Question 1

The pathophysiology of type 1 diabetes mellitus is associated with:&#10;A) hyperinsulinaemia.&#10;B) an autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells.&#10;C) cellular insulin resistance&#10;D) pregnancy.

Accepted Answer

Type 1 diabetes mellitus is characterized by an autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells, resulting in an insulin deficiency.

Answer: A, C, and D are incorrect
 Hyperinsulinemia is a characteristic of type 2 diabetes, not type 1. Cellular insulin resistance is also a feature of type 2 diabetes, not type 1. Pregnancy can lead to gestational diabetes, but it is not a cause or characteristic of type 1 diabetes.

Question 2

An ideal glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA?c)level is ________ per cent or less.&#10;A) 7.0&#10;B) 8.0&#10;C) 9.0&#10;D) 10.0

Accepted Answer

The ideal HbA1c level for most people with diabetes is 7.0% or less. This level indicates good blood sugar control, which helps to prevent or delay diabetes complications such as nerve damage, kidney disease, and eye problems. However, the target may vary for some individuals, depending on their age, health status, and other factors, as determined by their healthcare provider.

Question 3

The majority of cases of diabetes mellitus are type 1.

Accepted Answer

The majority of cases of diabetes mellitus are actually type 2. Type 1 diabetes accounts for approximately 5-10% of all cases.

Question 4

All of the following are hormones produced by the pancreas EXCEPT:&#10;A) insulin.&#10;B) glucagon.&#10;C) somatropin.&#10;D) statin.

Accepted Answer

Somatropin is a hormone produced by the pituitary gland, not the pancreas.

Question 5

Another medication besides insulin that is injected for treatment of types 2 diabetes is from the group of:&#10;A) thiazolidinediones.&#10;B) biguanides.&#10;C) sulfonylureas.&#10;D) incretin-enhancing agents.

Accepted Answer

Incretin-enhancing agents, such as GLP-1 agonists and DPP-4 inhibitors, are injectable medications used to treat type 2 diabetes. These medications help to increase the secretion of insulin in response to glucose in the gut, leading to better blood sugar control. Thiazolidinediones, biguanides, and sulfonylureas are types of oral medications used to treat type 2 diabetes, but they are not typically administered via injection.

Question 6

A drug group that tends to raise blood glucose levels is the:&#10;A) anabolic steroids.&#10;B) oral contraceptives.&#10;C) NSAIDs in high dosage.&#10;D) monoamine oxidase inhibitors.

Accepted Answer

Oral contraceptives contain estrogen, which can raise blood glucose levels.

Question 7

Glycosylated haemoglobin level (HbA?c)is an indicator of:&#10;A) insulin overdose.&#10;B) normal growth in children with diabetes mellitus.&#10;C) stress.&#10;D) longer-term glycaemic control.

Accepted Answer

Glycosylated haemoglobin level (HbA1c) reflects the average blood glucose levels over the previous 2-3 months, representing longer-term glycaemic control in patients with diabetes mellitus. It is not an indicator of insulin overdose or normal growth in children with diabetes mellitus, nor is it affected by short-term stress.

Question 8

An injection of glucagon would be appropriate for which of the following?&#10;A) A person with type 1 diabetes mellitus who presents with a blood glucose reading above 18 mmol/L&#10;B) A person with unstable diabetes insipidus&#10;C) A person with drug-induced hypoglycaemia&#10;D) A person with type 2 diabetes mellitus who has hypersensitivity reactions to metformin

Accepted Answer

Glucagon is a hormone that is used to increase blood glucose levels. It is used to treat drug-induced hypoglycaemia, which occurs when a person's blood glucose levels become too low due to medication. It is not appropriate for the other options as high blood glucose in type 1 diabetes, unstable diabetes insipidus, and hypersensitivity reactions to metformin require different interventions.

Question 9

In the treatment of type 2 diabetes,a sulfonylurea agent is administered with food to reduce the:&#10;A) incidence of diarrhoea.&#10;B) incidence of hypoglycaemia.&#10;C) incidence of vomiting.&#10;D) drug's metabolism.

Accepted Answer

Sulfonylurea agents stimulate insulin secretion by the pancreas, which can cause hypoglycaemia (low blood sugar) as a side effect. By administering the medication with food, the absorption and release of insulin is slowed down, reducing the risk of hypoglycaemia.

Question 10

The type of insulin preparation with an onset of action around 0.5-1 hour and a duration of action of 6--8 hours is:&#10;A) neutral insulin.&#10;B) isophane insulin.&#10;C) ultralente insulin.&#10;D) an insulin analogue.

Accepted Answer

Neutral insulin, also known as regular insulin, has an onset of action of about 0.5-1 hour and a duration of action of 6-8 hours.

Question 11

A patient is newly diagnosed with borderline type 2 diabetes.Which steps would be appropriate?&#10;A) A focus on diet and exercise&#10;B) Starting insulin&#10;C) Considering metformin&#10;D) Both A and C

Accepted Answer

The answer of A patient is newly diagnosed with borderline...

Question 12

Which statement is true about oral hypoglycaemic drugs?&#10;A) This group of drugs does not lower blood sugar levels directly.&#10;B) This group of drugs alters liver function or increases effectiveness of endogenous insulin.&#10;C) This group of drugs is always first-line treatment for type 1 diabetes mellitus.&#10;D) Both A and B.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which statement is true about oral hypoglycaemic...

Question 13

Which of the oral hypoglycaemic drug groups acts by inducing the release of endogenous insulin?&#10;A) The thiazolidinediones&#10;B) The glucosidase inhibitors&#10;C) The sulfonylureas&#10;D) The biguanides

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the oral hypoglycaemic drug groups...

Deck 61: Medicines and the Pancreas