Deck 5: Where People Live: Person-Environment Interactions

Question 1

The basic assumption of person-environment interactions is that

A) the person is a function of behavior and the environment.
B) behavior is a function of the person and the environment.
C) environment is a function of the person and behavior.
D) the person, behavior, and environment are unrelated.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

In Lawton and Nahemow's model, when competence levels are low

A) behavior is extremely adaptive.
B) behavior becomes maladaptive.
C) the environment has a greater impact.
D) behavior becomes unpredictable.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

A person's potential ability to perform a wide range of activities considered essential for independent living is known as

A) activities of daily living.
B) everyday competence.
C) instrumental activities of daily living.
D) environmental competence.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

According to Lawton and Nahemow's research, the benefits of living near same-age peers

A) is substantial for everyone.
B) depends on the specific person.
C) only matter in rural communities.
D) are greatest for Hispanic individuals.

Question 5

Behavior is the function of

A) the environment.
B) the person.
C) the person and behavior.
D) the person and the environment.

Question 6

In Lawton and Nahemow's model, what happens if competence levels are too high given the level of environmental press?

A) Behavior is extremely adaptive.
B) Behavior becomes maladaptive.
C) No behavior is performed.
D) Behavior is unpredictable.

Question 7

Which of the following is not a reason why an individual's options about person-environment interactions may be limited?

A) perceived threats to behavior
B) environmental restrictions
C) limited degrees of freedom
D) the belief that one is limited

Question 8

According to which model does a person with particular needs search for the environments that meet them best?

A) environmental press.
B) stress and coping.
C) loss continuum.
D) congruence.

Question 9

Whether one believes that one is in control of a situation influences how competent one is. In Willis' model of everyday competence, this is termed

A) an antecedent.
B) a mechanism.
C) a component.
D) an outcome.

Question 10

Schooler (1982) showed that the presence of affected the likelihood that a particular situation would be defined as threatening.

A) stressors
B) coping mechanisms
C) lack of mobility
D) social support

Question 11

The theoretical upper limit of an individual's capacity to function is called

A) performance.
B) adjustment.
C) adaptation.
D) competence.

Question 12

In Kahana's model, the most important aspect of environments is

A) the demands they place on people.
B) their competence.
C) their ability to satisfy people's needs.
D) their ability to produce balance.

Question 13

The loss continuum concept, the stress and coping framework, the congruence model, and the competence and environmental press theory all agree

A) the person is most important.
B) the environment is most important.
C) it is the interaction between the person and the environment.
D) there is one environment that meets everyone's needs.

Question 14

Sophie, an 80-year-old woman with several chronic medical conditions, was placed in a nursing home. At first she was cheerful and active, but now she is withdrawn and depressed. This nursing home is for people with severe cognitive deficits. How would this situation be analyzed in the competence model of Lawton and Nahemow?

A) This behavior is due to high personal competence and low environmental press.
B) While she feels incompetent, she is stressed because the nursing home is structured.
C) Her ability to cope has been reduced because she is no longer mentally competent.
D) Because her physical abilities are reduced, she could get involved in activities.

Question 15

Laura lives in an area in which women are frequently victims of violent crimes but she was the top student in her self-defense class. In terms of Lawton and Nahemow's model, she has

A) low environmental press.
B) high alienation.
C) high competence.
D) unrealistic expectations.

Question 16

According to Schooler's interpretation of the stress and coping paradigm, all of the following are potential stressors on health or morale except

A) environmental changes.
B) mobility.
C) major life events.
D) increases in social support.

Question 17

According to Lawton and Nahemow, the point where environmental press is in balance for a given level of competence is called

A) adaptation level.
B) psychosocial adjustment.
C) congruence points.
D) balance points.

Question 18

According to Willis' model of everyday competence, one's health and the availability of health insurance would be considered

A) an antecedent.
B) a mechanism.
C) a component.
D) an outcome.

Question 19

Kahana's model of person-environment interactions emphasizes

A) competence.
B) environmental stress.
C) personal factors.
D) congruence.

Question 20

The demands placed on a person by the environment are called

A) personal resources.
B) individual competence.
C) environmental press.
D) environmental stress.

Question 21

Housing options for older adults that provide a supportive living arrangement for people who need assistance with personal care, but who are not so impaired they need 24-hour care describes which of the following:

A) nursing home
B) assisted living
C) congregate housing
D) adult daycare

Question 22

Some of the strategies that are available for modifying one's home to help a person accommodate to changing would be which of the following?

A) minor structural changes
B) installing hand ails in bathrooms
C) door handles that are easier to grip
D) all of these

Question 23

A facility which provides assistance with personal care such as assistance with medication, housekeeping, laundry service, and meals, but would not provide major medical care is called

A) a nursing home.
B) an assisted living facility.
C) an adult family home.
D) a psychiatric hospital.

Question 24

Adult daycare is designed to provide support and certain services during the day.

A) companionship
B) living options
C) apartments
D) daily meals

Question 25

In the discussion on competence-environment press model provided an option where one can modify the environment to make the tasks easier. This best describes which of the following?

A) home modification
B) living options
C) apartments
D) daily modifications

Question 26

Which statement best describes cluster housing?

A) emphasizes aging in place as home
B) emphasizes feeling independent
C) emphasizes the environmental community as safe
D) emphasizes individual choice on the part of residents in terms of hat services to use

Question 27

What are the common factors to use when deciding on the best options for older adults to change environments?

A) cognitive or physical impairment
B) severity of the impairment
C) ability of family and friend support
D) all of the above

Question 28

Majorie enjoys where she lives because she is able to have her privacy but also to be with friends at mealtime and get help when necessary. She most likely lives in

A) a nursing home.
B) an assisted living facility.
C) an adult family home.
D) a hospice.

Question 29

psychology seeks to understand the dynamic older adults and the environment in which they inhibit.

A) Sociology
B) Congruence
C) Environmental
D) Ecology

Question 30

The individuals family should also consult the person's .

A) physician
B) family
C) friends
D) clergy

Question 31

Traditional congregate housing differs from assisted living in terms of the following.

A) level of impairment required
B) level of dietary restrictions
C) level of services
D) level of assistance needed

Question 32

Modifications to one's home can be done to accomplish activities of daily living (ADL) and disability -related outcomes.

A) reduces
B) increases
C) changes
D) none of these

Question 33

allows older adults to maintain dependence.

A) Aging in Place
B) Congruence Model
C) Environmental Sta y
D) Ecology Psychology

Question 34

The older individual needs to be an integral part of the decisions, especially when the outcome is likely to be a .

A) placement
B) nursing home
C) assisted living
D) all of these

Question 35

First step to take when deciding the optimal environment is to decide whether the individual has significant cognitive or impairment requiring intervention.

A) physiology
B) social
C) mental
D) physical

Question 36

Having a provides a strong source of self-identity.

A) home
B) doctor
C) environmental
D) competence

Question 37

Many older adults compensate their environments to cope, or select a different place to live. This description fits with the

A) environment and coping theory.
B) congruence - environment
C) environmental- competence
D) competence-environment

Question 38

What is the major aspect of aging in place?

A) feeling safe
B) feeling comfortable
C) feeling balanced
D) feeling at home

Question 39

Deciding on the best option entails assessing the ability of family members or friends to provide or care.

A) finances
B) support
C) safety
D) love

Question 40

A high degree of in communication with oneself and one's family is essential for deciding on the best option for older adults to live.

A) understanding
B) trust
C) funds
D) honesty

Question 41

Which well-designed unit cares for people with dementia and provides a supportive and therapeutic set of programs that help the person function at the highest level possible?

A) special care
B) nursing home
C) congruence
D) traditional

Question 42

Many nursing homes still rely on a approach of rules, routines, and requirements.

A) skilled
B) congruence
C) traditional
D) changed

Question 43

Seventy-eight-year-old John is recovering from a broken hip. Where is John most likely to be living at the moment?

A) nursing home
B) assisted living facility
C) adult family home
D) psychiatric hospital

Question 44

All of the following is essential for a special care unit except.

A) design elements of hallways and rooms
B) special training to work with residents that have dementia
C) residents wear wrist or ankle bands
D) special medicating and soft restraints for all residents

Question 45

According to research, what is the best predictor of placement in a nursing home?

A) social status
B) poor health
C) personality traits
D) lack of social support

Question 46

The major reason for placement in a nursing home is

A) lack of other caregivers.
B) financial.
C) health.
D) personal choice.

Question 47

Small home-like care facilities that provide assistance with personal care to persons with disabilities or chronic conditions but otherwise in good health are known as

A) nursing homes.
B) assisted living facilities.
C) adult family homes.
D) psychiatric hospitals.

Question 48

Which of the following includes 24-hour care, usually from nurses?

A) intermediate care
B) skilled care
C) marginal care
D) professional care

Question 49

Which of the following statements is true?

A) Maintaining family relationships is not important in adjusting to relocation.
B) Higher socioeconomic status is unrelated to adjustment after relocation.
C) Having increased privacy in one's new home helps adjustment to relocation.
D) Being forced to move leads to fewer adjustment problems than voluntary moves.

Question 50

At any given time, approximately of the population over 65 is living in a nursing facility.

A) 0.5%
B) 4.5%
C) 30%
D) 50%

Question 51

Allowing residents to decorate their own rooms, choosing what they want to eat from a buffet, and deciding whether they want to take a shower or a bath, is a description of which of the following?

A) assisted living
B) person-environment planning
C) person- centered planning
D) staff programs.

Question 52

The average older adult enrolled in Medicare who live in a long-term care facility aged 65-74 are roughly

A) 10%.
B) 25%.
C) 17%.
D) less than 1%.

Question 53

The person-centered planning approach is based on promoting residents' well-being through increasing their perceived level of personal control and treating them with .

A) control
B) respect
C) support.
D) importance

Question 54

Nursing homes that use person-centered planning show that residents have all of the following except.

A) more sleep
B) live longer
C) improvements in well-being
D) improved activity level

Question 55

Which of the following characteristics does not describe the typical nursing home resident?

A) white
B) poor
C) widowed
D) male

Question 56

Langer has argued that routines in nursing homes are detrimental to well-being because they result in

A) mindfulness.
B) monotony.
C) mindlessness.
D) consistency.

Question 57

In which type of facility do residents receive skilled nursing care, medical treatment, rehabilitation, supervision, and activities?

A) nursing home
B) assisted living facility
C) adult family home
D) hospice

Question 58

Based on the various theories of person-environment interactions, the best nursing homes use which approach?

A) person-centered planning
B) staff-to-patient planning
C) person-environment planning
D) centered- person planning

Question 59

The rate of nursing home residence for people over age 65 has been slightly since the mid-80's.

A) declining
B) increasing
C) stable
D) none of these

Question 60

Risk factors for placement in a nursing home include all of the following except

A) being over the age of 85.
B) living alone.
C) having recently been admitted to a hospital.
D) being male.

Question 61

The concept that skilled care environments for frail older adults are habitats rather than facilities for the frail is the philosophy behind

A) the American with Disabilities Act.
B) the Eden Alternative.
C) the Pioneer Network.
D) the Nursing Home Bill of Rights.

Question 62

Based on person-environment interactions, is the point when competence and environmental press are in balance.

Question 63

The main reason for institutionalization of nursing home residents is because of their .

Question 64

Schooler argued that the presence of, can greatly reduce the impact of environmental stressors.

Question 65

Which of the following may actually facilitate adjustment to relocation?

A) being homesick
B) reminiscing about home
C) forgetting about previous life and friends
D) quickly deciding to relocate before there is too much time to think about it

Question 66

Most people, especially older adults, are likely to

A) engage in informal advance care planning.
B) prefer to allow family members to make decisions for them when the need arises.
C) give family members leeway in interpreting advance directives.
D) all of the these.

Question 67

is the theoretical upper limit of a person's capacity to function.

Question 68

In Ryan and colleagues' (1995) communication enhancement model, they proposed that interchanges should recognize individualized cues and .

A) empower both older adults and health care workers
B) communication should be modified to suit individual needs and situations
C) appropriately assess health and social issues
D) all of these

Question 69

Inappropriate speech directed toward older adults based on stereotypes is

A) secondary baby talk.
B) insulting.
C) patronizing speech.
D) infantilization.

Question 70

In the, model, older adults' adaptation depends on both their perceptions of the environment and their attempts to cope.

Question 71

One of the nurses at Joan's nursing home always speaks to her in a way she feels is belittling. She of says things such as "Joanie, dear, we need to get you ready for the day, so hurry, hurry" or "Uh-oh sweetie, it looks like you have made a big mess here. We'd better get this cleaned up quickly." This type of speech is known as

A) stereotypical speech.
B) insulting.
C) patronizing speech.
D) infantilization.

Question 72

The law that mandates that all facilities provide written information to people about their right to make medical treatment decisions and create advance directives is known as the

A) American with Disabilities Act.
B) Geriatric Ethics Act.
C) Patient Self-Determination Act.
D) Nursing Home Bill of Rights.

Question 73

The style of speech most people adopt when speaking to older adults is one based on the stereotypes of dependence and incompetence. This in turn conveys to older adults a sense of helplessness and a decline in their abilities. This has often been referred to as

A) secondary baby talk.
B) patronizing speech.
C) a communication predicament.
D) inappropriate speech predicament.

Question 74

The communication predicament model refers to

A) the need for older adults to be spoken to as if they were young children.
B) older adults' increased tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon.
C) patronizing speech that can lead to cognitive deficits in older adults.
D) secondary baby talk.

Question 75

The Pioneer Network focuses on

A) changing the culture of aging in America regardless of where older adults live.
B) creating a habitat rather than facilities for the aging.
C) providing variety in daily activities and spontaneity.
D) all of these.

Question 76

One of the negative consequences of infantilization of older persons is

A) treating the older person as overly independent.
B) causing an older person to lose the desire to be self-sufficient.
C) making them remember more about the present so they forget the past.
D) making the older adult disoriented.

Question 77

The Eden Alternative lists which of the following as accounting for the bulk of suffering among older adults?

A) boredom
B) loneliness
C) helplessness
D) all of the these

Question 78

The, theory suggests that the facilities focus on the individual.

Question 79

The circumstances that facilitate feeling at "home" while living in a nursing home include all of the following except

A) participating in the placement decision.
B) having prior knowledge of the facility.
C) focusing on family and social relationships.
D) focusing on autonomy and personal objects.

Question 80

Concept that aims at providing older adults who need skilled nursing care a small, homelike environment that shifts the focus form a large facility to a more homelike setting best describes which of the following?

A) pioneer network
B) green house project
C) eden alternative
D) none of these.