Deck 2: Neuroscience As a Basis for Adult Development and Aging

Question 1

changes allow older adults to adapt to the inevitable decline of specific areas of the brain.

A) compensatory
B) sociological
C) compromise
D) collaboration

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Which approach attempts to link measures of cognitive performance to measures of brain structure or functioning?

A) Correlational
B) Psychological.
C) Neuropsychological.
D) Neurobiological

Answer 2

A

Question 3

From the perspective of neuroscience and aging, researchers acknowledge that cognitive, social and change in older adulthood is influenced at multiple levels.

A) density
B) emotional
C) brain
D) volume

Answer 3

B

Question 4

The neuroscience approach offers a new level of analysis to understanding and functioning.

A) cognitive; social-emotional
B) cellular; occupational
C) systematic; interpretations
D) cross-linking; brain

Question 5

The best conclusion to draw from Neuroscience approach is

A) has shown associations between brain structures and social cognitive tasks.
B) cognitive tasks such as person theory have shown the biggest change.
C) person perception has shown associations between brain structures and theory of mind
D) none of these theories completely explain neuroscience approach.

Question 6

Well-practiced tasks, vocabulary, and wisdom can be into old age.

A) lost
B) preserved
C) altered
D) distorted

Question 7

Which approach attempts to directly link functional brain activity with cognitive behavioral data?

A) Neurobiological.
B) Correlational
C) Activation imaging
D) Psychological.

Question 8

Neuroscience research demonstrates that areas of the brain related to visual processing with age.

A) increase
B) stay the same
C) fluctuate
D) decline

Question 9

Processing speed rapidly as people age.

A) increases
B) declines
C) distorts
D) inclines

Question 10

MRI focuses on the of the brain.

A) blood flow
B) structural
C) images
D) wrinkles

Question 11

A major thrust of adult development and aging research has been on cognitive aging based on data.

A) psychosocial
B) behavioral
C) social
D) environment

Question 12

Neuroscience approaches can explain how the brain influences performance, and investigating in the maturing brains of and .

A) older adults; children
B) adolescents; children
C) women ; men
D) older adult; adolescents

Question 13

approach compares the brain functioning of healthy older adults with adults displaying various pathological disorders in the brain.

A) Neurobiological
B) Correlational
C) Psychological
D) Neuropsychological

Question 14

Researchers in neuroscience analyze both structural changes in brain volume and density and changes of brain areas.

A) size
B) variable
C) functional
D) coenzymes.

Question 15

Research methods that focus on the age-related changes of the brain can help explain why certain functioning are preserved.

A) cognitive
B) muscle
C) environment
D) all of the these

Question 16

A Neuroscientific approach to the study of aging has

A) data interpretation.
B) overall patterns.
C) specific disadvantages.
D) specific advantages.

Question 17

There is evidence on the degree to which social interventions, biological interventions, and interventions influence positive change and negative change, as we grow older.

A) sociocultural
B) life-cycle
C) psychological
D) cross-linking.

Question 18

fMRI focuses on the of the brain.

A) structural
B) images
C) functioning
D) blood flows

Question 19

Magnetic resonance imaging scanner is radio waves to produce of the brain.

A) structural
B) blood flow
C) functioning
D) images

Question 20

Which of the following is not associated with neuroscience?

A) brain structures
B) social cognitive tasks
C) cross-linking
D) theory of mind

Question 21

Neuroscience has dedicated most of its effort to the .

A) right axon
B) frontal lobe
C) cerebral cortex
D) focal area

Question 22

functioning includes processes such as inhibitory control or the ability to control the contents of the conscious mind using working memory.

A) Executive
B) Cognitive
C) Psychological
D) Conscious

Question 23

Executive functioning failures in older adults include irrelevant information to process in the .

A) episodic memory
B) working memory
C) long-term memory
D) semantic memory

Question 24

Evidence suggests that shrinkage in the brain is linked to poor cognitive performance.

A) volume
B) density
C) size
D) memory

Question 25

Research has found that declines in the dopaminergic system are related to declines in memory and tasks.

A) long-term; speed
B) semantic; attention
C) episodic; thought
D) episodic; speed

Question 26

The majority of evidence suggests that age-related change in regions of the brain correlates with executive dysfunction and memory decline.

A) frontal
B) cortex
C) cerebellum
D) Hippocampus

Question 27

The sensory cortices, such as the visual cortex, show relatively little .

A) shrinkage
B) decline
C) white matter
D) intensity

Question 28

Poor performance on executive functioning tasks has also been linked with volume of the prefrontal cortex.

A) increased
B) decreased
C) empty
D) improved

Question 29

Some studies have found prefrontal to be linked to working memory performance.

A) density
B) size
C) white matter
D) volume

Question 30

Using the diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), studies examine WMH (white matter hyper intensities) have demonstrated that such disruptions may represent dysfunction of the cortex in older adulthood.

A) cerebral
B) frontal
C) prefrontal
D) white

Question 31

Overall, there is considerable shrinkage that occurs in the aging brain, however the shrinkage is selective, the prefrontal cortex, the and the show profound shrinkage.

A) frontal lobe; cortex
B) parietal; occipital
C) cerebellum; amygdale
D) hippocampus; cerebellum

Question 32

The effective functioning of the dopaminergic system in normal aging.

A) increases
B) declines
C) stays the same
D) misfires

Question 33

Dopaminergic system is associated with high-level cognitive functioning like inhibiting thoughts, and planning.

A) attention
B) socialization
C) concentration
D) temperament

Question 34

The higher-order executive functions are involved in the ability to make and carry out plans, switch between tasks, and maintain and .

A) mobility; stability
B) attention; focus
C) sounds; emotions
D) language; faces

Question 35

The WMH are linked to cerebrovascular disease, which is preventable and can be treated with medication and changes in .

A) diet
B) lifestyles
C) environment
D) social situations

Question 36

The white matter area shows deterioration with increasing age; the Neuroimaging method assess the rate and direction that water diffuses through the white matter.

A) fMRI
B) MRI
C) MRI Scanner
D) DTI

Question 37

To explore brain related factors that might explain age differences in cognitive functioning: a researcher may use to examine how changes in brain activity occur in correspondence to changes in task demands and the type of cognitive functioning.

A) EEG
B) MRI
C) fMRI
D) eMRI

Question 38

Recently the availability of Neuroscientific methods stimulated research that allows us to study processes and changes.

A) cognitive
B) genetic
C) behavioral
D) social

Question 39

is the neurotransmitter that sends messages throughout the brain.

A) Serotonin
B) Insulin
C) Adenosine
D) Dopamine

Question 40

WMH in healthy older adults have been inked to cognitive test scores and executive functioning.

A) increased; decreased.
B) lower; decreased
C) higher; increased
D) lower; increased

Question 41

Default network of the brain refers to regions of the brain that are most at rest.

A) direct
B) inactive
C) active
D) observed

Question 42

Reduced frontal recruitment in aging is dependent.

A) recall
B) context
C) recognition
D) thought

Question 43

Which one of the following part of the brain is preserved from aging?

A) amygdala
B) occipital
C) parietal
D) prefrontal

Question 44

Reduced brain activation or of the prefrontal cortex occurs during intentional cognitive processing.

A) over-recruitment
B) decline-recruitment
C) low-recruitment
D) under-recruitment

Question 45

Older adults form Western cultures showed significantly object-processing adaptation in the lateral occipital complex.

A) greater
B) decreased
C) lower
D) leveled

Question 46

Research findings have shown an association between bilateral activation in older adults and performance in a number of tasks, including memory tasks.

A) higher; long-term
B) lower; working
C) higher; working
D) lower; short-term

Question 47

The overall finding is that reduced working memory performance is related to activation of the anterior cingulated cortex in older adults compared to younger adults.

A) increased
B) decreased
C) neurotransmitter
D) cognitive

Question 48

Compensation is the brain's response to .

A) challenge
B) deterioration.
C) inactivity
D) processing

Question 49

Activation of both left and right prefrontal areas of the brain is called activation.

A) bilateral
B) symmetry
C) multilateral
D) balance

Question 50

The scaffolding theory of cognitive aging model (STAC) suggest that the reason older adults continue to perform at levels despite neuronal deterioration is because of compensatory scaffolding.

A) low
B) high
C) same
D) decrease

Question 51

Emotional processing areas of the brain are whereas higher-order executive cognitive process seems to .

A) preserved; decline
B) conserved; increases
C) preserved; increase
D) conserved; decline

Question 52

is a multifaceted concept that applies across the life span, and involves the interaction between the brain and the environment and is mostly used to describe the effects of experience on the structure and functions of the neural system.

A) Plasticity
B) Neural
C) Neuroscience
D) neurofibrillary

Question 53

Evidence has shown that the in frontal activity in older adults may be a response to the efficiency of neural processing related to the perceptual areas of the brain.

A) increase; increased
B) decrease; increased
C) function; increased
D) increase; decreased

Question 54

Park and Reuter-Lorenz argue, that the integrative approach embraces a lifelong potential for plasticity and the ability to to age-related changes.

A) change
B) adapt
C) approve
D) modify

Question 55

Older adults from East Asia showed almost adaptation in the lateral occipital complex.

A) no
B) hundred percent
C) fifty percent
D) some

Question 56

Overall, age-related change seems to have more profound effect on changes in brain than .

A) activation; environment
B) functioning; activation
C) systems; culture
D) functioning; culture

Question 57

Most significant findings in the cognitive aging neuroscience literature is the observed of neural activation patterns when comparing younger and older adults' brain activity during the performance of cognitive tasks.

A) continuity
B) discontinuity
C) irregularity
D) interrupted

Question 58

Lateral occipital complex is involved in processing.

A) memory
B) thought
C) visual
D) conscious

Question 59

The anterior cingulated cortex is affiliated with the prefrontal cortex and is involved in control.

A) cognitive
B) attention
C) thought
D) executive

Question 60

Bilateral activation in older adults may serve a functional and supportive role in their functioning.

A) conscious
B) unconscious
C) cognitive
D) cultural

Question 61

Core emotional memory network regions are well in emotional memory, as one grows older.

A) preserved
B) balanced
C) deteriorated
D) challenged.

Question 62

A form of compensation from neuroscience perspective that refers to the ability to compensate for declining performance from a behavioral perspective or to the reorganization of neural circuitry is commonly referred to as .

A) Neurofibrillary
B) neuropsychology
C) neuraladaptation
D) Plasticity

Question 63

Research on physical exercise in elderly mice the number of newly generate neurons and improved performance.

A) enhanced
B) decreased
C) impacted
D) changed

Question 64

Which of the following is preserved with aging.

A) core emotional memory
B) social memory
C) recognition of faces
D) negative information

Question 65

Which of the following brain area are associated with emotional processing?

A) occipital, basal ganglia
B) basal ganglia, amygdale
C) frontal lobe, cortex
D) cerebellum, amygdale

Question 66

What does social cognitive neuroscience focus on?

A) how people make causal judgments
B) how people see their environment
C) how people react to social situation
D) how social situations cause stress

Question 67

in older adults persist in the adult brain and can generate new ones throughout the life span.

A) Synapses
B) Neurons
C) Matter
D) Memories

Question 68

Interventions that are important in enhancing the quality of life of older adults are at the
level.

Question 69

Which of the following are older adults more motivated to maintain?

A) social memories
B) positive affect
C) unconscious memories
D) white matter

Question 70

Research has shown brain activations when viewing faces with emotional expressions.

A) negative
B) positive
C) neutral
D) None of the above

Question 71

Research has shown that if information has significance, we will more likely remember it than information that is more in nature.

A) neutral; emotional
B) important ; emotional
C) emotional; importance
D) emotional ; neutral

Question 72

Which region implicated in emotional processing?

A) cerebellum
B) sensorimotor area
C) hippocampus
D) ventromedial prefrontal cortex

Question 73

The Cognitive neuroscience has shown associations between brain structures and a variety of
cognitive tasks.

Question 74

Behavioral perspective research has suggested that basis cognitive processes affected by aging can be improved through and to multiple levels of functioning as long as the basic functioning are shared across tasks.

A) practice; repetition
B) writing; reading
C) plasticity; training
D) training; transfer

Question 75

Making social judgments are usually.

A) deliberate
B) automatic
C) quick
D) easy

Question 76

Researchers now acknowledge that cognitive, social, and emotional change in older adulthood is influenced at multiple levels including both changes in brain volume and
and functional changes of brain areas.

Question 77

are strategies which involve using personally relevant cues to help one remember information.

A) Neuropsychology
B) Rehearsal.
C) Repetition
D) Mnemonics

Question 78

Which part of the brain appears to be relatively spared in the aging adult?

A) occipital
B) parietal
C) amygdalae
D) cortex

Question 79

Research shows that mice that were exposed to enriched environments performed much better on memory tasks.

A) long-term
B) spatial
C) working
D) short-term

Question 80

Which of the following brain area is associated with automatic social cognition?

A) basal ganglia
B) frontal lobe
C) cortex
D) occipital