Deck 22: The Main Group Elements Life and the Periodic Table

Question 1

Which of the following is NOT an essential element?

A)C
B)Kr
C)I
D)O
E)F

Answer 1

Kr

Question 2

Which of the following has the smallest atomic radius?

A)Ca
B)K
C)Sc
D)Sr
E)Se

Answer 2

Se

Question 3

Main group or representative elements are NOT found in which of the following groups?

A)1
B)2
C)12
D)13
E)15

Answer 3

12

Question 4

The concentration of a major essential element in the body is greater than _____per gram of body mass.

A)1 g
B)10 mg
C)1 mg
D)10 $\mu$ g
E)1 $\mu$ g

Question 5

An essential biological element

A)is any element detected in the organism.
B)stimulates essential biological functions.
C)is found in all organisms.
D)has beneficial physiological effects, and its absence impairs function of the organism.
E)is expensive.

Question 6

Elements in group 18 (V IIIA) are called

A)alkali metals.
B)noble gases.
C)alkaline earth metals.
D)halogens.
E)chalcogens.

Question 7

Calcium is an example of

A)an alkali metal.
B)a transition metal.
C)an alkaline earth metal.
D)a halogen.
E)a chalcogen.

Question 8

Which of the following statements concerning essential and nonessential elements is NOT correct?

A)Essential elements have a beneficial physiological effect.
B)Essential elements, when missing, impair function.
C)The function of nonessential elements is not known.
D)Nonessential elements are not present in humans.
E)Nonessential elements may have a stimulatory effect in some mammals.

Question 9

Elements in group 17 (VIIA) are called

A)alkali metals.
B)transition metals.
C)alkaline earth metals.
D)halogens.
E)chalcogens.

Question 10

Sodium is best described as a

A)metalloid.
B)metal.
C)transition metal.
D)noble gas.
E)nonmetal.

Question 11

Essential elements

A)are those with a beneficial physiological effect.
B)are those required for combustion.
C)are those, when missing, which impair function.
D)are all transition metals.
E)are those with a beneficial physiological effect and required for function.

Question 12

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a nonessential biological element?

A)It is detected in the body but has no clear biological function.
B)It has a stimulatory effect on biological functions.
C)It is incorporated into biological compounds because it is similar to essential elements.
D)It has clear biological functions.
E)Organisms require it for reproduction.

Question 13

Which arrangement is correct for increasing atomic radius?

A)C $\lt$ N $\lt$ F
B)Rb $\lt$ K $\lt$ Li
C)Sc $\lt$ Ge $\lt$ Br
D)Se $\lt$ Cu $\lt$ Ca
E)H $\gt$ He

Question 14

Which of the following elements would you expect to have the greatest first ionization energy?

A)F
B)C
C)Li
D)Be
E)B

Question 15

Which of the following has the largest atomic radius?

A)Ba
B)Hg
C)Rn
D)Sr
E)Hf

Question 16

The ratio of abundance of major to ultratrace essential elements in the human body is at least roughly a factor of

A)1.
B)10.
C)100.
D)1000.
E)100,000.

Question 17

For which of the following elements is the relative abundance in seawater much larger than in the human body?

A)Na
B)P
C)C
D)Ca
E)N

Question 18

The concentration of a trace essential element in the body is typically in the range of _____per gram ofbody mass.

A)1 $\mu$ g to 1 mg
B)1 $\mu$ g to 10 mg
C)10 $\mu$ g to 10 mg
D)10 $\mu$ g to 100 mg
E)100 $\mu$ g to 100 mg

Question 19

The concentration of an ultratrace essential element in the body is less than_____ per gram of body mass.

A)1 g
B)10 mg
C)1 mg
D)10 $\mu$ g
E)1 $\mu$ g

Question 20

Which of the following is an alkali metal?

A)K
B)Mg
C)Al
D)Cu
E)Ca

Question 21

Zinc oxide, a combination of zinc and oxygen, is found in skin ointments.What formula best describes this compound?

A)ZnO
B)Zn₂O
C)ZnO₂
D)Zn₂O₂
E)Zn₂O₃

Question 22

Which of the following elements would you expect to have the lowest first ionization energy?

A)F
B)Br
C)Cl
D)I
E)Xe

Question 23

The concentration of sodium in the human body is approximately 1.5 mg/g of body mass.What is this concentration in ppm parts per million)?

A)1.5 * 10⁶ ppm
B)1.5 * 10^-3 ppm
C)0.015 ppm
D)1,500 ppm
E)150 ppm

Question 24

What is the correct formula for the compound formed between sodium and iodine based on their positions in the periodic table?

A)Na₂I
B)NaI₂
C)NaI
D)Na₂I₂
E)Na₃I

Question 25

Which of the following compounds will have the lowest boiling point?

A)CCl₄
B)CI₄
C)CF₄
D)CH₄
E)CBr₄

Question 26

Which of the following is NOT one of the major metals in the human body?

A)Ca²⁺
B)K⁺
C)Mg²⁺
D)Ba²⁺
E)Na⁺

Question 27

Which element forms an ionic compound with nitrogen that has the formula XN?

A)tin
B)aluminum
C)lithium
D)calcium
E)potassium

Question 28

Which of the following is NOT a common ion of a main group element?

A)Rb⁺
B)S^2-
C)Al³⁺
D)I^-
E)Ba⁺

Question 29

Which of the following compounds will have the highest boiling point?

A)CH₄
B)SiH₄
C)GeH₄
D)SnH₄
E)PbH₄

Question 30

Calcium carbonate is used to form exoskeletons.It has a solubility-product constant of 5.0 *10^-9.What is the molar concentration of calcium ions in a saturated solution of calcium carbonate?

A)2.5 *10^-9 M
B)7.1 *10^-5 M
C)3.5 * 10^-5 M
D)5.0 * 10^-9 M
E)4.7 * 10^-7 M

Question 31

The first ionization energies of phosphorus and of sulfur are 1012 and 1000 kJ/mol.Why is IE₁ for S lower than that of P when the usual trend is for IE to increase across a row?

A)Z_eff decreases from left to right on the periodic table.
B)Sulfur is smaller than phosphorus.
C)More electrons in a subshell decreases orbital energy.
D)An electron from phosphorus must be removed from a lower-energy subshell.
E)Removing an electron from sulfur reduces electron-electron repulsions.

Question 32

Which of the following is NOT one of the major nonmetals in the human body?

A)C
B)O
C)Cl
D)S
E)Se

Question 33

The average concentration of calcium in the human body is 15 mg/g of body mass.What is the mass of calcium in the body of a person weighing 150 lb? (1 lb = 454 g)

A)1.0 lb
B)0.023 lb
C)23 lb
D)100 lb
E)2.3 lb

Question 34

Which of the following compounds will have the lowest boiling point?

A)CH₄
B)C₂H₄
C)C₂H₆
D)C₄H₁₀
E)C₆H₁₄

Question 35

What is the formula for the ionic compound formed when calcium and bromine combine?

A)CBr
B)CaBr₂
C)Ca₂Br
D)CaBrO
E)CaB₂

Question 36

What is the typical membrane potential in living cells (in mV)?

A)0.
B)(-50.)
C)(+50.)
D)(-200.)
E)(+200.)

Question 37

Which of the following elements would you expect to have the most negative electron affinity?

A)C
B)O
C)F
D)S
E)Br

Question 38

Which element forms an ionic compound with the formula Na₂X?

A)magnesium
B)carbon
C)iodine
D)phosphorus
E)sulfur

Question 39

Which element forms ionic compounds with the formula XBr₂?

A)sodium
B)aluminum
C)lithium
D)calcium
E)carbon

Question 40

The concentration of chloride in the human body is approximately 19 mg/g of body mass.What is this concentration in ppb parts per billion)?

A)1.9 *10^-2 ppb
B)1.9 * 10⁷ ppb
C)1.9 * 10⁴ ppb
D)1,900 ppb
E)190 ppb

Question 41

In which of the following molecules/ions is the oxidation state of nitrogen +5?

A)N₂
B)NO₂
C)NO -
D)NH₃
E)NH +

Question 42

Magnesium is a component of which important biomolecule?

A)chloroplast
B)chlorophyll
C)ATP
D)carotene
E)phycoerythrobilin

Question 43

Condensation reactions, which eliminate water as a product, typically produce what type of functional group?

A)ether
B)aldehyde
C)ester
D)ketone
E)carboxylic acid

Question 44

ATP-sulfurylase promotes the incorporation of sulfate into ATP.In the process the sulfate is

A)oxidized.
B)reduced.
C)eliminated.
D)acidified.
E)precipitated.

Question 45

Different concentrations of ions on either side of a cell membrane constitute a concentration cell, which is described by the Nernst equation given below.A cell must expend energy to maintain this concentration gradient by moving ions from one side of the membrane to the other.How much energy must be expended to transport 1 mole of sodium ions across a membrane when the sodium ion concentration is 0.10 M on one side of the membrane and 0.010 M on the other side, and the temperature is 37°C body temperature)? Assume that the potential across the membrane is -70 mV. (Given: Na⁺ +e^- $\rightarrow$ Na, Eº_red = -2.71 V; =96,485 C; 1 J = 1 C V; R = 8.315 J / mol K))
E = E° - InQ

A)50 kJ
B)260 kJ
C)6.0 kJ
D)250 kJ
E)6,000 kJ

Question 46

Enzymes in plants convert nitrate into ammonia.The unbalanced half-reaction equation is given below.What is the stoichiometric coefficient of the nitrite ion in the balanced reaction equation?
NO₃ -(aq) + H₂O(l) + e^- $\rightarrow$ NO₂ + (aq) ++OH^-(aq)

A)0
B)1
C)2
D)3
E)4

Question 47

How much energy must be expended by a cell to transport 1 mole of sodium ions across a membrane with an electrochemical potential of 62 mV in order to maintain this potential?

A)50 kJ
B)260 kJ
C)6.0 kJ
D)250 kJ
E)6,000 kJ

Question 48

Neuron cells generate electrical signals by concentration gradients across membranes.Assuming a potassium ion concentration of 0.00300 M inside the cell and a concentration of 0.135 M outside the cell, what is the electrical potential across the cell membrane? Body temperature is 310 K.The sign identifies the change in the electrical potential across the membrane and which way the ions flow.

A)(+102 mV)
B)(-136 mV)
C)(+10.0 mV)
D)(-204 mV)
E)(+204 mV)

Question 49

Plants convert nitrogen into ammonia.This biological nitrogen fixation is affected by enzymes called nitrogenases.The enzymes assist in the transfer of electrons.The unbalanced reaction equation is
N (g) + H⁺aq) +e^- $\rightarrow$ H (g) + NH (aq)
What is the change in the oxidation number of nitrogen in this reaction?

A)(+1)
B)(-3)
C)(+3)
D)(+2)
E)(-1)

Question 50

Nitrogen-fixing bacteria and plants are capable of converting atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia.This process is an example of

A)an acid-base reaction.
B)a precipitation reaction.
C)an oxidation-reduction reaction.
D)a dissociation reaction.
E)ion exchange.

Question 51

Urea is a waste product produced when the body metabolizes protein.What is the oxidation number of nitrogen in urea, (NH₂)₂CO?

A)(+3)
B)(-3)
C)1
D)(-1)
E)(-4)

Question 52

Which halogen is a major essential element in the human body?

A)fluorine
B)chlorine
C)bromine
D)iodine
E)No halogens are essential elements.

Question 53

Plants convert nitrogen into ammonia.This biological nitrogen fixation is effected by enzymes called nitrogenases.The enzymes assist in the transfer of electrons.The unbalanced reaction equation is
N₂ (g) +H⁺(aq) +e^- $\rightarrow$ H₂(g) + NH₃(aq)
What is the stoichiometric coefficient for the electrons in the balanced reaction equation?

A)1
B)2
C)4
D)6
E)8

Question 54

Enzymes in plants convert nitrate into ammonia.The unbalanced half-reaction equation is given below.What is the stoichiometric coefficient of water in the balanced reaction equation?
NO₃ -(aq) +H₂O(l) + e^- + NO₂ -(aq) +OH^-(aq)

A)0
B)1
C)2
D)3
E)4

Question 55

In which of the following molecules/ions is nitrogen in the lowest oxidation state?

A)N₂
B)NO₂
C)NO -
D)NH₃
E)N₂O

Question 56

ATP is an example of a molecule containing a phosphate

A)ester.
B)aldehyde.
C)alcohol.
D)ketone.
E)carboxylic acid.

Question 57

Plants convert nitrate into ammonia by using enzymes called

A)peptidases.
B)amylases.
C)anhydrases.
D)oxidases.
E)reductases.

Question 58

The Mg2+ ion plays a significant role in the human body by

A)maintaining osmotic pressure.
B)forming structure support for the body.
C)transmitting nerve impulses.
D)balancing ion flow in the bloodstream.
E)participating in ATP hydrolysis and ADP phosphorylation.

Question 59

Enzymes in plants convert nitrate into ammonia.The unbalanced half-reaction equation is given below.What is the stoichiometric coefficient of the electrons, e-, in the balanced reaction equation?
NO₃ -aq)+H₂O(l) + e^- $\rightarrow$ NO₂ -(aq) + OH^-(aq)

A)1
B)2
C)3
D)4
E)5

Question 60

Different concentrations of ions on either side of a cell membrane constitute a concentration cell, which is described by the Nernst equation given below.What is the electrochemical potential across a membrane when the sodium ion concentration is 0.10 M on one side of the membrane and 0.010 M on the other side, and the temperature is 37°C body temperature)?
(Given: Na⁺+e^- $\rightarrow$ Na, Eº_red = -2.71 V; F = 96,500 C; 1 J = 1 C V; R =8.315 J / mol K))
E =E° = InQ

A)61.5 mV
B)26.7 mV
C)2.65 V
D)2.68 V
E)2.98 V

Question 61

Which of the following is an essential element, but not a trace or ultratrace element?

A)phosphorus
B)silicon
C)fluorine
D)selenium
E)iodine

Question 62

In comparison with their alcohol counterparts, thiols display characteristic odors.This is NOT due to which of the following factors?

A)different shapes
B)different polarity
C)different electron distribution
D)different size
E)different molar mass

Question 63

The fluoride ion F- is important in preventing tooth decay because

A)fluoride is a strong base.
B)fluoride is a weak base.
C)fluorapatite is formed, the solubility of which is less dependent on pH.
D)fluorapatite is formed, the solubility of which is more dependent on pH.
E)fluoride reacts with all acids in the mouth.

Question 64

Which of the following is NOT a criterion for use of a compound in intravenous diagnosis or therapy?

A)The compound must be soluble in blood if injected intravenously.
B)The compound must be unstable.
C)The compound must be stable enough to avoid elimination from the body.
D)Radionuclides used in medicine must have short half-lives.
E)Nuclide selection is governed by the toxicity of the parent compound.

Question 65

Rubidium and Cesium are nonessential elements thought to be retained in the body because of their similarity in size and chemistry to what ion?

A)Na⁺
B)K⁺
C)Li⁺
D)Ba²⁺
E)Mg²⁺

Question 66

The release of radioactive cesium-137 into the environment by the nuclear accident at Chernobyl produced a health hazard because cesium ions can substitute for _____in plants, making them unsafe for human consumption.

A)Mg²⁺
B)K⁺
C)Ca²⁺
D)Li^-
E)H⁺

Question 67

Selenium can substitute for sulfur in the amino acid cysteine to make the amino acid selenocysteine because

A)sulfur and selenium both begin with s.
B)their atomic symbols are similar.
C)both have about the same atomic radius.
D)both have the same valence electron configuration.
E)both have about the same ionization potential.

Question 68

Iodine-131 has a half-life of 8.1 days and is used as a tracer for the thyroid gland.If a patient drinks a sodium iodide NaI) solution containing iodine-131, how many days will it take for the concentration of iodine-131 to drop to 5.0% of its initial concentration?

A)19 days
B)0.81 day
C)8.1 days
D)35 days
E)4.3 days

Question 69

Which has the highest boiling point?

A)H₂S
B)H₂O
C)H₂Te
D)H₂Se
E)H₂Po

Question 70

Adding fluoride ions to toothpaste and drinking water converts the mineral in tooth enamel, hydroxyapatite, to fluoroapatite.This conversion is beneficial in preventing tooth decay because fluoroapatite

A)has a solubility that is less pH dependent.
B)makes strong hydrogen bonds.
C)prevents halitosis.
D)repels decay-producing bacteria.
E)kills decay-producing bacteria.

Question 71

Which has the lowest boiling point?

A)H₂S
B)H₂O
C)H₂Te
D)H₂Se
E)H₂Po

Question 72

Fluoridation to prevent tooth decay replaces______with fluoride in hydroxyapatite.

A)hydroxide
B)phosphate
C)phosphide
D)calcium
E)water

Question 73

Radioactive 90Sr can substitute for _______ in the human body.

A)Na⁺
B)Ca²⁺
C)K⁺
D)S^2-
E)Se²⁺

Question 74

The pH of an aqueous sodium fluoride (NaF) solution _____is because_____ .

A)7; sodium fluoride is a simple salt
B)above 7; fluoride is a weak base
C)below 7; fluoride reacts with water to make hydrofluoric acid
D)about 7; fluoride is a weak base but produces hydrofluoric acid, and these two neutralize one another
E)0; sodium fluoride is a salt, not an acid or a base

Question 75

The isotope ²⁰¹Th is used in the diagnosis of heart disease.It has a first-order rate constant, k, of 9.49 * 10^-3 h^-1.What is the half-life for ²⁰¹Th?

A)73 hr
B)0.014 hr
C)9.49 * 10^-3 hr
D)7.3 hr
E)1.4 hr

Question 76

The boiling point of H₂O is 100°C, while that of H₂S is -60°.This is due to

A)increased dispersion forces in H₂S.
B)increased dispersion forces in H₂O.
C)hydrogen bonding.
D)increased dipole-dipole forces in H₂S.
E)the greater molar mass of H₂S.

Question 77

Iodine's role in the human body is very specific.It is incorporated into a hormone, _____, that regulates energy production and use.

A)melatonin
B)thyroxine
C)dopamine
D)insulin
E)iodocin

Question 78

Adding fluoride ions to toothpaste and drinking water to prevent tooth decay is effective because fluoride

A)kills decay-producing bacteria.
B)produces stronger teeth.
C)reduces the solubility of tooth enamel at low pH.
D)reduces the solubility of tooth enamel at high pH.
E)prevents halitosis.

Question 79

Selenocysteine is an amino acid that gets incorporated into proteins that serve as antioxidants.Evidence points to a need for a minimum daily dose of selenium of 55 $\mu$ g.How many moles of selenocysteine (C₃H₇NO₂Se, 168.00 g /mol) can be synthesized using this amount of selenium?

A)3.3 * 10^-7 mol
B)7.0*10^-7 mol
C)3.3 *10^-4 mol
D)7.0* 10^-4 mol
E)3.7 * 10^-7 mol

Question 80

Which element may contribute to sudden infant death syndrome SIDS), as it is used as a fire retardant in mattresses?

A)bismuth
B)chromium
C)boron
D)aluminum
E)antimony