Deck 9: Wisdom and Courage: Characteristics of the Wise and the Brave

Question 1

Which president of the American Psychological Association wrote a book in 1922 that discussed how wisdom is gained during the aging process?

A) G. Stanley Hall
B) Martin Seligman
C) William James
D) Albert Bandura

Answer 1

G. Stanley Hall

Question 2

Who is widely considered to be the author of the serenity prayer?

A) Aristotle
B) Jean Piaget
C) Reinhold Niebuhr
D) Robert Sternberg

Answer 2

Reinhold Niebuhr

Question 3

Which of the following was NOT found in Robinson's review of the early western conceptualizations of Wisdom?

A) That which is found in people seeking a contemplative life
B) Theoretical thought and knowledge
C) The practical nature displayed by great statesmen
D) Scientific understanding

Answer 3

Theoretical thought and knowledge

Question 4

Which of the following was identified by Clayton as one of the underlying dimensions of Wisdom?

A) Affective
B) Intuitive
C) Creative
D) Intelligence

Question 5

Which of the following did Baltes NOT find when analyzing cultural-historical and philosophical writings?

A) Wisdom is well intended and combines mind and virtue.
B) Wisdom is very difficult to achieve, but easily recognized by people.
C) Wisdom involves special or superior knowledge, judgment, and advice.
D) Wisdom is valued more in western cultures.

Question 6

Austrian school children age 6 to 10 were asked "What are wise persons like?" Children replied that wise people fell into the following categories:

A) cognitive, appearance, abilities, and had awareness of others thoughts.
B) cognitive, affective, behavioral, and somatic.
C) cognitive, empathetic, moral, and had awareness of others thoughts.
D) virtuous, generous, empathetic, and had awareness of others thoughts.

Question 7

Compared to Implicit Theories of Wisdom, Explicit Theories of Wisdom focus more on which characteristics?

A) Behavioral manifestations of Wisdom.
B) Cultural differences in definitions of Wisdom.
C) The relationship between Wisdom and Courage.
D) How wisdom relates to leadership.

Question 8

A logical argument in pursuit of truth or reality is referred to as

A) dialectical operations
B) formal operations
C) analytical operations
D) polemic operations

Question 9

Which three factors have been found to be contained within implicit definitions of wisdom by Asian participants?

A) Altruism, harmony, and acceptance
B) Altruism, determination, and serenity
C) Empathy, serenity, and sacrifice
D) Serenity, mutual dependence, and generativity

Question 10

According to your authors, there is agreement between theorists on the relationship between wisdom and strength in all of the following areas EXCEPT

A) they both exemplify human excellence.
B) they are both culturally bound.
C) they both contribute to the common good.
D) courage is the precursor of wisdom.

Question 11

Who developed the Balance Theory of Wisdom

A) Baltes
B) Sternberg
C) Kohlberg
D) Staudinger

Question 12

Which life span theorist believed that Wisdom reflects a maturity in which concerns for the collective good transcend personal interests?

A) Freud
B) Piaget
C) Jung
D) Erikson

Question 13

Which of the following is NOT one of the four cardinal virtues?

A) Wisdom
B) Justice
C) Courage
D) Intelligence

Question 14

What statistical procedure was used by Clayton and Sternberg to determine the dimensions of wisdom?

A) Logistic regression
B) Multidimensional scaling
C) Structural equation modeling
D) Analysis of variance

Question 15

Most experts agreed that _____________ is uniquely human, can be learned, increases with age, and can be measured.

A) judgment
B) courage
C) fortitude
D) wisdom

Question 16

In the movie Wizard of Oz, the wizard tells the Cowardly Lion "You are under the unfortunate delusion that simply because you run away from danger, you have no courage." What was the Cowardly Lion confusing courage with?

A) Strength
B) Valor
C) Intelligence
D) Wisdom

Question 17

Which of the following statements about culture and wisdom is true?

A) People from Eastern traditions stress affect over cognition in their view of wisdom.
B) People from Western traditions take the affective side into account in equal balance with the cognitive side of wisdom.
C) People from Western traditions tend to stress cognition over affective dimensions.
D) The characteristics of wisdom are largely consistent from one culture to another.

Question 18

What was the focus of Jean Piaget's stage theory of cognitive development?

A) The competing influences of the Id, Ego and Superego
B) The different kinds of thinking that occur during childhood and adulthood
C) The development of language
D) The relationship between intelligence and personality

Question 19

Riegal built upon Piaget's stage theory by adding a stage to represent wisdom. What was the name of this stage?

A) Preoperational stage
B) Concrete Operations stage
C) Dialectical Operations stage
D) Formal Operations stage

Question 20

According to Aristotle, phronesis refers to

A) knowledge
B) practical wisdom
C) theoretical thought
D) implicit wisdom

Question 21

With regard to the building blocks of wisdom, Piaget is to??????___________ as Erickson is to___________

A) Concrete operations; generativity
B) Integrity; dialectical operations
C) Dialectical operations; integrity
D) Conservation; integrity

Question 22

Which of the following ideas about Wisdom is NOT found in either the Balance Theory of Wisdom or the Berlin Wisdom Paradigm?

A) Wise people are extremely intelligent.
B) Wise people can discern views of others.
C) Wise people direct their actions toward achieving a common good.
D) Wise people develop a rich understanding of the world.

Question 23

According to Sternberg, wisdom involves

A) making a judgment when competing interests lack a clear resolution.
B) considering and comparing all possibilities before making a decision.
C) making a judgment without being swayed by emotional appeals.
D) resisting the impulse to make decisions quickly.

Question 24

What group of professionals has been found to have high levels of wisdom?

A) Trial Lawyers
B) Clinical Psychologists
C) Creative Writers
D) Registered Nurses

Question 25

Which of the following was a finding of Monica Ardelt's "Berkeley Guidance Project"?

A) Significant gender differences exist in terms of the developmental course of Wisdom.
B) The quality of a person's social environment in early adulthood has a significant effect on the development of wisdom.
C) Children today are significantly wiser than children born in the 1950's.
D) Children in California are significantly wiser than children in the rest of America.

Question 26

Which of the following statements is true regarding the effects of discussing life challenges and dilemmas with loved ones?

A) Older participants benefited more from interactive experiences.
B) Younger participants benefited more from interactive experiences.
C) People from Asian cultures benefited more from interactive experiences.
D) People from Western cultures benefited more from interactive experiences.

Question 27

The recurring strong feelings that life is incomplete or imperfect, coupled with a desire for ideal, alternative states and experiences of life is the definition of

A)conditio humana.
B) life longings.
C) gestalt.
D) Dialectical process.

Question 28

How many criteria did the Baltes group identify as characteristic of wisdom and wisdom-related performance?

A) 3
B) 4
C) 5
D) 6

Question 29

According to the Balance Theory of Wisdom, what is the goal of Wisdom?

A) Achievement of a common good
B) An increase in intelligence
C) Maintaining the status quo
D) Achieving material wealth

Question 30

According to Baltes, what are the two basic criteria related to expertise and wise performance?

A) Intelligence and factual knowledge
B) Knowing how to do things and knowing why to do things
C) Thoroughness and procedural knowledge
D) Factual knowledge and procedural knowledge

Question 31

Which of the following is true about the transmission of wisdom?

A) Wisdom can be taught.
B) Wisdom can be transmitted by sharing advice.
C) Wisdom is transmitted through sharing advice and modeling.
D) Wise people are likely to teach life understanding and skills needed for wisdom.

Question 32

What did Orwoll and Achenbaum (1993) conclude after reviewing the role of gender in the development of wisdom?

A) Women are consistently wiser than men.
B) Men are consistently wiser than women.
C) There are no gender differences in the development or expression of wisdom.
D) Men's wise acts are more likely to take place in public, whereas women's wise acts are more likely to take place in private.

Question 33

With regard to gender differences about the nature of wisdom,

A) men who were wise tend to follow a more cognitive orientation, while women who were wise tended to follow an affective orientation.
B) women who were wise tend to follow a more cognitive orientation, while men who were wise tended to follow an affective orientation.
C) younger people who were wise tend to follow a more cognitive orientation, while older people who were wise tended to follow an affective orientation.
D) older people who were wise tend to follow a more cognitive orientation, while younger people who were wise tended to follow an affective orientation.

Question 34

According to Jung, wisdom develops through

A) resolving psychic conflicts between the id, ego, and superego.
B) developing integrity and avoiding despair.
C) overcoming inferiority and striving for superiority.
D) resolving conflicts pertaining to the family unit.

Question 35

Which of the following pairs is correctly matched with regard to the development of wisdom?

A) Erickson; family conflicts
B) Jung; integrity
C) Baltes; generativity
D) Sternberg; personality characteristics

Question 36

According to Erikson, wisdom is gained through resolving crises associated with

A) developing an identity.
B) contributing to the next generation.
C) resolving integrity versus despair.
D) developing autonomy and avoiding guilt.

Question 37

What do the three meta-criteria of Baltes' five criteria of wisdom have in common?

A) A focus on flexible thinking and dialectical processing
B) A focus on the ability to plan for the future
C) A focus on the insignificance of cultural effects
D) A focus on intelligence as a vital precursor for wisdom

Question 38

What did Baltes and Staudinger (2000) find when examining wisdom in people between the ages of 25 and 75?

A) Wisdom was not associated with age in this age range.
B) Wisdom was positively correlated with age.
C) Wisdom was negatively correlated with age.
D) Wisdom was highest around the age of 50.

Question 39

What processes are balanced in the Balance Theory of Wisdom?

A) Reason and emotion
B) Selfishness and altruism
C) Interests and environment
D) Intelligence and maturity

Question 40

What role do mentors play in the development of wisdom according to Baltes & Staudinger

A) Mentors do not help people develop wisdom.
B) Mentors are important but their effects are sometimes indirect.
C) Mentors can hinder the development of wisdom.
D) Mentors are required to develop wisdom.

Question 41

What did K.K. O'Byrne and colleagues (2000) identify as the three types of courage?

A) Physical, Spiritual and Moral
B) Moral, Interpersonal and Vital
C) Vital, Physical and Moral
D) Interpersonal, Spiritual, and Physical

Question 42

Which of the following statements most accurately states the relationships between wisdom and intelligence?

A) Intelligence and wisdom are the same thing.
B) Intelligence is not necessarily associated with wisdom.
C) Intelligence is the consequence of wisdom.
D) Intelligence is more timeless than wisdom.

Question 43

What was the basis of Jack Rachman's research on courage?

A) Courageous acts always take place in public.
B) Courage is the mirror image of fear.
C) Courageous acts require a certain level of physical danger.
D) Courage increases as people get older.

Question 44

The story about the ordeal of Malala Yousafzai best illustrates which type of courage?

A) Moral courage.
B) Physical courage.
C) Vital courage.
D) All of the above were shown by Malala.

Question 45

Aristotle defined military courage as

A) fortitudo.
B)andredia.
C) bravado.
D) force d'âme.

Question 46

The stories in Jerome Groopman's The Anatomy of Hope (2004) were examples of what type of courage?

A) Physical
B) Vital
C) Moral
D) Psychological

Question 47

According to Putman, which of the following types of courage most lacks training, and is least well represented in literature and movies?

A) Civil courage
B) Psychological courage
C) Moral courage
D) Physical courage

Question 48

What did the "Hemingway code" suggest as a code of conduct for Americans?

A) Strength, knowledge and courage
B) Courage, wisdom and valor
C) Knowledge, wisdom and strength
D) Valor, strength and knowledge

Question 49

Which of the following was NOT part of Cicero's (as summarized by Houser) definition of courage?

A) Perseverance
B) Patience
C) Magnificence
D) Fortitude

Question 50

Which of the following best exemplifies Vital Courage

A) A politician invested in a "greater good" whole places an unpopular vote
B) A firefighter saving a child from a burning building
C) A soldier standing his ground in a battle
D) A child with a heart transplant maintaining intensive treatment even when her prognosis is uncertain

Question 51

How did Putnam (1997) define Psychological courage?

A) Strength in facing one's destructive habits
B) The ability to cope with the tragedies of life
C) The wisdom to manage life's difficulties
D) Helping friends and family flourish

Question 52

In their Values In Action classification system, Peterson and Seligman considered which of the following to be a core human virtue related to courage?

A) Authenticity
B) Valor
C) Enthusiasm
D) All of the above

Question 53

Which type of courage did John F. Kennedy give the most attention and reverence to in his book Profiles in Courage(1936)

A) Physical
B) Vital
C) Moral
D) Psychological

Question 54

According to Shelp, the necessary components of courage are freedom of choice, fear of a situation and

A) competence.
B) willingness to take risk.
C) feeling empathetic.
D) disregard for one's own well-being.

Question 55

Cross-cultural research of the characteristics related to wisdom has shown that

A) all cultures purposely cultivate wisdom.
B) both Japanese and American people showed evidence of wisedom throughout their life spans.
C) Japanese people showed greater wisdom with age, but Americans showed evidence of wisdom throughout their life spans.
D) American people showed greater wisdom with age, but Japanese people showed evidence of wisdom throughout their life spans.

Question 56

Studies with young adults have found that wisdom is related to

A) having a solid and consistent ego.
B) having a greater investment in hedonistic pursuits.
C) having high intelligence.
D) having a broad skills set.

Question 57

What decade has been found to be a major time in the development of wisdom?

A) 15 - 25
B) 26 - 35
C) 36 - 45
D) 46 - 55

Question 58

Who defined courage as "grace under pressure"?

A) Hemingway
B) Kant
C) Snyder
D) Aristotle

Question 59

How does Sternberg distinguish between Wisdom and Intelligence?

A) Wisdom is the 'know-what', intelligence is the 'know-how.'
B) Intelligence is more related to interpersonal savvy.
C) Wisdom is more associated with resolving major life problems.
D) Intelligence can be cultivated, Wisdom is a fixed quality.

Question 60

Which type of courage can be considered the "equal opportunity" form of courage that doesn't require special training?

A) Physical
B) Vital
C) Moral
D) Psychological

Question 61

Which statement most accurately describes the state of self-report measures of courage?

A) Numerous psychometrically valid measures of courage have been developed, all of which have empirical support.
B) No self-report measures of courage have been developed.
C) The development of measures of courage is in its early stages because of the lack of a comprehensive theory of courage.
D) The only measure of courage is the Values in Action scale developed by Peterson and Seligman.

Question 62

According to Szagun, which age group likened courage to the difficulty of the task at hand along with being fearless?

A) 5 to 6 year olds
B) 8 to 9 year olds
C) 11 to12 year olds
D) Adults

Question 63

According to Hannah and colleagues the development of the "courageous mindset" develops as a result of

A) observing courageous models.
B) talking about courage.
C) having high emotional intelligence.
D) exhibiting courageous behaviors.

Question 64

Compare the three types of courage in O'Byrne's model and how these classifications fit Cicero's definition of courage.

Question 65

Which type of courage did Senator John McCain indicate can be strengthened when he said "The first time you stand up to a bully it's hard. The second time it's not so hard."

A) Physical courage
B) Psychological courage
C) Vital courage
D) Moral courage

Question 66

What can be concluded from Rachman's research on the relationship between fear and courage in paratroopers?

A) Extremely courageous people never experience feelings of fear or anxiety.
B) Courage develops from performing behaviors despite fear and thus decreasing later fear.
C) Courage can only be developed through intense experiences of fear.
D) The relationship between fear and courage is moderated by the amount of intelligence that a person possesses.

Question 67

According to Haase, what determines how people become courageous?

A) Some people are "born heroes."
B) Courage is genetically determined.
C) Courage develops through attitudes and methods of coping.
D) Courage can only develop from physical dangers or illnesses.

Question 68

Miep Gies, who helps to hide Anne Frank was an example of ____________, and considered her actions ___________.

A) moral courage; a choice
B) civil courage; a duty
C) moral courage; a duty
D) vital courage; a choice

Question 69

Discuss how courage develops across the lifespan including comparisons between children of different ages, and children versus adults.

Question 70

What is the adaptive value of wisdom according to Csikszentmihalyi and Rathunde (1990)?

A) Through wisdom we make good choices when challenged by the social and physical world.
B) Wisdom is a requirement for the development of courage.
C) Intelligence only results from wisdom.
D) Wisdom results from ideal combination of security and danger during the adolescent years.
Type: E

Question 71

Discuss how courage is seen in different cultures, and the reason why cultural differences exist.

Question 72

What is the difference between civil courage and altruism?

A) Altruistic acts are more likely to involve risking physical harm.
B) Acts of civil courage are more likely to involve risking physical harm.
C) Altruism is characterized by a feeling of empathy, but civil courage is motivated by feeling of moral obligation.
D) Altruism is characterized by a desire to help another person, whereas civil courage is motivated by a desire to maintain peace and order.

Question 73

Explain the difference between implicit and explicit theories of wisdom, with regard to their affective, cognitive, and behavioral aspects.

Question 74

Discuss the ways in which lifespan researchers such as Erikson, Piaget and Ardelt have shaped our understanding of Wisdom and how Wisdom develops.

Question 75

Discuss the characteristics of people who are wise, in general, and including cultural and gender differences.

Question 76

Which of the following is a characteristic that is negatively correlated with the construct of courage?

A) Extroversion
B) Agreeableness
C) Anxiety
D) Openness

Question 77

According to Szagun's research, how do children's perceptions of courage change with age?

A) Younger children focus more on psychological risk as a requirement for courage.
B) The tendency to equate courage with the experience of fear increases with age.
C) Older children equate courage with physical risk taking.
D) There are no age differences in how children perceive and describe courage.

Question 78

Brave behavior accompanied by anger and indignation that intends to enforce societal and ethical norms without considering one's own social costs is the definition of

A) moral courage.
B) vital courage.
C) civil courage.d. psychological courage.

Question 79

According to Szagun's research with children on the topic of courage,

A) Younger children conceptualized courage as physical risk-taking, while older children focused on psychological risk-taking.
B) Younger children conceptualized courage as psychological risk-taking, while older children focused on physical risk-taking.
C) Younger children conceptualized courage as a multifaceted emotional experience.
D) Younger children placed emphasis on overcoming fear as part of developing courage.

Question 80

According to Rachman, what is the relationship between courage and fearlessness?

A) They are essentially the same.
B) Courage is a cognitive trait and fearlessness is an emotional trait.
C) Courage is objective and fearlessness is subjective.
D) Courage is the willingness to approach an object in spite of fear.