Deck 5: Living Well at Every Stage of Life

Question 1

What form of "good adaptation" do researchers agree is necessary to determine who is resilient?

A) Internal
B) Peripheral
C) Positive
D) External

Answer 1

External

Question 2

When determining a resilient child's level of post-threat functioning what should observers consider?

A) A return to normal functioning
B) A return to impaired functioning
C) A return to erratic functioning
D) A return to stable functioning

Answer 2

A return to normal functioning

Question 3

What is the most parsimonious definition of resilience?

A) "hitting bottom"
B) "bouncing back"
C) "getting sacked"
D) "pulling through"

Answer 3

"bouncing back"

Question 4

What do we call researchers who study resources that help children and adolescents overcome life's many challenges?

A) Accomplished Researchers
B) Early Childhood Researchers
C) Resilience Researchers
D) Developmental Psychopathology Researchers

Question 5

Which group of psychologists is known to approach their research with questions about "what is working" instead of "what is not working?"

A) Clinical Psychologists
B) Developmental Psychologists
C) Industrial-Organizational Psychologists
D) Vocational Psychologists

Question 6

A resilience researcher would most likely be interested in which of the following aspects of the life of young people?

A) The mechanisms that underlie why some children develop psychopathology and others don't.
B) The ability of younger brains to recover from injury more quickly than older brains.
C) The naturally occurring resources that help children and adolescents overcome life's challenges.
D) The way in which children from impoverished backgrounds succeed in spite of disadvantages.

Question 7

. The Maturational and Biological theory of development has its greatest impact in what area?

A) Classroom management
B) Personality development
C) Thinking and cognition
D) Child rearing

Question 8

In the case study of "Jackson," the child's ability to rebound from abuse was made possible by

A) direct intervention by professional psychologists.
B) the ability to share his story with his teachers.
C) the caring shown by the minister at his church.
D) the availability of a safe place to sit and heal.

Question 9

The most celebrated cases of resilience often depict an individual overcoming overwhelming odds so as to become stronger. According to this definition which of the following individuals would be considered resilient?

A) An individual who didn't do well in high school but is performing well in college
B) An individual who was sexually molested as a child but now advocates publicly for abused women
C) An individual who experienced a lot of conflict at home and now lives with a friend's family
D) An individual who was diagnosed with a learning disability and did not finish high school

Question 10

Although scholars agree on what needs to be present for a person to be considered resilient, there is considerable debate regarding what?

A) The existence of resilient children.
B) The ability to study resilience.
C) The universality of protective factors.
D) The definition of protective factors.

Question 11

"A class a phenomenon characterized by patterns of positive adaptation in the context of significant adversity or risk" is the definition of

A) resilience.
B) plasticity.
C) thriving.
D) self-actualization.

Question 12

Which of the following is of greatest debate regarding children and resiliency?

A) Risk or adversity must be present for a person to be considered resilient.
B) Whether children are more or less resilient than adults.
C) The degree and universality of which factors are protective.
D) Whether all children have the ability to be fully resilient.

Question 13

What major force is often ignored in the conceptualization of resilience outcomes?

A) Culture
B) Family
C) Socioeconomic status
D) Number of childhood risk factors

Question 14

Within the Cognitive-Developmental framework, what is the primary method used to study development?

A) Social and cognitive problem solving
B) Conditioning and modeling paradigms
C) Case studies and indirect examination of unconscious processes
D) Anthropological data and cinematic records

Question 15

Which of the following is one of the two things scholars agree must be present for a person to be considered resilient?

A) risk or adversity
B) love or intimacy
C) damage or injury
D) safety or security

Question 16

According to psychoanalytic theory, the basic assumption about humans is that they are

A) mostly the result of biological factors in the evolutionary history of the species.
B) the result of the laws of learning in the environment.
C) the result of conflicts in the resolution of those conflicts.
D) the result of the individuals active participation in the developmental process.

Question 17

Which developmental theory is based on the assumption that development is a function of the laws of learning?

A) Behavioral
B) Maturational and Biological
C) Psychoanalytic
D) Cognitive-Developmental

Question 18

How do resilience researchers define external adaptation?

A) positive psychological well-being
B) meeting the expectations of society
C) meeting the needs of others
D) optimism for the future

Question 19

Which of the following traditional assumptions is associated with the term "tabula rasa"?

A) Psychoanalytic
B) Behavioral.
C) Cognitive developmental
D) Maturational and biological

Question 20

What are the important variables most often studied within the Behavioral framework?

A) Frequency of behaviors
B) Stage related transformations
C) Growth of biological systems
D) Effects of instincts on needs

Question 21

In a study investigating resilience in American Indian adolescence, researchers found that _______________ was significantly linked to resilience.

A) the ability to adapt to the surrounding mainstream culture
B) having strong ties to their American Indian heritage
C) having greater access to bitter education
D) being removed from negative aspects of life on reservations

Question 22

In the study of children on the Hawaiian island of Kauai, what percentage of children were considered to be at risk because of deficits in family support and home environments?

A) One quarter
B) One third
C) One half
D) Two thirds

Question 23

Which of the following statements about research on youth from different cultures is true?

A) African-American and Latino youth are particularly likely to produce paid in afterschool activities.
B) Studies on Asian-American youth more often focus on deficits and negative development.
C) Predictors of success amongst American Indian adolescence include addressing both the positive and risky aspects facing them.
D) Research about under represented groups tends to be positively focused.

Question 24

According to Deborah Blum, in her article "Finding Strength: How to Overcome Anything," just over _________% of poor, neglected, or abused children are building better lives by the time they are teenagers.

A) 10
B) 20
C) 30
D) 40

Question 25

Which of the following is NOT one of the nine positive outcomes targeted by positive youth development programs?

A) Encouraging self-determination
B) Encouraging independence and autonomy
C) Fostering spirituality
D) Establishing pro social norms

Question 26

According to Deborah Blum, in her article "Finding Strength: How to Overcome Anything," people who are resilient

A) must find the resilient behaviors and coping skill before they reach the teenage years.
B) have the personal fortitude and abilities to do it alone.
C) believe in themselves and recognize their own strengths.
D) All of the above statements are true.

Question 27

Which of the following characteristics is targeted by positive programs?

A) Focusing on the present.
B) Rewarding independence.
C) Correcting negative behavior.
D) Promoting moral competencies.

Question 28

Which of the following is considered one of the few universal truths in the resilience literature?

A) Individuals can overcome past traumas.
B) Time heals all wounds.
C) Resilient children/youth have numerous protective factors.
D) One caring adult can help a child/youth adapt.

Question 29

Many of the children in Dr. Werner's study attributed their resiliency to what factor when they became adults?

A) The money they received from participating in the study
B) The support they obtained from one caring adult
C) The number of friends they had in grade school
D) The good education they received on the island

Question 30

In the end, what percentage of the Kuaai children in Dr. Werner's study were resilient?

A) 50%
B) 30%
C) 70%
D) 80%

Question 31

Which of the following statements is true about the study of "positive youth development"?

A) Researchers are in agreement that attention should be paid to both positive and negative challenges that exist for youth.
B) It is likely that different developmental assets exist for different populations.
C) A link between strong ethnic identity and positive performance is found amongst all cultural groups.
D) Youth from ethnic populations are particularly likely to participate in afterschool activities, such as positive youth development programs.

Question 32

Which two primary characteristics accounted for the resiliency of at-risk children in the Werner and Smith study involving a cohort of 700 children born on the island of Kauai?

A) An outgoing disposition and several sources of support
B) A positive outlook and a wealthy family member
C) A wealthy family member and several sources of support
D) A healthy lifestyle and a parent who was home during the day

Question 33

Which of the following is a protective factor for psychological resilience within the child himself or herself?

A) Skills for self-control or self-regulation.
B) Firmness and consistency and personality.
C) A tendency to use emotional strategies for overcoming adversity.
D) A high level of education.

Question 34

Which of the following is a characteristic of positive youth development programs?

A) Building momentum
B) Youth challenging themselves to attain other goals
C) Generating physical and psychological competencies
D) All of the above are characteristics of such programs.

Question 35

Which of the following is one of the nine positive outcomes targeted by positive youth development programs?

A) Keeping kids out of trouble
B) Providing a safe place to learn
C) Recognizing positive behavior
D) Acknowledging hard work

Question 36

What are some of the factors that make positive youth development programs more effective?

A) The amount of space and diversity they offer
B) The amount of time and structure they provide
C) The number of staff and volunteers they employee
D) The quantity of academic material and assistance they make available

Question 37

Which of the following is NOT one of the parental behaviors found to be related to positive development in children?

A) Maternal warmth.
B) Though levels of conflict between parents.
C) Parental monitoring
D) Involvement in their school.

Question 38

Benson and Scales definition "a specific expression of positive youth development "refers to which concept?

A) Thriving
B) Spark
C) Resilience
D) Fortitude

Question 39

Which of the following is NOT one of the factors identified as contributing to a child's resilience in the community?

A) High levels of public safety.
B) Effective schools.
C) High socioeconomic status in the community.
D) All of the above are contributing factors.

Question 40

An ongoing, inevitable process that engages youth, encourages them to interact with their environment and positive agents, using momentum to attain goals is the characteristic of

A) positive youth development.
B) social enrichment programs.
C) headstart programs.
D) foster youth systems.

Question 41

What do the Penn Resiliency Program and the Big Brothers and Big Sisters programs have in common?

A) They are both religiously-based programs.
B) They both strive to build the confidences and competencies in young people.
C) They are both targeted towards inner-city youth.
D) They are both targeted towards improving mental health.

Question 42

Which of the following factors was NOT considered in the MacArthur Foundation Study of Successful Aging?

A) Physical
B) Economic
C) Social
D) Psychological

Question 43

According to Valliant, engagement with a career is characterized by what?

A) Contentment, compensation, competence, and commitment
B)Adaptability, articulation, association, and application
C) Benevolence, bravery, boldness, and bravado
D) Daring, drudgery, diligence, and drawbacks

Question 44

The soundness of positive youth development programs is determined by which of the following?

A) The amount to which they facilitate community development
B) The degree to which they encourage attendance at school
C) The extent to which they promote the good and prevent the bad
D) The extent to which they keep the kids off the streets

Question 45

In chapter 5, the case of Tony is noteworthy because it illustrates

A) how difficult retirement is for most people.
B) generativity through perpetuating talents in a different role.
C) that retired people often face many health challenges.
D) struggle that people face when they are forced out of their jobs due to an imposed retirement age.

Question 46

In Chapter 5, Keyonna was able to convince her team leader that she wanted to "think about design" rather than produce designs. Why is Sarah's story notable?

A) Because she continued working past retirement age
B) Because she identified what she didn't like about her job
C) Because she developed a relationship with her team leader
D) Because she anticipated the need for flexibility in her sixth decade of life

Question 47

What did the participants in Terman's study of 1500 intellectually gifted children nickname themselves?

A) the "Roaches"
B) the "Intellects"
C) the "Brains"
D) the "Termites"

Question 48

The six tasks of adult development mapped out by Valliant include which of the following?

A) Independence and Understanding
B) Interdependence and Family
C) Identity and Intimacy
D) Association and Individuality

Question 49

According to Rowe and Kahn (1998), who summarized the findings from the MacArthur Study of Successful Aging, what is one component of aging well?

A) Continuing to work after retirement
B) Maintaining a healthy sex life
C) Avoiding disease
D) Preserving family ties

Question 50

Which positive youth development program focuses on awareness of thought patterns and on modifying the explanatory style of students?

A) Big Brothers and Big Sisters
B) The Penn Resiliency Program
C) YMCA/YWCA
D) Boy's and Girl's Club

Question 51

Within the Chickering model, what is the primary developmental goal for college students?

A) Managing Emotions
B) Moving Through Autonomy toward Interdependence
C) Developing Mature Interpersonal Relationships
D) Developmental Competence

Question 52

In Terman's study of intellectually gifted children

A) a high proportion went on to be national leaders
B) most of the children were hardier and healthier during childhood.
C) most had difficulties with mental health issues in their adult lives.
D) All of the above statements are true.

Question 53

Which of the following is true about the MacArthur Foundation Study of Successful Aging?

A) Participants were followed over the course of several years.
B) Young seniors were compared against older seniors.
C) Seniors who were widowed were compared against those still married.
D) Seniors were rated on Erickson's dimension of integrity versus despair.

Question 54

Valiant further simplified Rowe and Kahn's definition of successful aging. What three components did he include in his characterization of positive aging?

A) Health, wealth, and happiness
B) Autonomy, financial freedom, and good health
C) Love, friendship, and social recognition
D) Joy, love, and learning

Question 55

What is the name of the program that matches low income children and adolescents with adult volunteers who are committed to providing caring and supportive relationships?

A) The Penn Resiliency Program
B) Big Brothers and Big Sisters
C) YMCA/YWCA
D) Boy's and Girl's Club

Question 56

The Changing Lives Program is particularly intended to be

A) compatible with school classrooms.
B) inclusive of both gender and ethnicity
C) a resource for low income children and adolescents
D) a program to develop vocational skills.

Question 57

Which task of adult development is associated with increased spirituality and a greater sense of contentment with life?

A) Integrity
B) Career Consolidation
C) Generativity
D) Keeper of Meaning

Question 58

Participants in Terman's study who had a high risk of mortality were also more likely to have what type of explanatory style?

A) Catastrophizing
B) Minimizing
C) Deconstructing
D) Biasing

Question 59

According to the MacArthur study of successful aging, the three components of successful aging were

A) avoiding disease, engaging with life, and maintaining functioning.
B) avoiding disease, contributing to the next generation, and remaining financially independent.
C) engaging with life, contributing to the next generation, and avoiding dementia.
D) engaging with life, maintaining functioning, and remaining financially independent.

Question 60

How do positive youth developmentalists typically define programs that work?

A) Programs that work promote academic achievement.
B) Programs that work help youth move toward competencies.
C) Programs that work provide safety and security.
D) Programs that work have strong community ties.

Question 61

What kind of support is important for successful aging?

A) financial support
B) categorical support
C) instrumental support
D) unconditional support

Question 62

If you were to develop your own Positive Youth Development program, what would it look like? What critical ingredients would you include?

Question 63

Which contextual factor promotes successful aging across studies?

A) Social support
B) Mental health
C) Physical health
D) Financial stability

Question 64

Compare and contrast the Big Brothers and Big Sisters program, the Penn Resiliency Program, and the Changing Lies Program with respect to their characteristics and goals.

Question 65

In 2001 Danner, Snowdon, and Friesen evaluated the autobiographies of 180 Catholic nuns written in the early 20th century. According to the results of their study, positive emotional content in the writings was inversely correlated with what outcome?

A) Risk of mortality sixty years later
B) Satisfaction with their work sixty years later
C) Autonomy in their daily lives sixty years later
D) General wellbeing sixty years later

Question 66

Explain some of the factors associated with successful aging, with particular reference to the MacArthur Foundation Study of Successful Age.

Question 67

George Vaillant defined six tasks of adult development. Discuss three of them.

Question 68

Discuss some of the factors that predict resilience, according to the research literature.

Question 69

According to the MacArthur study of successful aging, social support is most potent when

A) it comes from family members.
B) it comes from same age peers.
C) it is initiated by the older person.
D) the support given his balance by support received.

Question 70

According to Glass, changes in productivity over time are associated with which of the following outcomes?

A) Increased pain and dementia
B) Fewer hospital admission and strokes
C) Decreased pain and dementia
D) More hospital admissions and strokes

Question 71

Instrumental support is support that is given

A) in pursuit of the goal.
B) when someone is a need.
C) to improve someone's environment.
D) by social institutions.

Question 72

In Deborah Blum's concept of "How to Overcome Anything," seven key areas of resilience research are discussed. List and explain four of them.

Question 73

Risk-focused strategies, asset-focused strategies, and process-focused strategies are three strategies for promoting resilience in what group of individuals?

A) Children and youth
B) Children and adults
C) Youth and adults
D) Adults and the elderly

Question 74

Discuss the definition of resilience outlined in Chapter 5. Identify a public figure who overcame overwhelming odds so as to become stronger.

Question 75

In the vignette "One Man's View of Aging," the main lesson to be learned is that

A) positive adjustment in childhood is associated with positive adjustment in older years.
B) some people have positive adjustment in older years despite early difficulties.
C) the elder years are always less positive than younger years.
D) the elder years are generally marked by poor health, poor finances, and lack of autonomy.

Question 76

Which of the following dimensions were used to classify individuals as "sad-sick" in the Study of Adult Development?

A) Mental health, social support, and life satisfaction
B) Mental health, financial freedom, and life satisfaction
C) Autonomy, financial freedom, and physical health
D) Physical health, social support, and autonomy

Question 77

What was the most robust predictor of being in the happy-well group versus the sad-sick group?

A) The extent to which people relied on their social networks
B) The extent to which people used mature psychological coping
C) The extent to which people saved for retirement
D) The extent to which people experienced good health

Question 78

Examination of the MacArthur data revealed that emotional support for men was usually________, while emotional support for women was usually______.

A) from spouses; from friends and relatives
B) from friends and relatives; from spouses
C) from spouses; from spouses
D) from friends and relatives; from friends and relatives

Question 79

Which of the following dimensions were associated with individuals classified as "happy - well" in the Study of Adult Development?

A) Education, being married, and maintaining a healthy weight.
B) Education, some exercise, and being financially well-off..
C) Being married, maintaining a healthy weight, and being financially well-off
D) Being married, education, and being financially well off

Question 80

What do not smoking, being educated, and having stable marriage all predict?

A) Increased optimism
B) Healthy aging
C) Greater satisfaction with life
D) A sense of integrity