Question 1

Muscarinic antagonists have been used as:&#10;A) antispasmodics.&#10;B) antiulcerants.&#10;C) antiemetics.&#10;D) All of the above

Accepted Answer

Muscarinic antagonists, such as atropine and scopolamine, have a variety of uses. They can act as antispasmodics to treat conditions such as irritable bowel syndrome and urinary incontinence. They can also be used as antiulcerants to decrease gastric acid secretion and as antiemetics to prevent nausea and vomiting. Therefore, all of the choices listed (A-C) are correct.

Question 2

How many subtypes of muscarinic receptors have been identified?&#10;A) Two&#10;B) Three&#10;C) Four&#10;D) Five

Accepted Answer

Five subtypes of muscarinic receptors have been identified, named M1 through M5. These receptors are a type of G protein-coupled receptor that are differentially expressed in various tissues and have distinct physiological roles.

Question 3

Which of the following muscarinic receptors are located on the myocardium?&#10;A) M1&#10;B) M2&#10;C) M3&#10;D) M4

Accepted Answer

M₂ muscarinic receptors are located on the myocardium and mediate the inhibitory effects of acetylcholine on heart rate and contractility.

Question 4

A major advantage of the non-depolarising neuromuscular blockers over the depolarising neuromuscular blockers is that the effect is reversible.The reason for this is that the:&#10;A) non-depolarising blockers are competitive antagonists at nicotinic receptors.&#10;B) depolarising blockers act rapidly and usually have a prolonged action.&#10;C) non-depolarising blockers act via histamine release.&#10;D) action of depolarising blockers must be terminated by acetylcholinesterase.

Accepted Answer

Non-depolarising blockers act as competitive antagonists at nicotinic receptors, meaning they can be displaced by acetylcholine. This allows for reversal of their effect with the administration of an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor such as neostigmine. Depolarising blockers, on the other hand, act by causing persistent depolarisation of the muscle fiber, making it difficult for acetylcholine to bind and generate an action potential. The only way to reverse their effect is through metabolism by acetylcholinesterase, which can take a long time to occur.

Question 5

Where are nicotinic receptors located?&#10;A) Sweat glands&#10;B) Lacrimal glands&#10;C) Neuromuscular junction of skeletal muscles&#10;D) Digestive glands

Accepted Answer

Nicotinic receptors are located at the neuromuscular junction of skeletal muscles, where they respond to the neurotransmitter acetylcholine to stimulate muscle contraction. They are not found in sweat glands, lacrimal glands or digestive glands.

Question 6

Stimulation of M? receptors on the heart muscle involves the following second messenger:&#10;A) activation of inositol triphosphate production.&#10;B) inhibition of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) production.&#10;C) inhibition of inositol triphosphate production.&#10;D) activation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) production.

Accepted Answer

M₂ receptors are coupled to Gi proteins, which inhibit adenylyl cyclase and thus decrease cAMP production.

Question 7

Nicotinic agonists can be used in the management of:&#10;A) tobacco dependence.&#10;B) glaucoma.&#10;C) smoking cessation.&#10;D) peptic ulcer.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Nicotinic agonists can be used in the...

Question 8

Neuromuscular agents work on which receptors?&#10;A) M1&#10;B) M2&#10;C) M3&#10;D) Nicotinic

Accepted Answer

Neuromuscular agents work on nicotinic receptors.

Question 9

Which set of drug responses best matches the action of an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor?&#10;A) Feelings of relaxation, increased skeletal muscle tone, increased autonomic tone and the release of catecholamines&#10;B) Bronchoconstriction, increased gastrointestinal motility, pupil constriction, increased skeletal muscle tension and bradycardia&#10;C) Tachycardia, facial flushing, decreased gastrointestinal motility, dry mouth and urinary retention&#10;D) Tachycardia, histamine-induced hypotension, muscle relaxation and decreased gastrointestinal motility

Accepted Answer

Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors prevent the breakdown of acetylcholine, leading to increased levels of acetylcholine at cholinergic synapses. This leads to increased parasympathetic effects, such as bronchoconstriction, increased gastrointestinal motility, pupil constriction, and bradycardia. Increased skeletal muscle tension may also occur.

Question 10

Which enzyme is responsible for the degradation of acetylcholine?&#10;A) Monoamine oxidase&#10;B) Cholinesterase&#10;C) Catechol-O-methyltransferase&#10;D) Both A and B

Accepted Answer

Cholinesterase is responsible for the degradation of acetylcholine. Monoamine oxidase and catechol-O-methyltransferase are enzymes that degrade other neurotransmitters (such as serotonin and dopamine), but not acetylcholine.

Question 11

Which of the following receptors are activated by acetylcholine? A)α₁ B)α₂ C) β₁ D) Nicotinic

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following receptors are activated...

Question 12

Which of the following agents can be used to reverse the effects of acetylcholine?&#10;A) Cholinergic receptor stimulation&#10;B) Suxamethonium&#10;C) Tubocurarine&#10;D) Atropine

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following agents can be...

Question 13

Which of the following agent is used for the management of malignant hyperthermia?&#10;A) Atropine&#10;B) Suxamethonium.&#10;C) Tubocurarine.&#10;D) Dantrolene

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following agent is used...

Question 14

Stimulation of the M? receptors causes:&#10;A) tear production.&#10;B) urinary retention.&#10;C) decreased gastric motility.&#10;D) bronchodilation.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Stimulation of the M? receptors causes:&#10;A) tear...

Question 15

Acetylcholinesterase breaks acetylcholine into choline and acetate.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Acetylcholinesterase breaks acetylcholine into choline and acetate....

Question 16

Following the administration of muscarinic agonist eyedrops,the client should be instructed to:&#10;A) lie down.&#10;B) rinse the eye with saline solution.&#10;C) perform eye muscle exercises.&#10;D) avoid driving and working with dangerous tools.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Following the administration of muscarinic agonist eyedrops,the...

Question 17

Overdosing with an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor may lead to:&#10;A) excessive sweating.&#10;B) nausea and vomiting.&#10;C) hallucinations.&#10;D) All of the above

Accepted Answer

The answer of Overdosing with an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor may lead...

Question 18

Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are useful in the treatment of:&#10;A) Alzheimer's disease.&#10;B) multiple sclerosis.&#10;C) anxiety.&#10;D) depression.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are useful in the treatment...

Deck 27: Cholinergic Pharmacology