Deck 4: The Role of Culture Developing Strengths and Living Well

Question 1

Which part of culture was described as most heavily influencing delivery of care, including diagnosis and treatment, of the mentally ill?

A) The individual clinician and the larger health care system
B) The political government that oversees a specific region
C) The individual going in for treatment
D) The mass media of a given region and how the media portrays the mentally ill.

Answer 1

The individual clinician and the larger health care system

Question 2

"A common heritage or set of beliefs, norms, and values" is the definition of

A) society.
B) ethnicity.
C) nationality.
D) culture.

Answer 2

culture.

Question 3

Which of the following is NOT discussed in Chapter 4 as an aspect of culture?

A) Whether people seek help for their problems
B) What types of help people seek
C) How much stigma is attached to the mentally ill members of the group
D) The color of an individual's skin

Answer 3

The color of an individual's skin

Question 4

The first important message from the Mental Health: Culture, Race, and Ethnicity report was that culture counts. What does this mean?

A) Culture counts in the etiology of mental illness because some cultures are weaker than others.
B) The thought that culture actively interacts with mental illness is outdated and biased.
C) Culture counts in the etiology, effects, and treatment of psychological problems.
D) The etiology of a problem is not related to culture, but that culture counts in determining the best possible treatment.

Question 5

According to Chapter 4, what need has gone largely unmet in the area of positive psychology, according to critics?

A) The need for a follow up report to Mental Health: Culture, Race, and Ethnicity.
B) The need for strength-based psychology scholarship to address culture in research, service delivery, and programming.
C) The need for individuals of multiple cultures to work together in definitively defining culture.
D) The need for individuals of different cultures to find the universal traits that all cultures share.

Question 6

How did the Mental Health: Culture, Race, and Ethnicity report define culture?

A) The behaviors of a group of people belonging to a genetic race
B) The unique traits of a group that are not shared by any other group in the world
C) The shared attributes of one group and that group's common heritage for their shared norms
D) The report did not specifically define culture and frustrated many because of its overly vague nature.

Question 7

What was the purpose of the report Mental Health: Culture, Race, and Ethnicity, published in 2001?

A) To outline the historical understanding why minority groups were racially inferior
B) To further analyze how culture influences mental health
C) For the medical community to argue that culture has no legitimate impact on physical or mental health
D) To precisely outline the proven universal nature of cultural traits

Question 8

According to your authors, most healthcare practitioners base their treatment decisions on

A) universal truths discovered by their fields through the scientific method.
B) how much similarity there is between the healthcare provider in the patient.
C) the particular approach that is favored by the client or patient.
D) whatever cultural view they have about the interrelationship between them body, mind, and environment

Question 9

According to the Surgeon General's report (2001),

A) some cultures offer few strengths to buffer people from developing disorders.
B) in individualistic cultures, people are buffered from developing disorders through the family, while in collectivist cultures, people are buffered by society as a whole.
C) the specific culture plays little role in helping people avoid developing disorders.
D) culture and cultural diversity affect all aspects related to the delivery of healthcare.

Question 10

Hoshi is seeking healthcare because of an affliction called koro, which is a fear that the genitals will recede into the body and possibly cause death. According to what you have learned in chapter 4, which of the following statements most likely applies to Hoshi?

A) Hoshi is severely psychotic and needs to be hospitalized.
B) Hoshi is probably making things up and looking for attention.
C) Hoshi may be suffering from a culture bound syndrome.
D) Hoshi is probably a sexual predator and should be arrested.

Question 11

Those who study strength focused scholarship have observed that

A) cultural influences on research, service delivery, and program evaluations, are frequently overlooked.
B) too much emphasis is placed on culture, and not enough emphasis on universal characteristics of strengths.
C) researchers are quite good at combining features of the scientific method with the needs that arise as a result of cultural influences.
D) the ability to make use of strengths in order to buffer the negative effects of illness are quite consistent from one culture to another.

Question 12

According to your authors, minorities and other underrepresented groups have been subject to a sort of "double jeopardy" because

A) they often mistrust and avoid mainstream healthcare providers.
B) they are disproportionately likely to be poor and unable to access healthcare.
C) they tend to be branded as pathological in comparison to the majority group.
D) racism and ethnocentrism are as big a problem in healthcare settings as they are in many other parts of society.

Question 13

Which of the following statements about culture in today's United States is true?

A) Cultural groups can be defined by any demographic measure, including such things as sexual orientation or profession.
B) Despite immigration of people from other cultures, the United States remains a melting pot.
C) The culture of the patient impacts treatment decisions, but the culture of the healthcare professional has limited impact due to standardized care protocols.
D) All of the above are true.

Question 14

The second important message from the Mental Health: Culture, Race, and Ethnicity report was related to culture and psychologist behavior. What does the report suggest regarding psychologists' behavior?

A) Psychologists need to incorporate cultural issues into their conceptualizations and treatments.
B) Psychologists do not have enough information to make culturally relevant decisions, so all clients should be treated the same.
C) Psychologists should consider culture in the etiology of an illness and client interactions, but not in the specific treatment plan.
D) Psychologists should always use understandings and treatments effective in their own culture because that is all that they can truly understand.

Question 15

In the late 1800s and early 1900s, anthropologists and psychologists referred to race and culture as determinants of positive and negative personal behaviors. What was the conclusion of research endeavors during this time?

A) Cultures gave unique positive and negative features but that none were altogether better or worse.
B) Minority cultural groups had positive features that were recognized, appreciated, and incorporated by majority cultural groups, which is what kept the majority group in power.
C) The dominant racial or cultural group was superior to all ethnic or cultural minorities and kept power because of an abundance of positive features.
D) Minority racial or cultural groups had more positive features than the majority group and were only kept out of power because of insufficient population numbers.

Question 16

A culture bound syndrome is defined as

A) a set of symptoms that has arisen because of faulty or incomplete socialization.
B) a set of symptoms that is much more common in some societies than in others.
C) the tendency for people from immigrant cultures to avoid seeking help from mainstream healthcare professionals.
D) a set of symptoms that has arisen because of the clash between an immigrants culture of origin and mainstream American culture.

Question 17

Chapter 4 discusses a number of cultural factors that influence whether people will seek help. Which of the following is NOT a way in which culture influences help seeking behavior?

A) What types of help are sought.
B) What coping styles and social supports are available.
C) How much stigma the culture attaches to mental illness.
D) All of the above are cultural factors influence help seeking behavior.

Question 18

Which of the following is found in all cultures that may buffer people from developing mental disorders?

A) Strict forms of punishment to keep people "in line"
B) Strengths such as resilience and adaptive ways of coping
C) An expectation that people with problems will turn to others for help before developing mental illness.
D) Pure genetic lines that are absent genes for disorders that plague neighboring cultures

Question 19

Regarding culture, what do Snyder, Lopez, and Teramoto Pedrotti recommend future positive psychologists to do?

A) Count culture as a major influence on the development of human strength and good living.
B) Find ways in which all cultures are the most similar and incorporate only those areas into your practice to avoid offending anyone.
C) Continue to study positive psychology without an emphasis on culture as it does not appear crucial to understand at this point.
D) Understand that all individuals are different, so an understanding of traditional culture is not essential in the study of positive psychology.

Question 20

Which Surgeon General of the United States oversaw the development of the report titled Mental Health: Culture, Race, Ethnicity?

A) Jocelyn Elders
B) C Everett Coop
C) David Satcher
D) Tom Frieden

Question 21

Most professionals who study culturally embedded strengths maintain that

A) a core group of positive traits vary widely from one culture to another.
B) A core group of positive traits are largely consistent from culture to culture
C) core group of positive traits exist across all cultures, and show up in very similar ways.
D) a core group of positive traits and processes might exist across cultures, but show up in very different ways.

Question 22

Recognizing that all cultures have the potential to engender unique strengths is referred to as

A) the culturally different perspective.
B) the cultural equilibrium perspective.
C) the culturally enhanced perspective.
D) the culturally deficient perspective.

Question 23

What is the culturally embedded perspective on science and practice?

A) People can hold a neutral stance while examining universal traits and behaviors.
B) People acknowledge the influence of cultural values in examining strength and positive functioning.
C) People recognize that culture has no impact on either science or practice because of the insignificant variance between cultures.
D) People can never see through their own cultural perspective to understand people of other cultures, so culture is not worth examining.

Question 24

When researchers say they have begun to consider culturally pluralistic explanations, they are referring to

A) interpreting behaviors within the context of the culture.
B) distinct cultural entities that adopt some values of the majority group.
C) variations that only have meaning within a segment of society.
D) accepting explanations that are linked to some cultures and not to others.

Question 25

After decades of various models focused on deficiency, many psychologists focused on a culturally different model, which emphasized what aspect?

A) That one cannot and should not attempt to label cultural attributes as either positive or negative.
B) That each culture has its own unique strengths and has positive features to offer to greater society.
C) That individual differences within cultures are much more important than group differences across cultures.
D) That the study of cultural and racial deficiencies revealed enough information about cultures to support the different, and occasionally oppressive, treatment of various groups.

Question 26

In the early 1900s, American psychologists such as G Stanley Hall and Henry Goddard believed that

A) intelligence test should be used to increase the deportation rates of the "feebleminded" from Ellis Island.
B) the practice of craniotomy was an effective way to demonstrate the presumed genetic basis of intelligence.
C) incentives for those of superior intelligence to reproduce, and disincentives for those less intelligent should be implemented.
D) intellectual deficits noted amongst recent immigrants to the United States were the result of inferior cultures, rather than biological inferiority.

Question 27

When distinct cultural entity adopts some of the values of the majority group, this is referred to as

A) a cultural melting pot.
B) cultural assimilation.
C) multiculturalism.
D) Cultural pluralism.

Question 28

What is the genetically and culturally deficient perspective on human diversity?

A) Genetically deficient groups compensated by developing positive cultural characteristics and behaviors.
B) All groups have genetic and cultural deficiencies, so racial and cultural mixing is logical to share strengths and eliminate deficiencies.
C) The majority group had the greatest weaknesses and deficiencies and only compensated through large population and oppression of minority groups.
D) Certain groups have great deficiencies of race and culture, which explains why they were dominated and oppressed by other groups.

Question 29

What was the similarity between the model of cultural deficiency and the model focused on racial deficiency?

A) They both recognized individual variability as more important than racial or cultural group membership.
B) They both saw that all groups had equal positives and negatives.
C) The both gave examples of how each group was aware of its deficiencies and used other strengths to compensate.
D) They both applied a biased, negative, and oversimplified framework for examining the cognitive abilities of group members.

Question 30

By the middle of the 20^th century, the belief that some races were inferior was replaced by the concept of "cultural deficiencies." The concept of cultural deficiency was the idea that people from some cultures had stunted physical and psychological growth because of

A) Cultural deficiencies in environment, linguistics, perception, and interpersonal ability were more to blame for life outcomes.
B) Individual differences in genetics were more salient than racial differences, and each race has equal overall intelligence.
C) Each race had its own strengths and features to allow for equal competition between racial groups.
D) Each racial group created positive cultural behaviors to compensate for their genetic deficiencies, so genetics was a fruitless vein of study.

Question 31

Which of the following is NOT a frequently recurring theme in the debate between culture free and culturally embedded groups within positive psychology?

A) The effects of professionals' cultural views on their research and practices
B) The universality of human strengths
C) The presence of cultural or racial groups which are clearly better than others
D) A sense of universality in the pursuit of happiness

Question 32

What was Henry Goddard's role in the application of eugenics research?

A) He established intelligence screening procedures to deport unworthy and deficient immigrants.
B) He worked as an advocate for all immigrants to ensure that all who wanted to enter America could find a way to fit into society.
C) He studied the importance of respect for cultural diversity by finding strengths in all immigrants.
D) He worked to record and monitor the reasons that immigrants held for coming to America so that the government could discern which aspects of American culture are most important.

Question 33

Interpreting behaviors within the context of the culture is known as

A) cultural assimilation.
B) cultural pluralism.
C) cultural relativism.
D) multiculturalism.

Question 34

Which is a thought commonly held by psychologists who subscribe to the genetically deficient model?

A) Cultural groups with genetic deficiencies are naturally less intelligent, cannot benefit from growth opportunities, and cannot advance society.
B) Genetic deficiencies will grow more severe with each generation and deficient cultural groups will eventually fail or die off without assistance.
C) Deficient cultural groups need help from non-deficient dominant groups in order to care for themselves as a group.
D) Deficient cultural groups are a risk to society as a whole because they are naturally dangerous, devious, and poverty stricken.

Question 35

What is the culturally different perspective as held by psychologists and anthropologists?

A) All cultures are different, but some are better.
B) Most cultures are very similar, but ones with extreme differences are usually ostracized and oppressed.
C) Each culture has the full potential to grow because of the unique strengths engendered by that culture.
D) Analyzing a culture is nearly impossible because of great individual differences held by people within the population.

Question 36

What are positive psychology scientists and practitioners are committed to studying and promoting?

A) The advancement of an agenda favoring cultural groups with more positive cultural features
B) Certainty that some individuals will be more capable than others
C) Optimal human functioning, especially client strengths
D) The means by which more advanced groups attained power over naturally weaker groups.

Question 37

Culturally embedded psychologists believe that research and practice is conducted at the intersection of what aspect of both the professional and client?

A) Intelligence
B) Personality
C) World view
D) Culture

Question 38

The belief that the dominant race or culture is superior to other racial or ethnic minority groups within the United States has been referred to as

A) ethnocentrism.
B) culturally different.
C) genetically deficient.
D) social Darwinism.

Question 39

Craniometry was once used as a basis for determining the superiority of certain groups. What did craniometrists study?

A) The relationship between skull characteristics and displays of positive behavior to determine which cultural groups are the most capable.
B) The relationship between skull characteristics and intelligence
C) The impact on human behavior of drilling holes in the skull to relieve pressure on the brain
D) Variations within cultural groups on their head size to determine how to select capable leaders from within each group

Question 40

Which of the following is a recommendation for culture sensitive research practice and policymaking, according to the APA?

A) Professionals are encouraged to refer cross-cultural cases to individual from that particular culture.
B) Professionals are encouraged to develop specific competencies to help account for cultural influences in psychology.
C) Professionals are encouraged to bring a member of the other culture onto the research team.
D) Professionals are encouraged to conduct a meta-analysis of cross cultural factors.

Question 41

Which of the following statements is true regarding how cultures view the construct of wisdom?

A) Americans from the majority culture tend to view wisdom as both as affective and cognitive in nature.
B) People from Eastern cultures tend to view wisdom only as cognitive in nature.
C) Americans from the majority culture tend to view wisdom only as cognitive in nature.
D) People do world over view the construct of wisdom as cognitive in nature.

Question 42

In your book, the story of The Wise Man of the Gulf illustrates which principle?

A) avoiding work as much as possible.
B) having a full and happy life.
C) achieving financial security.
D) becoming a respected member of the community.

Question 43

What is required of establishing cross-cultural constructs of positive psychology beyond determining if strengths uniformly exist and are valued across cultures?

A) An understanding of the indigenous psychology of the group telling how the strength is valued and how it functions positively.
B) One must determine whether any cultures exist that do not value that characteristic.
C) One must determine whether any individual members of that culture do not value that particular strength.
D) An understanding of the drive for attainment of the positive trait or strength in question must be analyzed and compared across cultures.

Question 44

Your textbook makes the point that our views of the good life are

A) personally constructed over are lifetimes
B) universal across all cultures.
C) motivated by a desire to self-actualize.
D) Related to our ability to suppress our natural urges.

Question 45

Four coping strategies that seem to be valued equally by health caregivers in in most cultures are

A) taking action, utilizing social support, reappraising situations, and actively thinking about the health issue
B) taking action, utilizing social support, reappraising situations, and avoiding thinking about the health issue.
C) taking action, utilizing social support, committing to a treatment protocol, and thinking positively about the health issue.
D) taking action, utilizing professional support, reappraising situations, and avoiding thinking about health issue.

Question 46

When individuals from Western cultures are asked about their own happiness, they are most likely to mention

A) individual factors or achievements.
B) harmonious relations with others.
C) their relationship with the family.
D) contributions to their family and society.

Question 47

In order to understand how a strength or process becomes valued within a culture, studies should be conducted

A) cross culturally, between nations.
B) in nations that are high in homogeneity.
C) in nations that have high rates of immigration.
D) across nations, and within diverse nations

Question 48

How are culturally embedded psychologists able to maintain that there are no universal cultural traits despite the discovery of core traits that appear to exist across cultures?

A) Because these traits are too peripheral and insignificant to qualify as universal
B) Because of a lack of decisive empirical support for the presence of these traits
C) Because of the discovery of historical records of a small native population that did not exhibit these traits, which eliminates true universality
D) Because these traits manifest themselves and are viewed differently across the different cultures

Question 49

According to your textbook's authors, hope comes from all of the following EXCEPT

A) your head.
B) your culture.
C) your heart.
D) your spiritual life.

Question 50

Why should individuals be cautious when prescribing coping strategies that appear universally beneficial?

A) Because the effects or benefits of the strategy may differ drastically across cultures
B) Because many individuals within each culture may have different views on that coping strategy
C) Because if people are told that a strategy is universal, it has been shown to develop a negative connotation within the culture because it no longer appears unique and special
D) Because not enough empirical data exists to truly support a strategy as universally beneficial

Question 51

What would culture-free positive psychologists be most likely to say "we all want to be?"

A) Happy
B) Superior
C) Independent
D) Together

Question 52

Problem-solving was found to be ________________ to depressive symptoms for Asian Americans, but ________ for Caucasian Americans.

A) positively correlated; negatively correlated
B) unrelated; negatively correlated
C) negatively correlated; positively correlated
D) negatively correlated; unrelated

Question 53

The "Head, Heart, Holy Test" has been described as a successful tool in analyzing cultural nuances in the expression of which positive trait?

A) Ambition
B) Conformity
C) Hope
D) Faith

Question 54

According to your textbook's authors, your head, your heart, and your spiritual life all contribute to the concept of

A) strength.
B) optimism.
C) good life.
D) hope

Question 55

Which of the following coping strategies has NOT been shown to transcend cultures in caregivers aiding a loved one?

A) Concentrating solely on the inevitability of the problems consequences
B) Utilizing all available social supports.
C) Denying the health problem or avoiding thinking about it.
D) Cognitively reappraising situations to seem more positive.

Question 56

When individuals from Western cultures are asked about their own happiness, they are most likely to mention

A) individual factors or achievements.
B) harmonious relations with others.
C) their relationship with the family.
D) the well-being of their social group.

Question 57

According to Utsey and colleagues, amongst African-Americans, well-being and positive psychological functioning were related to

A) greater equality as a result of the civil rights movement.
B) an ability to fit in with the surrounding majority culture.
C) a traditional African-American worldview, including pride in racial heritage.
D) the presence of a strong father figure, and a nuclear family.

Question 58

Your authors warn that as positive psychology moves into the 21^st century, there is a risk that it will become

A) another form of disguised individualism.
B) an ineffective "feel good" endeavor.
C) exploited by people favoring socialism or communism.
D) All of the above are potential risks.

Question 59

A "way of describing the universe and life within it, both in terms of what it is and what ought to be" is the definition of

A) the good life.
B) our world view.
C) hope.
D) our culture.

Question 60

In comparing reports of happiness, Westerners are most likely to mention __________, while Easterners are most likely to mention ____________

A) financial well-being; harmonious relations with others.
B) individual factors or achievements; contributions to their society.
C) individual factors or achievements; harmonious relations with others.
D) Personal wealth; good health.

Question 61

What must be done to best help a client despite the fact that no one can yet be certain about the universality of specific strengths or positive coping techniques?

A) Always tell the client about the strengths that most closely appear universal.
B) Always tell the client what is generally expected of and found in someone of the client's cultural group.
C) Do the best possible job of determining with the client if and how culture counts in each interaction.
D) Do the best possible job of examining your client as an individual through a culture free lens so that no unnecessary distractions factor in to your interaction.

Question 62

Which of the following is NOT listed as being defined by an individual's personal world view?

A) Motivations which are desirable
B) Behaviors which are desirable
C) Life goals that should ultimately be sought
D) Parts of culture which are most important to others

Question 63

The ability to navigate and adapt to the increasingly diverse context of our world is a strength because

A) survival of the fittest drives our well-being.
B) international trade is increasingly part of the world economy.
C) It is likely related to quality of life outcomes in heterogeneous societies.
D) we are increasingly required to interact with people from other cultures.

Question 64

In studies published in the Journal of Positive Psychology and the Journal of Happiness Studies, which construct is most likely to be overlooked?

A) optimism.
B) hope.
C) altruism.
D) happiness.

Question 65

According to the Snyder, Lopez, and Teramoto Pedrotti, how can progress toward counting culture as a primary influence of development, strength, and good living be best facilitated?

A) By becoming aware of your own beliefs about the interplay between culture and psychology, and how those beliefs may color your interactions
B) By becoming aware of what is generally expected of a client from a specific cultural background so that you can best anticipate the client's needs
C) By reading the most contemporary research on the topic
D) By asking the client specific questions about the client's culture

Question 66

Discuss the story of "The Wise Man of the Gulf" in terms of the various lessons that positive psychologists would emphasize.

Question 67

The multicultural personality is defined as

A) a person's ability to navigate and adapt to the context of our world.
B) a person's ability to integrate into the larger world culture.
C) a person's ability to feel comfortable with people of other cultures.
D) a person who lives in a country that values a public policy of multiculturalism over the melting pot.

Question 68

Which of the following is NOT seen as a general truth about the interplay between culture and psychological strength?

A) Psychological strength is universal.
B) No one specific psychological strength is universal.
C) Life contexts affect how strengths are developed, defined, and manifested.
D) Individuals within a specific culture will inevitably have the same strengths, perspectives, and psychological functioning.

Question 69

Analyze the perception of universality and how it relates to strengths and positive coping strategies across cultures.

Question 70

The Multicultural Personality Questionnaire (MPQ) has identified five factors that describe the multicultural personality style. These five are

A) cultural empathy, open-mindedness, emotional stability, initiative, and flexibility.
B) cultural acceptance, open-mindedness, emotional stability, initiative, and flexibility.
C) cultural empathy, mindfulness, emotional stability, cooperation, and flexibility.
D) cultural acceptance, open-mindedness, social economic stability, initiative, and flexibility.

Question 71

What activity was described in Chapter 4 as potentially shedding the greatest light on the biggest and most important hopes of people?

A) An conference where delegations speak for the hopes of each cultural group
B) A world poll conducted in a scientifically rigorous manner to interview as many individuals as possible
C) A closed panel with ten experts on cross-cultural hopes
D) A meta-analysis of all hope research done thus far to reveal common themes

Question 72

What is a reflection and a determinant of the life goals that people value and pursue?

A) An individual's view on whether positive psychology can be culture-free or culturally embedded
B) Their respective cultures
C) Their relationships with their immediate family
D) Their career choice and related training

Question 73

Outline and describe the differences between a culture-free and a culturally embedded view of positive psychology and culture.

Question 74

Discuss the evolution of the views of anthropologists and psychologists regarding race and culture, from the early 1900s to the present day.

Question 75

Our worldview is

A) a natural outcome of biological urges.
B) our way of describing what is and what should be.
C) our view of our own culture.
D) all of the above.

Question 76

Discuss the various factors that are relevant to both Eastern and Western cultures with regard to how happiness and optimism are evaluated.