Deck 5: Cost-Volume-Profit

Question 1

In CVP analysis, the term "cost" includes manufacturing costs, and selling and administrative expenses.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Costs will not change in total within the relevant range of activity.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

If volume increases, all costs will increase.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

The relevant range of activity is the activity level where the firm will earn income.

Question 5

For CVP analysis, both variable and fixed costs are assumed to have a linear relationship within the relevant range of activity.

Question 6

A variable cost remains constant per unit at various levels of activity.

Question 7

A fixed cost remains constant in total and on a per unit basis at various levels of activity.

Question 8

The difference between the costs at the high and low levels of activity represents the fixed cost element of a mixed cost.

Question 9

The contribution margin ratio is calculated by multiplying the unit contribution margin by the unit sales price.

Question 10

A mixed cost has both selling and administrative cost elements.

Question 11

An activity index identifies the activity that has a causal relationship with a particular cost.

Question 12

If the activity index decreases, total variable costs will decrease proportionately.

Question 13

Changes in the level of activity will cause unit variable and unit fixed costs to change in opposite directions.

Question 14

An assumption of CVP analysis is that all costs can be classified as either variable or fixed.

Question 15

Unit contribution margin is the amount that each unit sold contributes towards the recovery of fixed costs and to income.

Question 16

The high-low method is used in classifying a mixed cost into its variable and fixed elements.

Question 17

For planning purposes, mixed costs are generally grouped with fixed costs.

Question 18

Contribution margin is the amount of revenues remaining after deducting cost of goods sold.

Question 19

The fixed cost element of a mixed cost is the cost of having a service available.

Question 20

When applying the high-low method, the variable cost element of a mixed cost is calculated before the fixed cost element.

Question 21

If variable costs per unit are 70% of sales, fixed costs are $290,000 and target net income is $70,000, required sales are $1,200,000.

Question 22

The trend in most companies is to have more variable costs and fewer fixed costs.

Question 23

The break-even point is where total sales equal total fixed costs.

Question 24

The break-even point is equal to the fixed costs plus net income.

Question 25

The break-even point is where total sales equal total variable costs.

Question 26

For purposes of CVP analysis, mixed costs must be classified into their fixed and variable elements.

Question 27

A cost which remains constant per unit at various levels of activity is a

A) variable cost.
B) fixed cost.
C) mixed cost.
D) manufacturing cost.

Question 28

A cost-volume-profit graph shows the amount of net income or loss at each level of sales.

Question 29

A target net income is calculated by taking actual sales minus the margin of safety.

Question 30

If the unit contribution margin is $1 and unit sales are 10,000 units above the break-even volume, then net income will be $10,000.

Question 31

The activity level is represented by an activity index such as direct labor hours, units of output, or sales dollars.

Question 32

Target net income is the income objective for an individual product line.

Question 33

The margin of safety is the difference between contribution margin and fixed costs.

Question 34

The margin of safety ratio is equal to the margin of safety in dollars divided by the actual or (expected) sales.

Question 35

A CVP income statement shows contribution margin instead of gross profit.

Question 36

Both variable and fixed costs are included in calculating the contribution margin.

Question 37

A variable cost is a cost that

A) varies per unit at every level of activity.
B) occurs at various times during the year.
C) varies in total in proportion to changes in the level of activity.
D) may or may not be incurred, depending on management's discretion.

Question 38

The margin of safety is the difference between sales at breakeven and sales at a determined activity level.

Question 39

For an activity base to be useful in cost behavior analysis,

A) the activity should always be stated in dollars.
B) there should be a correlation between changes in the level of activity and changes in costs.
C) the activity should always be stated in terms of units.
D) the activity level should be constant over a period of time.

Question 40

The contribution margin ratio of 40% means that 60 cents of each sales dollar is available to cover fixed costs and to produce a profit.

Question 41

Which of the following is not a plausible explanation of why variable costs often behave in a curvilinear fashion?

A) Labor specialization
B) Overtime wages
C) Total variable costs are constant within the relevant range
D) Availability of quantity discounts

Question 42

Which of the following costs are variable? $\begin{array}{rrr}\text { Cost }&10,000 \text { Units }& 30,000 \text { Units }\\\hline 1 . & \$ 100,000 & \$ 300,000 \\2 . & 40,000 & 240,000 \\3 . & 90,000 & 90,000 \\4 & 50,000 & 150,000\end{array}$

A) 1 and 2
B) 1 and 4
C) only 1
D) only 2

Question 43

Which of the following is not a cost classification?

A) Mixed
B) Multiple
C) Variable
D) Fixed

Question 44

The activity that causes changes in the behavior of costs is referred to as the activity

A) index.
B) multiplier.
C) element.
D) correlation.

Question 45

Which of the following would be the least controllable fixed costs?

A) Property taxes
B) Rent
C) Research and development
D) Management training programs

Question 46

Cost activity indexes might help classify costs as

A) temporary.
B) permanent.
C) variable.
D) transient.

Question 47

Fixed costs normally will not include

A) property taxes.
B) direct labor.
C) supervisory salaries.
D) depreciation on buildings and equipment.

Question 48

The increased use of automation and less use of the work force in companies has caused a trend towards an increase in

A) both variable and fixed costs.
B) fixed costs and a decrease in variable costs.
C) variable costs and a decrease in fixed costs.
D) variable costs and no change in fixed costs.

Question 49

A fixed cost is a cost which

A) varies in total with changes in the level of activity.
B) remains constant per unit with changes in the level of activity.
C) varies inversely in total with changes in the level of activity.
D) remains constant in total with changes in the level of activity.

Question 50

If a firm increases its activity level,

A) costs should remain the same.
B) most costs will rise.
C) no costs will remain the same.
D) some costs will change, others will remain the same.

Question 51

Changes in activity have a(n) _________ effect on fixed costs per unit.

A) positive
B) negative
C) inverse
D) neutral

Question 52

Firms operating at 100% capacity

A) are common.
B) are the exception rather than the rule.
C) have no fixed costs.
D) have no variable costs.

Question 53

Why is identification of a relevant range important?

A) It is required under GAAP.
B) Cost behavior outside of the relevant range is not linear, which distorts CVP analysis.
C) It directly impacts the number of units of product a customer buys.
D) It is a cost that is incurred by a company that must be accounted for.

Question 54

Cost behavior analysis applies to

A) retailers.
B) wholesalers.
C) manufacturers.
D) all entities.

Question 55

The relevant range of activity refers to the

A) geographical areas where the company plans to operate.
B) activity level where all costs are curvilinear.
C) levels of activity over which the company expects to operate.
D) level of activity where all costs are constant.

Question 56

Which of the following is not a fixed cost?

A) Direct materials
B) Depreciation
C) Lease charge
D) Property taxes

Question 57

Cost behavior analysis is a study of how a firm's costs

A) relate to competitors' costs.
B) relate to general price level changes.
C) respond to changes in the level of business activity.
D) respond to changes in the gross national product.

Question 58

Which one of the following is a name for the range over which a company expects to operate?

A) Mixed range
B) Fixed range
C) Variable range
D) Relevant range

Question 59

If the activity level increases 10%, total variable costs will

A) remain the same.
B) increase by more than 10%.
C) decrease by less than 10%.
D) increase 10%.

Question 60

Two costs at Bradshaw Company appear below for specific months of operation. $\begin{array}{llrll}&\text { Month}&\text { Amount}&\text { Units Produced }\\\text { Delivery costs } & \text { September } & \$ 40,000 & 40,000 \\& \text { October } & 55,000 & 60,000 \\\text { Utilities } & \text { September } & \$ 84,000 & 40,000 \\& \text { October } & 126,000 & 60,000\end{array}$ Which type of costs are these?

A) Delivery costs and utilities are both variable.
B) Delivery costs and utilities are both mixed.
C) Utilities are mixed and delivery costs are variable.
D) Delivery costs are mixed and utilities are variable.

Question 61

Portman Company's activity for the first three months of 2019 are as follows: $\begin{array}{lll}&\text { Machine Hours}&\text { Electrical Cost }\\\text { January } & 2,100 & \$ 4,800 \\\text { February } & 2,600 & \$ 5,800 \\\text { March } & 2,900 & \$ 6,400\end{array}$ Using the high-low method, how much is the cost per machine hour?

A) $2.00
B) $3.00
C) $2.26
D) $1.78

Question 62

In using the high-low method, the fixed cost

A) is determined by subtracting the total cost at the high level of activity from the total cost at the low activity level.
B) is determined by adding the total variable cost to the total cost at the low activity level.
C) is determined before the total variable cost.
D) may be determined by subtracting the total variable cost from either the total cost at the low or high activity level.

Question 63

If graphed, fixed costs that behave in a curvilinear fashion resemble a(n)

A) S-curve.
B) inverted S-curve.
C) straight line.
D) stair-step pattern.

Question 64

At the high level of activity in November, 7,000 machine hours were run and power costs were $18,000. In April, a month of low activity, 2,000 machine hours were run and power costs amounted to $9,000. Using the high-low method, the estimated fixed cost element of power costs is

A) $18,000.
B) $9,000.
C) $5,400.
D) $12,600.

Question 65

The high-low method is criticized because it

A) is not a graphical method.
B) is a mathematical method.
C) ignores much of the available data by concentrating on only the extreme points.
D) doesn't provide reasonable estimates.

Question 66

Which one of the following is not an assumption of CVP analysis?

A) All units produced are sold.
B) All costs are variable costs.
C) Sales mix remains constant.
D) The behavior of costs and revenues are linear within the relevant range.

Question 67

Ponszko Nursery used high-low data from June and July to determine its variable cost of $12 per unit. Additional information follows $\begin{array}{llr}\text { Month}&\text { Units produced }&\text {Total costs }\\\text { June } & 2,000 & \$ 32,000 \\\text { July } & 1,000 & 20,000\end{array}$ If Ponszko's produces 2,300 units in August, how much is its total cost expected to be?

A) $8,000
B) $39,600
C) $27,600
D) $35,600

Question 68

The graph of variable costs that behave in a curvilinear fashion will

A) approximate a straight line within the relevant range.
B) be sharply kinked on both sides of the relevant range.
C) be downward sloping.
D) be a stair-step pattern.

Question 69

Which of the following is not true about the graph of a mixed cost?

A) It is possible to determine the amount of the fixed cost from the graph.
B) There is a total cost line on the graph.
C) The fixed cost portion of the graph is the same amount at all levels of activity.
D) The variable cost portion of the graph is rectangular in shape.

Question 70

In CVP analysis, the term "cost"

A) includes only manufacturing costs.
B) means cost of goods sold.
C) includes manufacturing costs plus selling and administrative expenses.
D) excludes all fixed manufacturing costs.

Question 71

In applying the high-low method, what is the fixed cost? $\begin{array}{llr}\text { Month}&\text { Miles }&\text { Total Cost }\\hline \text { January } & \overline{80,000} & \$ 192,000 \\\text { February } & 50,000 & 160,000 \\\text { March } & 70,000 & 188,000 \\\text { April } & 90,000 & 260,000\end{array}$

A) $35,000
B) $72,000
C) $28,000
D) $100,000

Question 72

If Qualls Quality Airline cuts its domestic fares by 30%,

A) its fixed costs will decrease.
B) profit will increase by 30%.
C) a profit can only be earned by decreasing the number of flights.
D) a profit can be earned either by increasing the number of passengers or by decreasing variable costs.

Question 73

In applying the high-low method, what is the unit variable cost? $\begin{array}{llr}\text { Month}&\text { Miles }&\text { Total Cost }\\hline \text { January } & \overline{80,000} & \$ 192,000 \\\text { February } & 50,000 & 160,000 \\\text { March } & 70,000 & 188,000 \\\text { April } & 90,000 & 260,000\end{array}$

A) $2.88
B) $2.50
C) $3.20
D) Cannot be determined from the information given.

Question 74

Frazier Manufacturing Company collected the following production data for the past month: $\begin{array}{rr}\text { Units Produced }&\text { Total Cost }\\1,600 & \$ 66,000 \\1,300 & 57,000 \\1,500 & 67,500 \\1,100 & 49,500\end{array}$ If the high-low method is used, what is the monthly total cost equation?

A) Total cost = $13,200 + $33/unit
B) Total cost = $16,500 + $30/unit
C) Total cost = $0 + $45/unit
D) Total cost = $9,900 + $36/unit

Question 75

Gribble Company's high and low level of activity last year was 60,000 units of product produced in May and 20,000 units produced in November. Machine maintenance costs were $156,000 in May and $60,000 in November. Using the high-low method, determine an estimate of total maintenance cost for a month in which production is expected to be 45,000 units.

A) $135,000
B) $144,000
C) $117,000
D) $120,000

Question 76

A mixed cost contains

A) a variable element and a fixed element.
B) both selling and administrative costs.
C) both retailing and manufacturing costs.
D) both operating and nonoperating costs.

Question 77

The high-low method is often employed in analyzing

A) fixed costs.
B) mixed costs.
C) variable costs.
D) conversion costs.

Question 78

In applying the high-low method, which months are relevant? $\begin{array}{llr}\text { Month}&\text { Miles }&\text { Total Cost }\\\text { January } & 80,000 & \$ 192,000 \\\text { February } & 50,000 & 160,000 \\\text { March } & 70,000 & 188,000 \\\text { April } & 90,000 & 260,000\end{array}$

A) January and February
B) January and April
C) February and April
D) February and March

Question 79

Which of the following is not a mixed cost?

A) Car rental fee
B) Electricity
C) Depreciation
D) Telephone Expense

Question 80

For analysis purposes, the high-low method usually produces a(n)

A) reasonable estimate.
B) precise estimate.
C) overstated estimate.
D) understated estimate.