Deck 31: Shaping and Schedules of Reinforcement: A Comprehensive Guide

Question 1

A behavioral deficit is:

A)too little of a particular type of behavior
B)too much of a particular type of behavior
C)an appropriate behavior occurring to the wrong stimulus
D)an appropriate behavior occurring at the wrong time or place

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Behavior therapy was first used to refer to:

A)behavior modification in which there is typically an attempt to analyze or clearly demonstrate controlling variables
B)the scientific study of laws that govern the behavior of human beings and other animals
C)Joseph Wolpe's behavioral treatment for specific phobias
D)behavior modification that focuses on overt behaviors that are of social significance

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Behavior modifiers are cautious about using summary labels to refer to individuals or their actions because:

A)the label for the behavior is often used as a pseudo-explanation for the behavior
B)labels can negatively affect the way an individual might be treated
C)labeling may influence us to focus on an individual's problem behaviors rather than on his or her strengths
D)all of the above

Answer 3

D

Question 4

The people, objects, and events that make up a person's environment are called:

A)stimuli
B)conditioned stimuli
C)unconditioned stimuli
D)reinforcing stimuli

Question 5

Which of the following is an example of covert behavior?

A)a skier thinking, "I hope I don't fall"
B)a pitcher throwing a ball
C)a student drinking coffee
D)a child talking to her dog in the backyard

Question 6

Which of the following is not a characteristic of behavior modification?

A)Its treatment procedures are ways of altering an individual's environment.
B)Its methods and rationales can be described precisely.
C)Its techniques stem primarily from cognitive psychology.
D)Its techniques are often applied by individuals in everyday life.

Question 7

Which of the following is not a misconception about behavior modification?

A)Behavior modifiers only deal with the observable and they don't deal with the thoughts and feelings of clients.
B)Behavior modification involves the systematic application of learning principles to improve covert and overt behaviors.
C)Behavior modification involves the use of drugs, psychosurgery, and electroconvulsive therapy.
D)Behavior modification only changes symptoms; it doesn't get at the underlying problems.

Question 8

Which of the following is an example of an outcome of behavior?

A)throwing a baseball
B)lifting a heavy weight
C)scoring a goal in ice hockey
D)standing at the free throw line in basketball

Question 9

Behavior Analysis refers to:

A)behavior modification in which there is typically an attempt to analyze or clearly demonstrate controlling variables
B)the scientific study of laws that govern the behavior of human beings and other animals
C)behavioral treatment carried out on dysfunctional behavior
D)behavior modification that focuses on overt behaviors that are of social significance

Question 10

A behavioral excess is:

A)too much of a particular type of behavior
B)too little of a particular type of behavior
C)an appropriate behavior occurring to the wrong stimulus
D)an appropriate behavior occurring at the wrong time or place

Question 11

Behavioral assessment seeks to:

A)determine the underlying mental disturbance responsible for behavioral symptoms
B)identify the type of mental disorder assumed to underlie particular patterns of abnormal behavior
C)identify potential controlling variables of problem behaviors, and select behavioral treatment
D)determine the necessary intelligence level of potential clients as a prerequisite to behavior modification programs

Question 12

Behavior modifiers stress the importance of defining problems in terms of specific behavioral deficits or behavioral excesses because:

A)therapists can then focus on the individual's problem behaviors rather than on his or her strengths
B)it is behavior that causes concern, and there are specific procedures now available to change behavior
C)labeling an individual implies that a particular treatment program will be helpful
D)labeling an individual is useful for quickly providing general information about how that individual might perform

Question 13

Behaviors to be improved in a behavior modification program are frequently called:

A)overt behaviors
B)covert behaviors
C)cognitive behaviors
D)target behaviors

Question 14

In behavior modification, motivation and intelligence refer to:

A)inner mental processes
B)ways of behaving
C)causes of behavior
D)major sources of abnormality

Question 15

Which of the following is an example of overt behavior?

A)feelings of nervousness
B)yelling at someone
C)a boy on a date thinking, "I like this girl"
D)imagining a beautiful sunset

Question 16

In behavior modification, the term "environment" refers to:

A)the neighborhood in which a person is raised
B)the natural habitat of an organism
C)the specific physical variables in one's immediate surroundings
D)the general situation where one happens to be

Question 17

Which of the following is not a characteristic of behavior modification?

A)It defines problems in terms of behavior.
B)Its treatment procedures and techniques are ways of rearranging an individual's environment.
C)Its techniques draw extensively from the principles of operant and Pavlovian conditioning.
D)It emphasizes the use of summary labels for classifying individuals.

Question 18

A child does not pronounce words clearly and does not interact with other children.These are examples of:

A)behavioral excesses
B)behavioral abnormalities
C)behavioral deficits
D)behavioral characteristics

Question 19

Which of the following is an example of behavior?

A)hair color
B)the color of someone's eyes
C)the clothes someone is wearing
D)dressing in the morning

Question 20

Which of the following is an example of cognitive behavior?

A)a child reading out loud for a parent
B)a baseball player talking to her coach
C)a person on a hot day imagining that he is sitting at the ocean
D)a student writing with a pen

Question 21

Thinking "I hope I pass this course" while sitting in class, is an example of covert behavior.

Question 22

___________involves the systematic application of learning principles and techniques to assess and improve individuals' covert and overt behaviors in order to enhance their daily functioning.

A)Behavioral assessment
B)Behavior analysis
C)Behavior modification
D)Cognitive behavior therapy

Question 23

One of the defining characteristics of behavior modification is that it does not emphasize scientific demonstration that an intervention was responsible for a particular behavior change.

Question 24

A teenager frequently interrupts conversations between his parents.That's an example of a behavioral deficit.

Question 25

To a behavior modifier, intelligence is something that you were born with, a sort of "inherited capacity for learning."

Question 26

Behavior modification can only be applied by experts, and not by individuals in everyday life.

Question 27

According to the authors of the text, the term behavior modification has a broader meaning than the term behavior therapy.

Question 28

Studying for a course is an example of a behavior.

Question 29

Classical conditioning was developed by:

A)B)F.Skinner
B)Ivan Pavlov
C)Joseph Wolpe
D)Aaron Beck

Question 30

The color of a person's eyes is an example of behavior.

Question 31

Behavior analysis refers to the scientific study of laws that govern the behavior of human beings and other animals.

Question 32

Behavior modifiers deal only with observable behavior, and discount subjective events such as thoughts and feelings.

Question 33

Remembering the feelings of your first kiss is an example of overt behavior.

Question 34

Hyperactivity is a label for certain behaviors.

Question 35

Behavior modification accepts changes in a behavior as the indicator of the extent to which a problem is being helped.

Question 36

Behavior is, essentially, anything a person does or says.

Question 37

Environmental events that impinge on one's sense receptors and that can affect behavior are called stimuli.

Question 38

In the 1950s, ____________ developed a behavioral treatment for specific phobias.

A)Hans Eyesenck
B)Aaron Beck
C)Albert Ellis
D)Joseph Wolpe

Question 39

Cognitive behavior is another term for overt behavior.

Question 40

The term "cognitive therapy" was used by ___________ to refer to strategies for recognizing maladaptive thinking and replacing it with adaptive thinking.

A)Beck
B)Ellis
C)Wolpe
D)Skinner

Question 41

The term behavior therapy is typically used to refer to behavior modification where there is an attempt to clearly demonstrate controlling variables of the behavior of concern.

Question 42

Strategies for recognizing maladaptive thinking and replacing it with adaptive thinking were referred to by Beck as behavior therapy.

Question 43

To avoid problems associated with labeling, in the case of autism, for example, we should describe the client as an autistic child rather than as a child with autism.

Question 44

The American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities now prefers the term ___________ to refer to individuals characterized by significant limitations in intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior.

A)intellectual disability
B)mental retardation
C)developmental disability
D)mentally handicapped

Question 45

In 1960 the British psychologist Hans Eysenck used the term "behavior therapy" to refer to the treatment procedure developed by Joseph Wolpe.

Question 46

Behavior modifiers have begun to pay more attention to issues of race, gender, ethnicity, and sexual orientation because:

A)the Association of Behavior Analysis is now an international organization
B)culturally diverse individuals now make up 30% of the American population
C)these variables can influence the effectiveness of treatment
D)there are no dangers of overgeneralizing about any particular cultural group

Question 47

"Applications to socially significant problems in unstructured community settings where the behavior of individuals is not considered deviant in the traditional sense" is the definition of:

A)organizational behavior management
B)health psychology
C)behavior community psychology
D)behavior therapy

Question 48

Which of the following is not a sub-area of the application of behavioral principles in health psychology?

A)establishing treatment compliance
B)promotion of healthy living
C)stress management
D)psychological testing of personality disorders

Question 49

Studies with clinical populations have shown behavior therapy to be:

A)significantly inferior to the alternative treatment to which it was compared, which was usually some form of verbal psychotherapy
B)demonstrably superior to other forms of psychotherapy in certain problem areas (e.g., phobias)
C)used as the main mode of therapy for treating adults by approximately 60% of practicing therapists
D)used about as often as psychodynamic therapy in the treatment of children by pediatric psychologists

Question 50

Behavior modifiers made little use of the first three DSMs because:

A)they were based primarily on research rather than on Freud's theory
B)individual disorders were based on categories of problem behaviors
C)they used a multidimensional recording system
D)they were based on Freud's theory of abnormal behavior

Question 51

Characteristics of behavior that can be measured are called dimensions of behavior.

Question 52

In the 1960s and 70s, ___________ developed early intensive behavioral treatment programs for children with autism.

A)B)F.Skinner
B)Ivar Lovaas
C)Fred Keller
D)Joseph Pear

Question 53

Which of the following is not a characteristic of behavioral approaches to university teaching?

A)It identifies the instructional goals for a course in the form of study questions.
B)It has frequent tests in which students are required to demonstrate their knowledge to the answers of study questions.
C)Students are given detailed information at the beginning of a course about what is expected of them on tests and assignments to achieve various letter grades
D)It emphasizes multiple-choice items and examinations as an objective scoring strategy ideally suited for large classes.

Question 54

PSI stands for:

A)popular standards of instruction
B)personalized systems of information
C)personalized system of instruction
D)personalized students' instruction

Question 55

Which of the following is not a general area in which behavior modification has been applied in behavioral sport psychology?

A)Teaching new athletic skills
B)Selecting athletes for Olympic programs on the basis of those with the personality most suited to sacrifice and dedication to winning
C)Motivating practice and fitness training
D)Helping athletes to cope with pressure at major competitions

Question 56

The terms behavior therapy and cognitive behavior therapy are often used interchangeably.

Question 57

The characteristics of impaired communication, impaired social behavior, and repetitive self- stimulatory behaviors during the first few years after birth are shown by individuals diagnosed as:

A)moderately developmentally disabled
B)schizophrenic
C)severely intellectually disabled
D)autistic

Question 58

Organizational behavior management refers to:

A)the application of behavior modification techniques to individual or group performance within an organizational setting
B)an emphasis on the use of non-professionals in human service programs
C)use of behavior modification to help individuals adhere to a healthy lifestyle
D)seeking out intervention strategies at the organizational level rather than at the individual level

Question 59

In a landmark experiment in 1920, Mary Cover Jones demonstrated Pavlovian conditioning of a fear response in an 11 month-old infant.

Question 60

A broad interdisciplinary field concerned with the links between health, illness, and behavior is referred to as:

A)health psychology
B)stress management
C)behavioral medicine
D)behavioral health

Question 61

When a person salivates at the sight of food, the response of salivating is classified as a(n):

A)conditioned response
B)conditioned reflex
C)unconditioned response
D)unconditioned reflex

Question 62

Issues of race, gender, ethnicity, and sexual orientation are variables that do not influence the effectiveness of behavioral treatment.

Question 63

Littering, recycling, energy conservation, and job skills training are all sub-areas that have been dealt with successfully by behavior modification in the area of behavioral community psychology.

Question 64

CAPSI stands for Computer-Aided Personalized System of Instruction.

Question 65

The application of behavior modification techniques to individual or group performance within an organizational setting defines the area referred to as community behavioral psychology.

Question 66

If a stimulus (that does not elicit a particular response)is closely followed in time by a second stimulus that elicits a particular response, then the first stimulus will come to elicit the response that was elicited by the second stimulus.This is the definition of the principle of:

A)positive reinforcement
B)operant conditioning
C)counterconditioning
D)respondent conditioning

Question 67

Behavior modification has been successfully applied within each of the following areas: education, social work, rehabilitation medicine, industry, and sports.

Question 68

That behavior can be modified by its consequences is the basic tenet of:

A)respondent conditioning
B)respondent extinction
C)operant conditioning
D)aversion therapy

Question 69

Behavioral sport psychology has been defined as the use of behavior analysis principles and techniques to enhance the performance and satisfaction of athletes and others associated with sports.

Question 70

Over several meals, classical music is played at the dinner table.Eventually, classical music is played without pairing it with food, and the person who ate at that dinner table begins salivating.In this example, the sound of classical music became a:

A)conditioned stimulus
B)conditioned reflex
C)conditioned response
D)conditioned reinforcer

Question 71

A stimulus that elicits a response without prior learning or conditioning is called a(n):

A)unconditioned stimulus
B)discriminative stimulus
C)conditioned stimulus
D)establishing stimulus

Question 72

If a conditioned stimulus (CS)is presented without further pairings with the unconditioned stimulus, the CS will gradually lose its capacity to elicit the conditioned response.This is the definition of:

A)respondent conditioning
B)respondent extinction
C)counterconditioning
D)operant extinction

Question 73

A common strategy for delivering early intensive behavioral intervention with children with autism is referred to as:

A)behavior management
B)developmental teaching
C)discrete-trials teaching
D)behavior analysis

Question 74

Helping the elderly to function independently during old age is part of the field referred to as:

A)gerontology
B)behavioral medicine
C)behavioral community psychology
D)behavior management

Question 75

PSI (Personalized System of Instruction)was developed by:

A)Lovaas
B)Bellack
C)Keller
D)Skinner

Question 76

The study of how psychological factors can influence or cause illness, and how people can be encouraged to practice healthy behavior so as to prevent health problems, is referred to as:

A)Cognitive behavior therapy
B)Stress therapy
C)Treatment compliance
D)Health Psychology

Question 77

One of the areas of health psychology involves the use of behavior modification procedures to directly treat certain diseases that were previously thought to require medical treatment.

Question 78

Personalized System of Instruction, or PSI, was developed by Fred Keller and his colleagues.

Question 79

Many studies have demonstrated that there are psychological problems (e.g., anxiety disorders, depression, habit disorders)for which specific behavioral procedures have been demonstrated to be about equally effective with other forms of psychotherapy.

Question 80

The person who initially developed behavioral treatments for children with autism is Ivar Lovaas.