Deck 19: Disorders Associated With the Immune System

Question 1

Allergic contact dermatitis is due to

A) activated macrophages.
B) sensitized T cells.
C) IgE antibodies.
D) IgM antibodies.
E) IgG antibodies.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

The symptoms of an immune complex reaction are due to

A) cytokines.
B) destruction of the antigen.
C) complement activation.
D) antibodies against self.
E) phagocytosis.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which antibodies will be in the serum of a person with blood type B, Rh+?

A) anti-A, anti-B, anti-Rh
B) anti-A
C) anti-A, anti-Rh
D) anti-B
E) anti-B, anti-Rh

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Graft-versus-host disease will most likely be a complication of a(n)

A) skin graft.
B) blood transfusion.
C) corneal transplant.
D) bone marrow transplant.
E) Rh incompatibility between mother and fetus.

Question 5

Hemolytic disease of the newborn can result from an

A) Rh- mother and an A fetus.
B) Rh+ mother with an Rh- fetus.
C) Rh- mother with an Rh+ fetus.
D) AB mother with an O fetus.
E) AB mother with a B fetus.

Question 6

When testing donated blood for compatibility you would find a person with O type blood

A) will lack plasma antibodies to A and B type antigens.
B) has O type antigens on their red blood cells.
C) will have anti-O antibodies in their plasma.
D) lacks HLA and MHC antigens.
E) will lack A and B red blood cell antigens.

Question 7

Table 19.1 $\begin{array}{|l|l|}\hline \text { Donor } & \text { Recipient } \\\hline \text { 1. } \mathrm{AB}, \mathrm{Rh}^{-} & \mathrm{AB}, \mathrm{Rh}^{+} \\\hline \text { 2. } \mathrm{A}, \mathrm{Rh}^{+} & \mathrm{A}, \mathrm{Rh}^{-} \\\hline \text { 3. } \mathrm{A}, \mathrm{Rh}^{+} & \mathrm{O}, \mathrm{Rh}^{+} \\\hline \text { 4. B, } \mathrm{Rh}^{-} & \mathrm{B}, \mathrm{Rh}^{+} \\\hline \text { 5. B, } \mathrm{Rh}^{+} & \mathrm{A}, \mathrm{Rh}^{+} \\\hline\end{array}$ Which blood transfusions in Table 19.1 are incompatible?

A) 1, 2, and 3
B) 2 and 5
C) 3 and 4
D) 1 and 2
E) 2, 3, and 5

Question 8

A healthy immune system destroys cancer cells with

A) CTLs and activated macrophages.
B) activated macrophages.
C) tumor-specific antigens.
D) CD+ T cells.
E) CTLs.

Question 9

Which of the following may result from systemic anaphylaxis?

A) immunodeficiency
B) shock
C) asthma
D) hay fever
E) hives

Question 10

All of the following are true of hypersensitivity EXCEPT

A) it is due to an altered immune response.
B) it requires previous exposure to an antigen.
C) it is synonymous with ʺallergy.ʺ
D) it occurs when an individual is exposed to an allergen for the first time.
E) it occurs in the presence of an antigen.

Question 11

Rheumatoid arthritis is due to deposition of

A) complexes of IgM and IgG and also complement in joints.
B) IgA antibodies in joints.
C) IgG and IgA complexes in joints.
D) IgD and IgE complexes in joints.
E) complement in joints.

Question 12

The process of desensitization to prevent allergies involves the injection of increasing amounts of

A) antihistamine.
B) antigen.
C) IgG.
D) RhoGAM.
E) IgE.

Question 13

Which of the following statements about type I reactions is FALSE?

A) The symptoms are due to histamine.
B) They involve IgE antibodies.
C) Antibodies bind to mast cells and basophils.
D) They involve helper T cells.
E) The symptoms occur soon after exposure to an antigen.

Question 14

Attachment of HIV to the target cell depends on

A) gp41 binding to the CD4+ receptor.
B) gp120 combining with the chemokine receptor CCR5.
C) CXCR4 binding to the CD4+ receptor.
D) gp120 binding to the CD4+ plasma membrane.
E) gp120 combining with the CD4+ receptor.

Question 15

The chemical mediators of anaphylaxis are

A) antigen-antibody complexes.
B) the proteins of the complement system.
C) antigens.
D) found in basophils and mast cells.
E) antibodies.

Question 16

Which is true regarding Herceptin therapy?

A) It is used to treat some breast cancer patients.
B) It is a vaccine to prevent the development of cancer.
C) It is an endotoxin that stimulates TNF by macrophages.
D) It acts as an immunotoxin to target and kill cancer cells.
E) It neutralizes the growth factor EGF.

Question 17

Which of the following types of transplant is least compatible?

A) allograft
B) isograft
C) autograft
D) xenotransplant
E) All of these types of transplant are equally compatible.

Question 18

A positive tuberculin skin test is an example of

A) delayed cell-mediated immunity.
B) autoimmunity.
C) innate immunity.
D) psoriasis.
E) acute contact dermatitis.

Question 19

All of the following pertain to serological tests EXCEPT

A) they are used to test for specific HLAs on lymphocytes.
B) they can be used to diagnose various diseases.
C) they can detect antibodies but not antigens.
D) they are used to detect compatible tissues for transplantation.
E) reactions can be detected by uptake of trypan blue by damaged cells.

Question 20

Which of the following statements about type IV reactions is FALSE?

A) Reactions are primarily due to T cell proliferation.
B) Allergic contact dermatitis is an example.
C) Reactions are not apparent for a day or more.
D) Cytokines initiate tissue damage.
E) Hemolytic disease of the newborn is an example.

Question 21

Which of the following is the least likely vaccine against HIV?

A) attenuated virus
B) subunit
C) glycoprotein
D) protein core
E) All of these vaccines are equally likely.

Question 22

During the asymptomatic phase I of HIV disease, HIV infection is diagnosed by

A) counting CD8+ T cells.
B) the Western blot test.
C) detecting viral RNA.
D) counting CD4+ T cells.
E) detecting antibodies against HIV.

Question 23

Figure 19.1

In immune complex reaction shown in Figure 19.1, what is the end result of the reaction?

A) Complement is activated.
B) Neutrophils are attracted and release enzymes.
C) Antibodies destroy neutrophils.
D) IgG is directed against cell membrane antigens.
E) Endothelial cells are damaged.

Question 24

Chemotherapy to inhibit the progression of HIV infection utilizes all of the following mechanisms EXCEPT

A) termination of viral DNA.
B) blockage of viral attachment.
C) inhibition of viral proteases.
D) prohibition of viral integration into host cell DNA.
E) destruction of viral ribosomes.

Question 25

Immunodeficiencies are a result of all of the following EXCEPT

A) DiGeorge syndrome.
B) Hodgkinʹs disease.
C) cyclosporine.
D) HIV infection.
E) autoimmune diseases.

Question 26

Which of the following describes a cytotoxic autoimmune reaction?

A) Cells are killed.
B) Antibodies are not made.
C) Mediate by T cells.
D) Immune complexes form.
E) Antibodies react to cell-surface antigens.

Question 27

All of the following are considered examples of type I hypersensitivity EXCEPT

A) dust allergies.
B) pollen allergies.
C) transplant rejections.
D) asthma.
E) penicillin allergic reactions.

Question 28

All of the following regarding ʺimmune privileged sitesʺ are true EXCEPT

A) they are rarely rejected.
B) they do not have lymphatic vessels.
C) they include corneal and brain tissue.
D) they explain how animals tolerate pregnancies without rejecting the fetus.
E) they include any tissue transplanted from a pig.

Question 29

All of the following lead to drug-induced thrombocytopenic purpura. Which occurs first?

A) Antibodies and complement react with platelets.
B) Platelets are destroyed.
C) Purpura occurs on the skin.
D) Antibodies against haptens are formed.
E) Drug binds to platelets.

Question 30

Symptoms of delayed cell-mediated reactions are due to

A) IgE antibodies.
B) antigens.
C) neutrophils.
D) cytokines.
E) IgG antibodies.

Question 31

Which of the following regions has the greatest distribution of HIV infection and AIDS in the world?

A) sub-Saharan Africa
B) North America
C) Latin America
D) South and Southeast Asia
E) Eastern Europe and Central Asia

Question 32

Anaphylaxis is the term for reactions caused when certain antigens combine with

A) IgG antibodies.
B) complement.
C) macrophages.
D) histamine.
E) IgE antibodies.

Question 33

HIV spikes attach to CD4+ receptors found on

A) T helper cells.
B) macrophages.
C) dendritic cells.
D) T helper cells and macrophages.
E) T helper cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells.

Question 34

Which of the following is a possible outcome of an HIV infection?

A) There may be persistent yeast infections.
B) Infection may initially be asymptomatic.
C) The disease does not progress to AIDS.
D) Virions may remain latent.
E) All of the answers are correct.

Question 35

Which of the following statements about human embryonic stem cells is TRUE?

A) They are pluripotent and typically obtained from the blastocyst stage of embryonic development.
B) They are pluripotent.
C) They are typically obtained from the zygote stage of embryonic development.
D) They are obtained in great numbers from umbilical cords of newborns.
E) They express no MHC II antigens.

Question 36

Which of the following utilizes a combination of monoclonal antitumor antibody and immunotoxin?

A) immunotherapy
B) immunologic surveillance
C) immunologic enhancement
D) immunosuppression
E) immune complex

Question 37

Treatment with certain drugs to reduce transplant rejection can cause

A) immunosuppression.
B) immunologic surveillance.
C) immunotherapy.
D) autoimmunity.
E) immunologic enhancement.

Question 38

Figure 19.1

In immune complex reaction shown in Figure 19.1, what is the small, circular/spherical structure labeled ʺaʺ?

A) antigen
B) mast cell
C) antibody
D) complement
E) neutrophil

Question 39

All of the following are reasons why an HIV vaccine has not been developed EXCEPT

A) there is no known animal model of natural immunity for HIV infection.
B) vaccines are not effective against viral infections.
C) small, inexpensive animals which could be used for HIV vaccine research are not available.
D) HIV has a high mutation rate so one vaccination would not be effective to treat the world-wide pandemic.
E) use of a weakened virus would potentially transmit the infection.

Question 40

Worldwide, the primary method of transmission of HIV is

A) blood transfusions.
B) nosocomial.
C) heterosexual intercourse.
D) homosexual intercourse.
E) intravenous drug use.

Question 41

Autoimmune diseases occur when the immune system is unable to discriminate ʺselfʺ from
ʺnonself.ʺ

Question 42

Vaccines against HIV have proven to be very effective in halting the spread of disease.

Question 43

HIV can evade host antibodies by

A) causing cell-to-cell fusion.
B) remaining an inactive provirus, causing cell to cell fusion, and virions remaining latent in vacuoles.
C) virions remaining latent in vacuoles.
D) remaining an inactive provirus.
E) lowering the CD4+ cell count.

Question 44

Cancer is similar to an infectious disease in that it is due to a failure of the bodyʹs defenses.

Question 45

The number of T cells drops to below 200 cells/microliter in which phase of HIV infection?

A) initial phase
B) phase 1
C) phase 3
D) phase 2
E) asymptomatic phase

Question 46

Individuals who do not express CCR5 are highly resistant to infection by HIV.

Question 47

All stem cells are derived from embryonic stem cells.

Question 48

A hypersensitivity reaction refers to immune responses to antigens beyond what would be normal.

Question 49

A health care worker had a needlestick injury while drawing blood from an AIDS patient. Lab tests on the workerʹs serum were negative. Explain why the worker can still be infected even though her lab tests were negative. How should her health care be monitored?

Question 50

In the serological method for tissue typing, if human cells expressing HLA -I are mixed with anti-HLA-I, complement, and trypan blue, what would indicate the cells are HLA -I?

A) Enzyme is released from neutrophils.
B) Trypan blue enters the cells.
C) Cells are damaged by complement.
D) Anti-HLA antibodies bind to HLAs on lymphocytes.
E) None of the answers are correct; the T cells are missing.

Question 51

Differentiate type II from type III hypersensitivity reactions.

Question 52

HIV is believed to have arisen by mutation of a virus endemic to wild animals in Africa.

Question 53

HIV attack of CD4+ T cells causes suppression of both cell-mediated and humoral immune responses.

Question 54

All hypersensitivities involve antibody-antigen reactions.

Question 55

Xenotransplantation is an effective alternative to using isografts.

Question 56

Even though AIDS is an infectious disease caused by a virus, why is it also considered an immunodeficiency disease?

Question 57

What is desensitization? Explain how this treatment can induce systemic anaphylaxis. How is systemic anaphylaxis treated?

Question 58

In rheumatoid arthritis, IgM, IgG, and complement deposit in joints. This is an example of

A) immunosuppression.
B) cytotoxic autoimmunity.
C) immune complex autoimmunity.
D) cell-mediated autoimmunity.
E) acquired immunodeficiency.

Question 59

Desensitization involves injection of

A) IgG antibodies.
B) antigens.
C) histamine.
D) antihistamine.
E) IgE antibodies.

Question 60

Skin tests are reliable indicators for the diagnosis of food -related allergies.

Question 61

Explain why a transplant tissue would be rejected if that tissue had different HLAs compared to the HLAs of the recipient. How can this rejection be decreased?

Question 62

Explain the relationship between thymic selection of maturing T cells and self tolerance.