Question 1

Which patient would most likely need a respiratory surfactant?&#10;A)A premature infant&#10;B)An infant born at term&#10;C)A toddler&#10;D)A preschool age child

Accepted Answer

Respiratory surfactant is most commonly needed by premature infants who are born before their lungs have fully developed, and thus have difficulty breathing on their own. Term infants, toddlers, and preschool age children typically have fully developed lungs and do not require respiratory surfactant.

Question 2

Premature babies receiving long-term oxygen therapy are at risk of:&#10;A) otitis media.&#10;B) ototoxicity.&#10;C) retinal damage.&#10;D) macular degeneration.

Accepted Answer

Premature babies receiving long-term oxygen therapy are at risk of retinal damage, a condition known as retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). This occurs when the blood vessels in the retina do not develop properly, and can lead to serious vision problems and even blindness.

Question 3

Drugs included in the class of leukotriene receptor antagonist include:&#10;A)montelukast.&#10;B)fexofenadine.&#10;C)albuterol.&#10;D) macular degeneration.

Accepted Answer

Montelukast is the only drug listed that belongs to the class of leukotriene receptor antagonists. Fexofenadine is an antihistamine, albuterol is a bronchodilator, and macular degeneration is a medical condition, none of which are classified as leukotriene receptor antagonists.

Question 4

Which one of the following antiasthma agents acts directly on intracellular cAMP levels?&#10;A) Muscarinic antagonists&#10;B) Methylxanthines&#10;C) &#946; agonists&#10;D) Leukotriene receptor antagonists

Accepted Answer

Methylxanthines, such as theophylline, act by inhibiting phosphodiesterase, leading to an increase in intracellular cAMP levels, which in turn causes bronchodilation and has anti-inflammatory effects.

Question 5

What is the mechanism of action of the respiratory stimulant doxapram?&#10;A)It acts on the medulla.&#10;B)It acts on the cerebellum.&#10;C)It acts in the midbrain.&#10;D)It acts in the cerebral cortex.

Accepted Answer

Doxapram acts directly on the medullary respiratory centers to stimulate ventilation. It increases the sensitivity of the medullary chemoreceptors to carbon dioxide (CO2) and reduces the threshold for CO2-induced ventilation, thus increasing respiratory drive.

Question 6

Which one of the following respiratory illnesses affects approximately 10% of adult Australians?&#10;A) Bronchial asthma&#10;B) Chronic bronchitis&#10;C) Emphysema&#10;D) Cystic fibrosis

Accepted Answer

Bronchial asthma affects approximately 10% of adult Australians, making it a common respiratory condition in the country.

Question 7

Which one of the following statements about oxygen therapy is true?&#10;A) Prolonged therapy with 100% oxygen can lead to toxicity regardless of underlying pathology.&#10;B) Standard oxygen therapy for clients with long-term chronic obstructive airways disease will lead to hyperventilation.&#10;C) Hyperbaric oxygen therapy is useful in the care of premature infants.&#10;D) Peak flow readings determine the level of oxygen therapy required.

Accepted Answer

Prolonged therapy with 100% oxygen can lead to toxicity regardless of underlying pathology. This is because high concentrations of oxygen can react with certain proteins and enzymes in the body, leading to cellular damage and toxicity. It is important to carefully monitor oxygen therapy and adjust the concentration as needed based on the patient's condition.

Question 8

Inhaled corticosteroids should be considered as part of the medication regime for asthma if the person is using their ?? agonists more than:&#10;A) one time each month.&#10;B) three times each month.&#10;C) three to four times each week.&#10;D) two times each month.

Accepted Answer

Inhaled corticosteroids should be considered if the person is using their β2 agonists more than three to four times each week. This indicates that their asthma is not well-controlled and they may benefit from the additional anti-inflammatory properties of inhaled corticosteroids. Using a β2 agonist once a month or twice a month does not necessarily indicate poorly controlled asthma.

Question 9

Which of the following actions will NOT reduce the effectiveness of acetylcysteine nebuliser solution used for the treatment of cystic fibrosis?&#10;A) Making contact between the acetylcysteine nebuliser solution and rubber&#10;B) Making contact between the acetylcysteine nebuliser solution and iron&#10;C) Making contact between the acetylcysteine nebuliser solution and copper&#10;D) Diluting the acetylcysteine nebuliser solution with equal volumes of sodium chloride 0.9%

Accepted Answer

Diluting the acetylcysteine nebuliser solution with equal volumes of sodium chloride 0.9% will not reduce its effectiveness for the treatment of cystic fibrosis. However, making contact between the solution and rubber (A), iron (B), or copper (C) can cause chemical reactions that can potentially reduce the effectiveness of the solution. Therefore, options A, B, and C are incorrect.

Question 10

The extrinsic form of asthma is characterised by:&#10;A) an autonomic nervous system imbalance.&#10;B) a tendency to develop in older individuals.&#10;C) the release of chemical mediators from immune cells in lung tissue.&#10;D) the dominance of the parasympathetic stimulation of the airways.

Accepted Answer

The extrinsic form of asthma is triggered by an immune response to environmental antigens such as pollen, dust mites, or animal dander. This leads to the release of chemical mediators like histamine, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins from immune cells in lung tissue, which cause bronchoconstriction, mucus production, and airway inflammation, resulting in asthma symptoms.

Note: Options A, B, and D are incorrect as they do not adequately describe the underlying mechanism of extrinsic asthma.

Deck 53: Medicines Used to Maintain Gas Exchange