and FAD.
D)molecules of carbon dioxide are formed.
E)all of these occur.

Question 30

Which of the following yields carbon dioxide during the breakdown of glucose in aerobic respiration?

A)phosphoglycerate
B)pyruvate
C)oxaloacetate
D)PGAL
E)fructose bisphosphate

Question 31

The breakdown of pyruvate in the Krebs cycle results in the release of

A)energy.
B)carbon dioxide.
C)oxygen.
D)hydrogen.
E)all except oxygen.

Question 32

Substrate-level phosphorylation transfers phosphate groups from

A)substrate.
B)coenzyme.
C)the electron transfer chain.
D)ATP.
E)the Krebs cycle.

Question 33

The end product of glycolysis is

A)acetyl-CoA.
B)oxaloacetate.
C)pyruvate.
D)citrate.
E)acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate.

Question 34

Pyruvate is the end product of

A)glycolysis.
B)acetyl-CoA formation.
C)fermentation.
D)the Krebs cycle.
E)the citric acid cycle.

Question 35

Glycolysis

A)occurs in the mitochondria.
B)happens to glucose only.
C)results in the production of pyruvate.
D)occurs in the cytoplasm.
E)results in the production of pyruvate and occurs in the cytoplasm.

Question 36

During which phase of aerobic respiration is ATP produced directly by substrate-level phosphorylation?

A)glycolysis
B)ethanol production
C)acetyl-CoA formation
D)the Krebs cycle
E)glycolysis and the Krebs Cycle

Question 37

In the breakdown of glucose, a phosphorylated six-carbon compound is split into two three-carbon compounds, which are named

A)PGAL.
B)pyruvate.
C)acetyl-CoA.
D)lactate.
E)acetaldehyde.

Question 38

The chemical __________ enters the mitochondria to continue respiration.

A)phosphoglyceraldehyde (PGAL)
B)oxaloacetate
C)phosphoglycerate (PGA)
D)pyruvate
E)citrate

Question 39

The process by which a small amount of the energy in a glucose molecule is released as it is converted into two small organic acid molecules is

A)photolysis.
B)glycolysis.
C)oxidative phosphorylation.
D)substrate-level phosphorylation.
E)the Krebs cycle.

Question 40

The conversion of PGAL to pyruvate is accompanied by

A)anaerobic respiration.
B)photophosphorylation.
C)the electron transfer chain.
D)substrate-level phosphorylation.
E)the Krebs cycle.

Question 41

The last intermediate produced in the Krebs cycle before the entry of the next acetyl-CoA is

A)pyruvate.
B)acetyl-CoA.
C)fructose bisphosphate.
D)oxaloacetate.
E)citrate.

Question 42

The first intermediate produced after the entry of acetyl-CoA into the Krebs cycle is

A)pyruvate.
B)acetyl-CoA.
C)fructose bisphosphate.
D)oxaloacetate.
E)citrate.

Question 43

Each NADH produced in the cytoplasm by glycolysis yields how many molecules of ATP if it is used in electron transfer phosphorylation in liver, heart, or kidney cells?

A)2
B)3
C)4
D)6
E)either 2 or 3

Question 44

Which of the following serves as a terminal electron acceptor in mitochondria?

A)pyruvate
B)acetyl-CoA
C)hydrogen ions
D)electrons
E)oxygen

Question 45

Which ions accumulate in the outer compartment of the mitochondria during electron transport phosphorylation?

A)calcium
B)hydrogen
C)oxygen
D)phosphorus
E)sodium

Question 46

The yield from each pyruvate in the second stage includes

A)4 NADH.
B)1 FADH₂.
C)1 ATP.
D)3 CO₂.
E)all of these.

Question 47

Which of the following builds up between the two membranes of the mitochondria?

A)pyruvate
B)acetyl-CoA
C)hydrogen ions
D)electrons
E)NADH

Question 48

Which is NOT ordinarily capable of being reduced at any time?

A)NAD⁺
B)FAD
C)oxygen, O₂
D)water
E)all of these

Question 49

The ultimate electron acceptor in aerobic respiration is

A)NAD⁺.
B)CO₂.
C)ADP.
D)NADP⁺.
E)O₂.

Question 50

The amount of energy released from a glucose molecule is dependent on what happens to

A)carbon atoms.
B)oxygen atoms.
C)hydrogen atoms.
D)phosphorus atoms.
E)water molecules.

Question 51

The energy used to generate most of the ATP formed in aerobic respiration is released when electrons are passed from NADH along a chain to

A)oxygen.
B)acetyl CoA.
C)FADH.
D)CO_2..
E)NADPH.

Question 52

The electron transfer chain is located

A)on the inner membrane of the mitochondria.
B)on the inner membrane of the chloroplasts.
C)in the fluid part of the chloroplast.
D)throughout the cytoplasm of the cell.
E)on the plasma membrane of eukaryotes.

Question 53

The most abundant acceptor for hydrogen released in the Krebs cycle is

A)TPN.
B)NADP⁺.
C)NAD⁺.
D)FAD.
E)cytochrome oxidase.

Question 54

When glucose is used as the energy source, the largest amount of ATP is produced in

A)glycolysis.
B)acetyl-CoA formation.
C)the Krebs cycle.
D)substrate-level phosphorylation.
E)electron transfer phosphorylation.

Question 55

Which is capable of being reduced during either glycolysis or the Krebs cycle?

A)NAD⁺
B)FAD⁺
C)ADP
D)NADH
E)NADP⁺

Question 56

The greatest number of ATP molecules is produced in

A)glycolysis.
B)alcoholic fermentation.
C)anaerobic electron transfer.
D)electron transfer phosphorylation.
E)the Krebs cycle.

Question 57

What is the process by which NADH transfers electrons to oxygen?

A)glycolysis
B)acetyl-CoA formation
C)the Krebs cycle
D)electron transfer phosphorylation
E)substrate-level phosphorylation

Question 58

Which of the following marks the transition from glycolysis to the Krebs cycle?

A)acetyl-CoA formation
B)conversion of PGAL to PGA
C)regeneration of reduced NAD⁺
D)oxidative phosphorylation
E)substrate-level phosphorylation

Question 59

How many passes through the Krebs cycle are required to break down a glucose molecule completely?

A)2
B)3
C)4
D)6
E)12

Question 60

Because __________ cells have a NAD⁺ shuttle built into their mitochondria, they deliver 38 ATP molecules per glucose molecule.

A)liver
B)heart
C)kidney
D)liver and heart
E)liver, heart, and kidney

Question 61

Bakers use which of the following organisms to make dough rise

A)Candida albicans.
B)Lactobacillus acidophilus.
C)Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
D)Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
E)Giardia lamblia.

Question 62

The highly toxic cyanide poison binds to the last molecule in the electron transfer chain, halting additional electron transfer.What is the consequence?

A)Oxygen can't pick up electrons.
B)No more water will be formed.
C)No more ATP will be formed.
D)The affected individual will not survive.
E)All of these are a consequence.

Question 63

Human muscle is made up of.

A)slow-twitch fibers.
B)fibrous connective tissue.
C)polymerated red blood cells.
D)fast-twitch fibers.
E)a mixture of slow- and fast-twitch muscles.

Question 64

Fermentation

A)may occur in a muscle under anaerobic conditions.
B)produces more ATP than is liberated in the hydrogen transfer series.
C)breaks down glucose in reaction with oxygen.
D)is restricted to yeasts.
E)does none of these.

Question 65

__________ stores oxygen in the slow-twitch muscle tissues.

A)Hemoglobin
B)Mitochondria
C)Myoglobin
D)Fermentation
E)None of these

Question 66

If you were searching for anaerobic bacteria, you would NOT look for them in

A)the guts of farm animals.
B)swamps.
C)mountain streams.
D)sediments of lakes and oceans.
E)canned goods.

Question 67

Slow-twitch muscle fibers have many mitochondria and produce ATP using __________.

A)aerobic fermentation.
B)aerobic respiration.
C)anaerobic muscle recovery.
D)anaerobic fermentation.
E)none of these.

Question 68

Bakers use alcoholic fermentation to produce __________ which causes the dough to rise.
C)alcohol
C)butyric acid
D)ATP
D)carbon dioxide
E)none of these

Question 69

The bacteria that cause botulism cannot live in the presence of

A)carbon dioxide.
B)oxygen.
C)glucose.
D)water.
E)ATP.

Question 70

Lactose fermentation turns __________into __________using electrons from __________.

A)pyruate; NADH; Lactic acid.
B)pyruvate; Lactic acid; NADH.
C)lactic acid; FADH; pyruvate.
D)lactate; pyruvate; ATP.
E)none of these.

Question 71

Sulfate-reducing bacteria transfer electrons to __________ in their environment.

A)SO₂
B)H₂
C)H₂SO₄
D)S
E)SO₄

Question 72

If anaerobic pathways follow glycolysis,

A)CO₂ will be one of the products as pyruvate is converted to lactate.
B)the two NADH molecules produced during glycolysis will (depending on the organism) be used to reduce pyruvate to either lactate or ethanol and CO₂.
C)ATP will be required to convert pyruvate to either lactate or ethanol and CO₂.
D)oxidative phosphorylation occurs either on the plasma membrane or on derivatives of the plasma membrane.
E)none of these will occur.

Question 73

Because of its location in the electron transfer chain, delivery of electrons to each FAD results in __________ ATPs.

A)4
B)2
C)3
D)32
E)0

Question 74

Under anaerobic conditions, muscle cells produce

A)ethyl alcohol.
B)acetaldehyde.
C)pyruvate.
D)lactate.
E)citrate.

Question 75

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of slow- twitch muscle fibers?

A)pale color
B)many mitochondria
C)form ATP only by aerobic respiration
D)operate during marathon runs
E)found in abundance in migrating ducks

Question 76

Lactate production in muscle cells is

A)temporary.
B)due to oxygen deficiency.
C)an NAD⁺ regenerator.
D)temporary and due to oxygen deficiency.
E)temporary, due to oxygen deficiency, and an NAD₊ regenerator.

Question 77

Buttermilk and yogurt are produced by bacteria that form

A)ethyl alcohol.
B)acetaldehyde.
C)pyruvate.
D)lactate.
E)citrate.

Question 78

In the conversion of pyruvate to ethanol, which of the following is (are) produced?

A)acetaldehyde
B)carbon dioxide
C)NADH
D)acetaldehyde and carbon dioxide only
E)acetaldehyde, carbon dioxide, and NADH

Question 79

Chicken breast is made up of __________ which accounts for why they can't fly long distances.

A)slow-twitch fibers
B)fibrous connective tissue
C)polymerated red blood cells
D)fast-twitch fibers
E)all of these

Question 80

Chicken legs are made up of __________ which accounts for why they can run long distances.

A)slow-twitch fibers
B)fibrous connective tissue
C)polymerated red blood cells
D)fast-twitch fibers
E)all of these