Deck 13: Balanced Conceptualizations of Mental Health and Behavior

Question 1

Which of the following is NOT assessed by the Four-Front Approach?

A) Strengths and assets of the person
B) Deficiencies and weaknesses of the person
C) Medical history of the person
D) Environmental factors hindering healthy functioning

Answer 1

Medical history of the person

Question 2

Which of the following is a reason why work on optimal human functioning lagged behind work on mental illness?

A) The attainment of positive mental health is a passive process.
B) The remediation of mental illness demands more resources.
C) The alleviation of suffering warrants greater attention.
D) All of the above are reasons for the lag in work on optimal functioning.

Answer 2

All of the above are reasons for the lag in work on optimal functioning.

Question 3

What have developmental psychopathology scholars discovered during the past 25 years?

A) Some of the reasons why some people and not others develop particular disorders
B) Events during childhood are the primary cause for the development of mental disorders
C) The development of mental disorders is completely determined by genetic factors
D) Events during childhood have no effect on the development of mental disorders

Answer 3

Some of the reasons why some people and not others develop particular disorders

Question 4

What publication of the American Psychiatric Association is the standard mental illness guide?

A) Disease and Symptom Manual
B) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual
C) Dysfunction and Suffering Manual
D) Disability and Sickness Manual

Question 5

According to your authors, what is the underlying fascination that students have in asking the question "what is normal"?

A) Most have prurient interest in the material.
B) Most are uncertain about their own mental health status.
C) It is part of a healthy attempt to make sense out of the world.
D) It is motivated by a desire to make them feel better about themselves.

Question 6

How many characteristics of the mentally healthy person did Marie Johada identify?

A) 4
B) 5
C) 6
D) 7

Question 7

What is the Fundamental Attribution Error?

A) The tendency to include situational factors when explaining other people's behavior but ignore situational factors when explaining our own behavior
B) The tendency to attribute every error we make to the people with whom we are interacting
C) The tendency to include situational factors when explaining our own behavior but ignore situational factors when explaining other's behavior
D) The tendency to believe that the fundamental reason for errors is the superficial nature of our society

Question 8

Which of the following is true about how we judge behavior when we have only a small amount of information?

A) What a behavior is negative, it stands out more than when it is positive.
B) When a behavior is positive, it stands out more than when it is negative.
C) For both positive and negative behaviors, the positive or negative value will determine the reactions to that behavior.
D) For both positive and negative behaviors, positive or negative saliency will determine the reactions to that behavior.

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT one of the characteristics of the mentally healthy person identified by Marie Jahoda?

A) The pursuit of one's potentials
B) World perceptions that are accurate and not distorted because of subjective needs
C) Mastering of the environment and the enjoying of love, work, and play
D) The ability to suppress negative emotions

Question 10

Which of the following best illustrates the fundamental attribution error?

A) Jenny is a terrible procrastinator and blames herself for not starting her class project sooner.
B) Marcus was dismayed when his girlfriend broke their date because she had to work.
C) Sarah is frustrated because her math class is too hard.
D) Shirley is impressed that her roommate aced her chemistry exam, and concluded that she must be really smart.

Question 11

What important lesson concerning abnormal behavior can be learned from the example of a grown woman kissing the tarmac at an airport?

A) Most of what people do is abnormal.
B) Temporal context must be considered when evaluating abnormality.
C) Kissing the ground is always an abnormal behavior because it is so uncommon.
D) Culture must be considered when evaluating abnormality. .

Question 12

Which of the following is most likely to occur?

A) Sean is unhappy that he failed his physical exam because of all the "trick questions."
B) Kathleen is surprised that her roommate aced a psychology exam, and concludes that the exam must have been easy.
C) Finnegan is sure that his coworker got a promotion because the new boss liked him.
D) All of the above are equally likely.

Question 13

Which period of development did Chickering focus on?

A) Elderly life
B) College years
C) Early adolescence
D) Married life

Question 14

Which psychologist explored the 'sane society' in which mental health was defined as "the ability to love and to create" (1955, p. 69)

A) Fromm
B) Freud
C) Jahoda
D) Frankl

Question 15

Which 3 aspects of a behavior are relevant to the Fundamental Negative Bias?

A) Saliency, frequency and context
B) Context, form and value
C) Frequency, form and value
D) Context, value and saliency

Question 16

Which of the following issues needs to be addressed by clinicians as part of mental health care?

A) Clinicians need to do more to promote humanism, and less to promote behaviorism.
B) Environmental influences on behavior are not adequately addressed.
C) Therapeutic sessions need to increase in length to accommodate the complexity of human behavior.
D) All of the above are issues that need to be addressed.

Question 17

What is the purpose of the Four-Front Approach to conceptualization of behavior?

A) To provide a balanced representation of the client's situation
B) To identify the four major problems in the client's life
C) To provide excuses for the four biggest failures of the client's life
D) To identify the four major strengths of the client

Question 18

What three criteria are commonly used to identify abnormal behavior?

A) Frequency, saliency and personality
B) Function, effects and frequency
C) Personality, frequency and function
D) Personality, effects and context

Question 19

What additional determinant of the abnormal label did Becker (1963) identify?

A) The effect of a powerful person ostracizing an action
B) The effect of a powerful person performing an action
C) The effect of the community supporting an action
D) The effect of the community ignoring an action

Question 20

Which of the following statements most accurately reflects the mental health focus of the latter half of the 20th century?

A) Primarily focusing on negative aspects with little attention paid to the positive
B) Exclusive focus on the positive aspects of mental health
C) Equal focus on the positive and negative aspects of mental health
D) Primarily focusing on the positive aspects with little attention paid to the negative

Question 21

What conclusion have multicultural psychologists made regarding the universality assumption?

A) There is not enough research currently to determine the validity of the universality assumption.
B) Research has definitively proven that the universality assumption is accurate.
C) Research indicates that the universality assumption is a common belief, but is not accurate.
D) The universality assumption is true for cultures in the northern hemisphere but not for cultures in the southern hemisphere. NOTE: I remember that the topics from the two questions below were moved forward into another chapter. The researcher is also found in this chapter, however that particular content appears in an earlier chapter.

Question 22

How does the label of a diagnostic group effect perceptions of group differences?

A) Labels have no effect on perceptions of group differences.
B) Perceptions of within-group differences are enhanced.
C) Perceptions of within-group differences are diminished while perceptions of between-group differences are enhanced.
D) Perceptions of both within-group differences and between-group differences are greatly enhanced by labels.

Question 23

Which of the following helps a person navigate interpersonal relationships, resulting in psychological well-being, according to Ivey and Ivey?

A) Level of intelligence
B) Amount of social support
C) Personality style
D) Cultural background

Question 24

Which of the following is a cultural value, belief, or practice that contributes to optimal human functioning for people of color in the United States?

A) Bicultural flexibility
B) Interconnectedness of mind/body/spirit
C) Internalization of ancestral pride
D) Ethnic enclaves

Question 25

According to Chickering's model,

A) students move towards goals in a smooth and consistent pattern.
B) students move along one pathway at a time.
C) students often move along multiple pathways at the same time.
D) elementary students move along one pathway at a time, and secondary students move along multiple pathways at the same time

Question 26

Which of the following is a strength gain through adversity that contributes to optimal human functioning for people of color in the United States?

A) Collectivism
B) Resistance to racism
C) Acclamation to poverty
D) Heightened perceptual wisdom

Question 27

Which of the following has always been a core part of the developmental and counseling therapy model?

A) Social justice
B) Role-playing
C) Intrinsic motivation
D) Cathartic release

Question 28

How many pathways or vectors did Chickering identify in his model?

A) 4
B) 5
C) 6
D) 7

Question 29

What is the Universality Assumption?

A) What is deemed true for one group may be considered true for other groups, irrespective of cultural differences.
B) Cultural differences do not exist.
C) Every group of people in this universe has a unique way of behaving that should be understood and appreciated.
D) Language is the only important difference when comparing different cultures.

Question 30

When determining normality or abnormality, what does almost every theoretical orientation to psychology have in common?

A) The belief that the degree of dysfunctional behavior is what primarily determines abnormality
B) The belief that culture is responsible for most abnormal behaviors
C) The belief that it is impossible to distinguish between normal and abnormal behaviors
D) The belief that American society contains more abnormal and dysfunctional behavior than any society in history

Question 31

What did Oatley and Jenkins (1992) determine when examining "normal" and "abnormal" emotional experiences?

A) They are not discretely classified.
B) Abnormal emotional experiences are extremely rare.
C) It is easy to distinguish between the normal and abnormal experiences.
D) Abnormal emotional experiences are very common.

Question 32

Which of the following is not a socially significant problem with using the categorical system of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual?

A) Mental health professionals can become preoccupied with forcing people into negative categories.
B) The categories can limit attempts to understand the person in a comprehensive manner.
C) Negative labeling can create stereotypical expectations.
D) The categorical system makes it impossible for psychologists to get reimbursed for their services.

Question 33

Which of the following is one of Chickering's six developmental goals?

A) Establishing trust and commitment
B) Merging attitudes, behavior, and cognitions
C) Developing integrity and humanizing values
D) Developing patience and generativity

Question 34

What is the primary human goal, beyond survival, according to Chickering?

A) Achieving material wealth
B) Establishment of an identity
C) Producing healthy offspring
D) Maintaining physical health

Question 35

What did McDermott (1980) find when examining diagnostic consistency and accuracy between 72 practicing psychologists?

A) The expert psychologists were very consistent.
B) Diagnostic agreement was no better than chance.
C) Consistency between the psychologists was very high.
D) Novice psychologists were inconsistent and inaccurate, but the other psychologists were accurate and consistent.

Question 36

According to Chickering, which of the following is a primary developmental driver for young people?

A) Development of competence
B) Managing emotions
C) Developing purpose
D) Developing integrity

Question 37

In Ivey and Ivey's (1998) Developmental Counseling and Therapy approach, how are pathological behaviors conceptualized?

A) Indications of personal weakness
B) Logical responses to life events
C) Problems in the family system
D) Representations of cultural conflicts

Question 38

What did factor analyses determine when examining personality characteristics of "normal" individuals and individuals with personality disorders?

A) Personalities in the two groups had nothing in common.
B) No study has ever compared the personalities of these two groups.
C) Personalities in the two groups were more alike than different.
D) Individuals with personality disorders are too dangerous to study.

Question 39

What does the example of Cajuns placing crosses in their homes to ward off evil teach us regarding the importance of culture?

A) Religion is the most important aspect of nearly every culture on earth.
B) Cultural values provide the context to determine normality.
C) Cajun culture frowns upon expressions of religious faith.
D) Explicit demonstrations of religious faith are considered abnormal in all cultures.

Question 40

The case of Michael is extensively discussed in chapter 13. Which of the following characteristics does the author use to describe Michael's perseverance?

A) Resilience
B) Self-efficacy
C) Vital courage
D) Fortitude

Question 41

According to Oldham and Morris, what is true of personality disorders?

A) They are always maladaptive.
B) They are the product of a classification system that emphasizes negative characteristics and overlooks positive characteristics.
C) They may be adaptive at one end of the spectrum and maladaptive at the other end.
D) They are not as dangerous as previously believed.

Question 42

In Oldham and Morris' (1995) conceptualization of personality disorders, which of the following personality styles may be associated with the Obsessive - Compulsive Personality Disorder?

A) Conscientious
B) Disorganized
C) Self - confident
D) Extroverted

Question 43

Discuss at least four things that you personally have learned from reading the extended case study of "Michael." Be sure to tie - in not only your own perceptions, but also apply some of the psychological models presented in the chapter.

Question 44

36. Which of the following did the authors learn from The Case of Michael in Chapter 13?

A) The limitations of labels
B) How vital labels are to clinical work
C) The unavoidable link between AIDS and depression
D) Diagnoses are always accurate

Question 45

What advantage does the dimensional approach toward mental health have over current categorical systems?

A) Allows psychologists to juxtapose 'good' and 'evil' on the same continuum.
B) Provides a new and refreshing method of categorizing behaviors.
C) Allows for the examination of individual differences of both negative and positive behavior.
D) It provides a more efficient means of classification that will make it easier for mental health professionals to get reimbursed.

Question 46

Discuss some of the ways in which our biases influence explanations of both our own behavior and other people's behavior.

Question 47

Discuss some of the advantages and disadvantages of using labeling when discussing normal and abnormal behavior, from the perspective of positive psychology.

Question 48

Which of the following statements most accurately describes Oldham and Morris' (1995) dimensional approach to conceptualizing personality disorders?

A) Personality disorders are presented as occurring on their own continuum.
B) Personality can be viewed as one continuum in which the various personality disorders are located at various points along the continuum
C) Personality traits are on individual dimension and formulas are used to determine the presence of personality disorders
D) Personality traits on the various dimensions are determined by our genetic makeup and do not change

Question 49

Explain the components of the Four-Front approach to clinical assessment and discuss how this approach provides a comprehensive conceptualization

Question 50

Which of the following is true regarding the use of labels for mental health issues?

A) Gender differences in mental health issue tend to get ignored.
B) Too much emphasis is placed on cultural differences.
C) The positive characteristics of people might be overlooked
D) All of the above are true

Question 51

Which of the following is a change in the way the DSM addresses mental health issues?

A) Information about the normal developmental course of a disorder has been added.
B) Sections relating to gender-based diagnoses have been eliminated.
C) The number of disorders has been reduced.
D) A list of potentially positive characteristics associated with the disorder have been included.

Question 52

What is the ultimate goal of any psychodiagnostic system?

A) To determine the cheapest method in which mental health problems can be addressed by clinicians
B) To provide the clinician with tools that will allow the efficient and accurate labeling of clients
C) To help the psychologist determine which personality disorder a client has so that they know which medication should be prescribed
D) To understand the person's needs and resources and to facilitate the implementation of helpful therapeutic interventions

Question 53

Chickering's theory of development of college students list six developmental goals. List any three of these, explain them, and give an example from your own experience that reflects these goals.

Question 54

What is the potential result of having clinicians ask about clients' strengths?

A) The underlying problem may not be adequately addressed.
B) The client might conclude that the clinician is not taking his or her distress seriously enough.
C) The client may see that the counselor is trying to understand the whole person.
D) All of the above are potential results.

Question 55

Which of the following is true regarding the use of labels for mental health issues? We tend to ____________ the similarities of those possessing the labels and we tend to _________________ the differences between the labeled group and other people.

A) overestimate; underestimate
B) underestimate; overestimate
C) underestimate; underestimate
D) overestimate; overestimate

Question 56

In Oldham and Morris' (1995) conceptualization of personality disorders, which of the following personality styles may beassociated with Narcissistic Personality Disorder?

A) Dramatic
B) Conscientious
C) Self-confident
D) Idiosyncratic

Question 57

Discuss some of the challenges of understanding behavior in a cultural context, including the limitations of the current diagnostic system, the DSM.

Question 58

Which of the following statements most accurately describes the relationship researchers have found between measures of positive behaviors (e.g., life satisfaction) and negative behaviors (e.g., depression)?

A) Strong negative correlation
B) No relationship
C) Modest positive correlation
D) Modest negative correlation

Question 59

What unfortunate consequence can occur because of diagnostic labels' traditionally negative nature?

A) Clinicians may become depressed from concentrating on so much negative information.
B) Clinicians may ignore potentially positive characteristics of people.
C) Clinicians may ignore negative characteristics in order to focus on the positive characteristics.
D) Clinicians may not have enough labels to describe negative behavior.

Question 60

Focusing on the symptomology of psychological disorders has been at the expense of

A) recognizing the positive aspects of some psychological disorders
B) getting services to vulnerable populations more quickly.
C) helping people pursue optimal human functioning.
D) recognizing different levels of severity for different people.

Question 61

Explain how Oldham and Morris view personality disorders, including factors relevant to the discussion of positive psychology, as well as alternatives to the current view of personality disorders.

Question 62

Discuss the weaknesses of a categorical classification system such as the DSM and how a dimensional approach can address some of these weaknesses.