Deck 34: Respiration

Question 1

Which of the following statements about gas exchange in animals with interacting circulatory and respiratory systems is FALSE?

A) Carbon dioxide moves from the tissues into the blood by diffusion.
B) Oxygen is actively transported into the circulatory system.
C) Air or water moves across the respiratory surface by bulk flow.
D) Gases are transported in the circulatory system by the bulk flow of blood.
E) Oxygen and carbon dioxide pass through respiratory membranes by diffusion.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Birds are able to sustain long flights at high altitudes because they

A) can extract oxygen during both inhalation and exhalation.
B) decrease their heart rate during flight.
C) are able to lower their body temperature during flight.
D) have thicker blood than other animals, with many more red blood cells.
E) use anaerobic metabolism during flight.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Which of the following structures decreases diffusion distances for oxygen and carbon dioxide by delivering air directly to body cells?

A) Bronchi
B) Spiracles
C) Tracheoles
D) Parabronchi
E) Gill filaments

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Identify the animal that lacks a specialized respiratory organ.

A) Sponge
B) Grasshopper
C) Trout
D) Bat
E) Bird

Question 5

Air flow into and out of the lungs is an example of

A) active transport.
B) facilitated diffusion.
C) osmosis.
D) bulk flow.
E) diffusion.

Question 6

All organisms that generate energy (ATP) aerobically need to take in oxygen and remove carbon dioxide from their bodies. This process is known as

A) ingestion.
B) elimination.
C) absorption.
D) respiration.
E) conduction.

Question 7

Which of these animals use gills to respire?

A) Earthworms
B) Insects
C) Jellyfishes
D) Spiders
E) Tadpoles

Question 8

Sea jellies lack specialized organs for gas exchange because

A) they use their circulatory system to deliver oxygen to their cells.
B) their digestive system eliminates carbon dioxide.
C) their tissues have low energy demands.
D) they don't need oxygen.

Question 9

All of the following are respiratory surfaces EXCEPT for

A) alveoli of dogs.
B) skin of earthworms.
C) tracheae of a fly.
D) gills of fish.
E) air sacs of birds.

Question 10

What are spiracles?

A) Openings into the alveoli of the lungs
B) Openings between the gills of a frog tadpole
C) Openings to the bronchi
D) Openings to the parabronchi
E) Openings into the tracheae of insects

Question 11

Why does a typical fish die quickly when it is removed from water?

A) Gills split water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen, which is used for cellular respiration.
B) Water contains more oxygen, per unit volume, than does air.
C) Oxygen diffuses more rapidly in water than it does in air.
D) The gills collapse and dry out in the air.

Question 12

If a respiratory surface dries out, gas exchange will

A) decrease for oxygen but increase for carbon dioxide.
B) decrease for carbon dioxide but increase for oxygen.
C) not be affected.
D) not occur.
E) increase.

Question 13

You are a veterinarian working for the San Diego Zoo. Today, you are performing an autopsy on a 22.7- gram frog and a 21.2- gram lizard, both of which appear to have died of a respiratory infection. Why are you not surprised to find that the lungs of the lizard have a larger internal surface area than those of the frog?

A) Lizards have a higher metabolic rate than frogs.
B) Lizards have dry, scaly skin, whereas frogs have thin, moist skin.
C) Lizards are more susceptible than frogs to atmospheric pollutants.
D) Lizards lay shelled eggs on land, whereas frogs lay jelly- like eggs in water.
E) The lizard is larger than the frog.

Question 14

Which of the following groups of animals is most efficient at extracting oxygen from the atmosphere?

A) Mammals
B) Birds
C) Reptiles
D) Amphibians
E) Insects

Question 15

Which of the following structures is NOT part of an insect respiratory system?

A) Parabronchi
B) Spiracles
C) Tracheae
D) Tracheoles

Question 16

The carbon dioxide that is exhaled when you breathe is produced during

A) cellular respiration.
B) glycolysis.
C) intracellular digestion.
D) diffusion.
E) nitrogen fixation.

Question 17

Which of the following is NOT a feature shared by all animal respiratory surfaces?

A) They are associated with a capillary bed.
B) They are moist.
C) They have a large surface area.
D) They are thin.

Question 18

Why is gas exchange in an aquatic environment more challenging than gas exchange in the air?

A) The large surface area of gills makes them more susceptible to drying out.
B) Less oxygen is available in water than in air.
C) Carbon dioxide is eliminated by active transport in an aquatic environment.
D) The countercurrent exchange process limits the amount of oxygen that can be extracted from water.
E) Gills have a poor blood supply.

Question 19

In the lungs, oxygen moves from air into blood by

A) active transport.
B) bulk flow.
C) diffusion.
D) facilitated diffusion.
E) osmosis.

Question 20

Which of the following structures protects the delicate gills of many fish?

A) An alveolus
B) Spiracles
C) An operculum
D) Tracheoles
E) Lamellae

Question 21

Which of the following structures is the site of gas exchange in the human lung?

A) Trachea
B) Bronchioles
C) Alveoli
D) Bronchi
E) Larynx

Question 22

During inhalation, air leaving the nasal cavity passes into the

A) trachea.
B) bronchioles.
C) pharynx.
D) larynx.
E) bronchi.

Question 23

Most of the oxygen in the blood is transported

A) combined with carbon dioxide.
B) by white blood cells.
C) as bicarbonate ions.
D) bound to hemoglobin.
E) in the plasma.

Question 24

The cells that line the human respiratory passageways secrete

A) water.
B) enzymes.
C) blood.
D) hormones.
E) mucus.

Question 25

Which of these structures is analogous in function to the alveoli of humans?

A) Spiracles of a grasshopper
B) Skin of an alligator
C) Parabronchi of a bird
D) Operculum of a fish
E) Trachea of a frog

Question 26

Which of the following represents the correct air pathway during exhalation?

A) Trachea, larynx, bronchi, alveoli, bronchioles
B) Larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli
C) Alveoli, bronchioles, bronchi, larynx, trachea
D) Bronchioles, bronchi, alveoli, trachea, larynx

Question 27

Which of the following organisms would use its skin as a primary respiratory surface?

A) Lizard
B) Snake
C) Turtle
D) Salamander
E) Bird

Question 28

Which of these structures is analogous in function to the tracheoles of insects?

A) Gills of a fish
B) Skin of an earthworm
C) Bronchi of a human
D) Body surface of a flatworm

Question 29

The respiratory control center is located in the

A) hypothalamus.
B) medulla.
C) diaphragm.
D) cortex.
E) spinal cord.

Question 30

The respiratory systems of fishes, frogs, sponges, and earthworms are similar in that they

A) exchange gases across a moist respiratory surface.
B) have internal respiratory structures.
C) have a countercurrent exchange system.
D) employ an extensive system of air sacs that ensures a unidirectional flow of air.
E) utilize a complex network of air- conducting tubes.

Question 31

Most of the carbon dioxide released from cells is transported in the blood as

A) carbohydrates, such as glucose.
B) bicarbonate ions in the plasma.
C) carbon dioxide attached to hemoglobin.
D) dissolved carbon monoxide.

Question 32

What structure prevents food from entering the larynx?

A) Intercostal muscle
B) Respiratory membrane
C) Diaphragm
D) Bronchus
E) Epiglottis

Question 33

During inhalation, the diaphragm

A) relaxes and flattens.
B) contracts and flattens.
C) relaxes and becomes dome- shaped.
D) contracts and becomes dome- shaped.

Question 34

Which sequence of animals represents the evolution of animal respiratory systems?

A) Lizard, fish, bird, salamander
B) Fish, salamander, lizard, bird
C) Salamander, lizard, fish, bird
D) Bird, lizard, salamander, fish
E) Fish, lizard, salamander, bird

Question 35

How much air enters the lungs of an average- sized adult when breathing normally?

A) 750 milliliters
B) 275 milliliters
C) 500 milliliters
D) 125 milliliters
E) 1,000 milliliters

Question 36

The function of the epiglottis is to

A) facilitate gas exchange in the lungs.
B) assist the vocal cords in sound production.
C) produce surfactant.
D) keep the bronchi from collapsing.
E) prevent food from entering the larynx.

Question 37

A thin slice of lung tissue looks like a cross- section of

A) a carrot.
B) a blown- up balloon.
C) a sponge.
D) a piece of wood.
E) a ball of worms.

Question 38

The vocal cords are located in the

A) epiglottis.
B) bronchi.
C) pharynx.
D) larynx.
E) trachea.

Question 39

Gas exchange in the lungs occurs as a result of

A) active transport of gases between the blood and the alveolus.
B) facilitated diffusion of gases between the blood and the alveolus.
C) facilitated diffusion of gases between the hemoglobin and the alveolus.
D) active transport of gases between hemoglobin and the alveolus.
E) diffusion of gases between the blood and the alveolus.

Question 40

Alveoli

A) are blind sacs that extend from tracheae.
B) are not permeable to dissolved oxygen.
C) have a moist surface.
D) are found in gills.
E) are thick- walled.

Question 41

Carbon dioxide can be transported in the blood by all of the following methods, EXCEPT

A) carried in plasma as HCO₃- .
B) as CO within red blood cells.
C) bound to hemoglobin.
D) dissolved in plasma as CO₂.

Question 42

The respiratory center is very sensitive to changes in levels, but not very sensitive to changes in levels.

A) blood sugar; hormone
B) hormone; blood sugar
C) oxygen; carbon dioxide
D) temperature; blood pressure
E) carbon dioxide; oxygen

Question 43

The respiratory membrane is a combination of

A) bronchioles and capillary walls.
B) alveolar and capillary walls.
C) bronchi and air sacs.
D) bronchi and bronchioles.
E) bronchioles and air sacs.

Question 44

Where does gas exchange occur in the mammalian lung?

A) The pharynx
B) The trachea
C) Bronchioles
D) Bronchi
E) Alveoli

Question 45

Which of the following passageways delivers air directly into each lung?

A) Larynx
B) Bronchus
C) Bronchiole
D) Pharynx
E) Trachea

Question 46

All of the following are possible EXCEPT

A) a voluntary decrease in the rate of breathing.
B) a voluntary increase in the rate of breathing.
C) an involuntary increase in the rate of breathing.
D) voluntarily holding one's breath until death occurs.
E) inhibition of the respiratory centers in the brain.

Question 47

Which of the following occurs in the lungs?

A) As oxygen- poor blood travels through the lungs, it releases all of its carbon dioxide.
B) Air loses all of its oxygen.
C) Gases move by bulk flow into and out of the blood.
D) Some of the oxygen in the air moves into the blood, and some of the carbon dioxide in the blood moves into the air.
E) Oxygen and carbon dioxide move from a lower concentration to a higher concentration.

Question 48

Which of the following structures serves as a passageway for both air and food?

A) Pharynx
B) Larynx
C) Trachea
D) Bronchi
E) Bronchioles

Question 49

An emergency room physician has withdrawn blood from a vessel in your arm. The dark red color of the blood indicates that it was

A) going away from the heart.
B) on its way to the tissues of the arm.
C) coming from the lungs.
D) taken from a vein.
E) taken from an artery.

Question 50

The respiratory control center consists of

A) a group of highly modified cells located in the hypothalamus.
B) the anterior portion of the pituitary gland.
C) the alveoli.
D) a cluster of nerve cells in the lungs.
E) a cluster of nerve cells in the medulla.

Question 51

Which of the following events initiates the process of exhalation?

A) Expansion of the lungs
B) Relaxation of the diaphragm
C) Contraction of the diaphragm
D) Contraction of the intercostal (rib) muscles

Question 52

A layer of smooth muscle in the wall of this tiny air- conducting tube allows it to regulate its diameter.

A) Pharynx
B) Larynx
C) Alveolus
D) Bronchiole
E) Trachea

Question 53

Imagine that a patient is admitted to the hospital after falling from the second- story window of her apartment. Tests reveal no injuries other than some swelling in the brain. Why, then, would her breathing become irregular?

A) The damage to the brain is affecting the respiratory center in the medulla.
B) Her swollen brain is causing a decrease in blood pressure.
C) Her tissues require more oxygen for healing.
D) The respiratory center in the lungs is malfunctioning due to a lack of carbon dioxide.
E) The blood returning to the lungs from the brain is too high in oxygen.

Question 54

What causes smoker's cough?

A) Smoking affects the respiratory center neurons in the medulla.
B) Carbon monoxide in the smoke triggers the cough reflex.
C) Nicotine irritates the lining of the lung.
D) Smoking damages the cilia that normally remove debris- laden mucus.

Question 55

Which of the following is NOT part of the conducting portion of the human respiratory system?

A) Bronchi
B) Pharynx
C) Larynx
D) Alveoli
E) Trachea

Question 56

What is the function of surfactant?

A) It prevents the alveoli from sticking together and collapsing.
B) It enhances contraction of the inspiratory muscles.
C) It increases alveolar expansion.
D) It stimulates activity of the cilia lining the walls of the alveoli.
E) It increases surface tension.

Question 57

The receptors in the respiratory center are most sensitive to a small

A) increase in blood pH.
B) decrease in blood oxygen levels.
C) decrease in blood nitrogen levels.
D) increase in blood oxygen levels.
E) increase in blood carbon dioxide levels.

Question 58

What keeps the trachea from collapsing?

A) Surface tension of water
B) Surfactant
C) Semicircular rings of cartilage
D) Cilia

Question 59

Hemoglobin is a respiratory protein. Its function is to

A) increase the oxygen- carrying capacity of blood.
B) attract lymphocytes to damaged tissues.
C) provide structural integrity to red blood cells.
D) remove toxins from plasma.
E) assist in blood clotting.

Question 60

What happens during inhalation?

A) Air exits the alveoli.
B) The diaphragm contracts.
C) The intercostal muscles relax.
D) The chest cavity decreases in size.
E) The heart pumps blood to the lungs.

Question 61

Which of the following is a consequence of breathing secondhand smoke?

A) Nonsmoking children of smokers are less likely to develop atherosclerosis.
B) Nonsmoking children of smokers are more likely to contract pneumonia.
C) Smokers are more likely to have increased lung capacity.
D) Nonsmoking spouses of smokers have a 30% lower risk of heart attack.

Question 62

Vertebrate lungs probably evolved from simple outpocketings of the digestive tract of a freshwater fish.

Question 63

The surface area of all respiratory systems must be large compared with the size of the animal involved because diffusion is a relatively slow process.

Question 64

During gas exchange in the lungs, diffuses from the alveoli into the bloodstream capillaries, and
diffuses from the bloodstream capillaries into the alveoli.

Question 65

Most carbon dioxide is transported in red blood cells bound to hemoglobin.

Question 66

For smokers who quit smoking, when does healing begin?

A) After a year
B) Almost immediately
C) After 5 years
D) After 6 months

Question 67

All flatworms use their skin as a respiratory organ.

Question 68

In humans, the respiratory rate is primarily regulated by levels of in the blood, which is detected by nerve cells in the respiratory center.

Question 69

When a cell is active, the levels of carbon dioxide are inside the cell than outside the cell, causing the gas to diffuse out of the cell.

Question 70

What three features are common to all respiratory systems?

Question 71

When a bumblebee lands on a flower, it pumps its abdomen up and down to move oxygen into its system of tracheae through the round openings called on its abdomen.

Question 72

What structures make up the large surface area for gas exchange in fishes?

Question 73

How can a sponge deliver oxygen to every cell of its body without a respiratory system?

Question 74

The cells of cnidarians use relatively little energy, so their demand for oxygen is quite low. They deliver oxygen to their internal cells by pumping water into and out of a central chamber called the _ _.

Question 75

Smoker's cough is the result of

A) carbon monoxide irritation in the throat.
B) nicotine exposure.
C) dehydration of respiratory passages.
D) an accumulation of mucus.
E) emphysema.

Question 76

What happens during countercurrent exchange in fishes?

A) Oxygen and carbon dioxide move in opposite directions across the respiratory surface by facilitated diffusion.
B) Oxygen enters the blood by diffusion, and carbon dioxide exits the blood by active transport.
C) Gas exchange occurs as blood and water move in opposite directions across a respiratory surface.
D) Gas exchange occurs as blood and water move in the same direction across a respiratory surface.
E) Oxygen enters the blood by active transport, and carbon dioxide exits the blood by diffusion.

Question 77

Fish gills consist of a series of

A) opercula.
B) parabronchi.
C) spiracles.
D) interconnected bronchioles.
E) filaments.

Question 78

How are cellular respiration and organismal respiration related?

Question 79

Gills are respiratory structures found in fish, nudibranch mollusks, and some amphibians.

Question 80

Some fishes can extract 80% of the oxygen from water flowing through their gills through countercurrent exchange.