Question 1

Which secondary messenger is associated with ?? receptor activation?&#10;A) IP?&#10;B) Cyclic AMP&#10;C) DAG&#10;D) Both A and C

Accepted Answer

The $\alpha_{1}$ receptor activation is associated with the secondary messengers Inositol trisphosphate (IP3) and Diacylglycerol (DAG), which are produced from the hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) by phospholipase C.

Question 2

Which of the following adverse events are seen with dopamine administration?&#10;A) Tachycardia&#10;B) Hypotension&#10;C) Nausea&#10;D) All of the above

Accepted Answer

All of the above options can be seen as adverse events with dopamine administration. Tachycardia can result from the beta-1 receptor stimulation of dopamine while hypotension can result from alpha-1 receptor stimulation, particularly at higher doses. Nausea can be seen as a side effect of dopamine administration as well.

Question 3

A clinical use for ?? antagonists is in the treatment of:&#10;A) tachycardia.&#10;B) hypertension.&#10;C) COPD.&#10;D) Both A and B.

Accepted Answer

Beta-1 antagonists, also known as beta-blockers, are commonly used to treat tachycardia (rapid heart rate) and hypertension (high blood pressure) by blocking the effects of adrenaline on the heart and blood vessels. Beta-blockers are not commonly used in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) due to the risk of worsening breathing difficulties. Therefore, the correct choice is D, as beta-1 antagonists are used in the treatment of both tachycardia and hypertension.

Question 4

Which type of electrolyte abnormality may occur with the use of ?? agonists?&#10;A) Hyperkalemia&#10;B) Hypokalemia&#10;C) Hypomagnesemia&#10;D) Hypernatremia

Accepted Answer

The use of beta-2 agonists can stimulate the entrance of potassium into cells, leading to hypokalemia (low potassium levels in the blood).

Question 5

Which enzyme is responsible for the inactivation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)into 5-AMP?&#10;A) Phosphodiesterase&#10;B) Phospholipase&#10;C) Adenylate cyclase&#10;D) Cholinesterase

Accepted Answer

Phosphodiesterase is the enzyme responsible for the breakdown of cAMP into 5-AMP by hydrolyzing the phosphodiester bond between the cyclic phosphate and the ribose sugar. This process is important in regulating intracellular levels of cAMP and its downstream signaling pathways.

Question 6

Which of the following receptors are located presynaptically and are found on all adrenergic nerve terminals? A) α₁ B) α₂ C) β₁ D β₂

Accepted Answer

Alpha-2 (α2) receptors are located presynaptically and are found on all adrenergic nerve terminals. They play a role in regulating neurotransmitter release.

Question 7

Which of the following adrenergic agonists stimulate both ? and ? receptors?&#10;A) Noradrenaline&#10;B) Adrenaline&#10;C) Dopamine&#10;D) Both A and B

Accepted Answer

Noradrenaline and adrenaline are both catecholamines that stimulate both $\alpha$ and $\beta$ adrenergic receptors. Dopamine, on the other hand, primarily stimulates dopamine receptors and has weaker effects on $\alpha$ and $\beta$ receptors. Therefore, the correct option is D - both A and B.

Question 8

Which of the following agents could be used to treat hypertension? A) α₁ antagonists B) α₁ agonists C) β₁ antagonists D) Both A and C

Accepted Answer

Alpha (α) blockers and Beta (β) blockers are both used to treat hypertension. Alpha blockers work by preventing norepinephrine from tightening the muscles in the walls of smaller arteries and veins, which helps to keep the vessels open and the blood pressure low. Beta blockers reduce the heart rate and the force of the heart's contractions, leading to a decrease in blood pressure.

Question 9

Which of the following effects will occur with ?? receptor stimulation?&#10;A) Vasoconstriction&#10;B) Vasodilation&#10;C) Increased bile secretion&#10;D) None of the above

Accepted Answer

Stimulation of alpha-1 receptors causes vasoconstriction.

Question 10

Which of the following effects will occur with ?? receptor stimulation?&#10;A) Bronchoconstriction&#10;B) Bronchodilation&#10;C) Urinary retention&#10;D) Decreased heart rate

Accepted Answer

Stimulation of beta-2 receptors leads to relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle, resulting in bronchodilation.

Question 11

Which of the following adverse events may occur with ?? receptor stimulation?&#10;A) Hypertension&#10;B) Blurred vision&#10;C) Constipation&#10;D) All of the above

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following adverse events may...

Question 12

An ? antagonists would be useful in the treatment of:&#10;A) urinary retention.&#10;B) hypotension.&#10;C) overactive bladder.&#10;D) asthma.

Accepted Answer

The answer of An ? antagonists would be useful in...

Question 13

A clinical use for ?? agonists is in the treatment of:&#10;A) bronchial asthma.&#10;B) hypotension.&#10;C) hypertension.&#10;D) nasal decongestion.

Accepted Answer

The answer of A clinical use for ?? agonists is...

Question 14

Receptors that respond to norepinephrine are called:&#10;A) adrenergic.&#10;B) cholinergic.&#10;C) dopaminergic.&#10;D) noradrenergic.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Receptors that respond to norepinephrine are called:&#10;A)...

Question 15

Which of the following is an example of a second messenger?&#10;A) Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)&#10;B) Cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)&#10;C) Calcium ion&#10;D) All of the above

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following is an example...

Question 16

Which of the following adrenergic receptors are found abundantly in the myocardium? A) α₁ B) α₂ C) β₁ D β₂

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following adrenergic receptors are...

Question 17

The second messenger system associated with? -adrenergic receptor stimulation involves the:&#10;A) activation of inositol triphosphate production.&#10;B) inhibition of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) production.&#10;C) inhibition of inositol triphosphate production.&#10;D) activation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) production.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The second messenger system associated with? -adrenergic...

Deck 26: Adrenergic Pharmacology