Question 1

A common primary target for most immunosuppressant drugs is:&#10;A) all cytokine production.&#10;B) macrophages.&#10;C) T-cell activation.&#10;D) immunoglobulin function.

Accepted Answer

The primary target for most immunosuppressant drugs is T-cell activation. T-cells are a type of white blood cell that plays a critical role in the immune response. When T-cells are activated, they can trigger the production of other immune cells and antibodies, which can lead to the destruction of foreign invaders such as bacteria and viruses. However, in some cases, the immune response can be harmful, such as in autoimmune diseases where the immune system attacks healthy cells in the body. Immunossupressant drugs are used to dampen the immune response, and T-cell activation is a common target for these drugs.

Question 2

The current hepatitis A vaccine is:&#10;A) an inactivated virus.&#10;B) a recombinant virus.&#10;C) a capsular antigen.&#10;D) a surface antigen.

Accepted Answer

The current hepatitis A vaccine is an inactivated virus. This means that the virus used in the vaccine has been killed or inactivated so that it cannot cause disease, but can still stimulate an immune response to protect against the live virus.

Question 3

Ancestim,a colony stimulating factor,should not be given ________ hours before or after cytotoxic therapy dosing.&#10;A) 6&#10;B) 12&#10;C) 24&#10;D) 48

Accepted Answer

Ancestim should not be given 24 hours before or after cytotoxic therapy dosing. This is because colony stimulating factors like Ancestim can stimulate the growth and division of both healthy and cancerous cells, potentially enhancing the effects of cytotoxic chemotherapy and increasing the risk of side effects. Therefore, it is important to schedule administration of Ancestim carefully to avoid interference with cytotoxic therapy.

Question 4

To generate immunity to some diseases,vaccines contain live microbes that have been attenuated and inactivated,so it is impossible for the recipient to develop the illness.

Accepted Answer

Vaccines often contain attenuated (weakened) or inactivated microbes to stimulate the immune system, but in rare cases, especially with live attenuated vaccines, there is a very small risk that the recipient could develop the illness, particularly if they have a weakened immune system.

Question 5

Which types of white blood cells are involved in allergic reactions? Select all that apply.&#10;A) Monocytes&#10;B) Eosinophils&#10;C) Basophils&#10;D) Neutrophils

Accepted Answer

Eosinophils and basophils are both types of white blood cells that play a role in allergic reactions. Eosinophils are involved in the allergic response by releasing granules containing inflammatory substances that contribute to tissue damage and recruitment of other immune cells. Basophils release histamine, a key mediator in the allergic response that causes symptoms such as itching, swelling, and redness. Monocytes and neutrophils are not typically involved in allergic reactions.

Question 6

In regard to the adverse effects associated with vaccination,a significant concern is:&#10;A) that convulsions and brain damage are relatively common consequences.&#10;B) there is no prophylactic treatment for the febrile state and local reactions that commonly develop.&#10;C) the onset of anaphylactic reactions.&#10;D) there is no information readily available to families about the risks of this treatment.

Accepted Answer

Anaphylactic reactions are a recognized, albeit rare, adverse effect of vaccinations. They are significant because they can be severe and potentially life-threatening, requiring immediate medical attention.

Question 7

Individuals need to remain within a medical facility for about ________ minutes after vaccination.&#10;A) 5&#10;B) 15&#10;C) 60&#10;D) 90

Accepted Answer

Individuals need to remain within a medical facility for about 15 minutes after vaccination to monitor any potential side effects or allergic reactions. This time frame is recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). However, some individuals may need to stay for up to 30 minutes if they have a history of severe allergic reactions or anaphylaxis.

Question 8

A patient is admitted with a snake bite from an unknown species.Which antivenom would be most useful?&#10;A) A bivalent preparation&#10;B) A trivalent preparation&#10;C) A polyvalent preparation&#10;D) No treatment can be given without identifying the snake

Accepted Answer

A polyvalent preparation is designed to be effective against multiple species of snakes, making it the best choice when the species of snake is unknown. Bivalent and trivalent preparations are effective against only two or three specific species, respectively, and would not provide sufficient coverage in this scenario. Not treating at all is not a viable option, as snake bites can lead to serious complications or even death.

Question 9

A clinical use of colony stimulating factors is to treat:&#10;A) neutropenia.&#10;B) some forms of leukaemia.&#10;C) renal cell carcinoma.&#10;D) chronic hepatitis.

Accepted Answer

Colony stimulating factors are commonly used to treat neutropenia, which is a condition where there is a low level of neutrophils, a type of white blood cell that helps fight infection. The administration of colony stimulating factors can help increase the production of neutrophils and improve the body's ability to fight infection. They are not typically used to treat forms of leukemia, renal cell carcinoma, or chronic hepatitis.

Question 10

Anakinra is used in combination with what other medication for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis?&#10;A) gold salts&#10;B) methotrexate&#10;C) NSAID&#10;D) corticosteroids

Accepted Answer

Anakinra is used in combination with methotrexate for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Gold salts, NSAIDs, and corticosteroids may also be used in conjunction with anakinra, but they are not the primary medication used in combination therapy.

Question 11

Interferon is indicated in the treatment of the following EXCEPT:&#10;A) myasthenia gravis.&#10;B) multiple sclerosis.&#10;C) selected leukemias.&#10;D) genital warts.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Interferon is indicated in the treatment of...

Question 12

When administering non-human antisera to provide temporary immunity for viral or bacterial infection,make sure that ________ is available in case of anaphylaxis.&#10;A) hydrocortisone&#10;B) promethazine&#10;C) noradrenaline&#10;D) adrenaline

Accepted Answer

The answer of When administering non-human antisera to provide temporary...

Question 13

The desired therapeutic effect of colony stimulating factors are to increase the:&#10;A) rate of colonisation of bacteria within a suspension.&#10;B) numbers of circulating leukocytes.&#10;C) heart rate.&#10;D) rate of platelet aggregation.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The desired therapeutic effect of colony stimulating...

Question 14

Describe the difference between the terms vaccination and immunisation.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe the difference between the terms vaccination...

Question 15

Which medication would NOT be used to prevent organ rejection?&#10;A) Mycophenolate&#10;B) Leflunomide&#10;C) Cyclosporine&#10;D) Tacrolimus

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which medication would NOT be used to...

Deck 75: Immunomodulating Agents