Deck 14: The Concept of Association

Question 1

A symmetric relationship

A) cannot have positive and negative signs
B) has only positive signs
C) has no assumed cause and effect
D) has an assumed cause and effect

Answer 1

C

Question 2

What is the highest possible correlation for a PRE statistic?

A) 1000
B) 100
C) 1.0
D) 0.89

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Given two correlation coefficients, -.45 and .35, the one with a value of -.45 is larger.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Which of the following would be the simplest form of a relationship?

A) A and B vary together
B) A varies but B doesn't
C) A varies in the same direction as B
D) A affects B

Question 5

Inferential statistics do not provide a measure of the amount of relationship.

Question 6

An asymmetric version of a measure of association allows us to:

A) determine if two distributions match each other perfectly or not
B) assume interval-level data even if the variables are ordinal
C) calculate an average relationship between two variables
D) calculate the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable

Question 7

Guilford's Table is commonly used today as a method of interpreting correlations coefficients.

Question 8

Even if the probability level is not significant, a measure of association is still useful.

Question 9

If a measured probability level is highly significant, the relationship between the variables is relatively strong.

Question 10

If you have a hypothesis, you should use an asymmetric version of a statistic if one is available.

Question 11

Which of the following would be the next step in interpreting a correlation coefficient after finding a significant probability when testing a hypothesis?

A) square the coefficient
B) propose a hypothesis
C) accept the null hypothesis and continue with establishing the direction of the relationship
D) check to see if correlation coefficient is available in an asymmetric version

Question 12

If measured relationship shows that an increase in the independent variable leads to a decrease in the dependent variable, which of the following would be true?

A) the relationship is a positive one
B) the relationship is a negative one
C) the increase and decrease would cancel each other out
D) there is NO relationship

Question 13

A statistically significant result means that there is

A) a high correlation
B) a low correlation
C) no correlation
D) a correlation, but you don't know how strong

Question 14

Association is expressed as a number between 1.0 and zero.

Question 15

[Instructor: Use this question if the associated slide presentations have been used.] Relationships can be used for which of the following purposes?

A) to explain movements in one variable
B) to predict and forecast
C) to create theory
D) all of the above

Question 16

In an indirect-PRE measure, the correlation coefficient must be __________ in order to be interpreted.

A) divided by the number of categories
B) squared
C) first squared and then divided by the number of categories
D) multiplied by 100

Question 17

Two correlated variables do not covary.

Question 18

Which of the numbers below is the highest correlation?

A) .75
B) 0
C) 1.95
D) -.80

Question 19

The formulas for some measures of association can result in values with either positive or negative signs. Under which of the following circumstances can those signs be meaningfully interpreted?

A) whenever the data are expressed as frequencies
B) when the data are measured at the nominal level
C) when the data are measured at the ordinal level or higher
D) whenever the data are expressed as percentages

Question 20

A directional relationship

A) is rarely used in criminal justice research
B) requires the use of frequency distributions to determine direction
C) specifies the way in which one variable affects a second variable
D) all of the above

Question 21

A symmetric version of a statistic is more accurate than an asymmetric one.

Question 22

A non-zero correlation coefficient, when coupled with a nonsignificant probability, is effectively zero.