Deck 10: Classification of Microorganisms

Question 1

One of the most popular taxonomic tools is DNA fingerprinting to develop profiles of organisms. These profiles provide direct information about

A) Enzymatic activities.
B) Protein composition.
C) Antigenic composition.
D) The presence of specific genes.
E) None of the above.

Answer 1

None of the above.

Question 2

The arrangement of organisms into taxa

A) Was designed by Charles Darwin.
B) Is based on evolution.
C) Shows degrees of relatedness between organisms.
D) Shows relationships to common ancestors.
E) Is arbitrary.

Answer 2

Shows degrees of relatedness between organisms.

Question 3

Which of the following characterizes the Domain Bacteria?

A) Eukaryotic cells; ester linkages in phospholipids
B) Prokaryotic cells; ether linkages in phospholipids
C) Prokaryotic cells; ester linkages in phospholipids
D) Complex cellular structures
E) Multicellular

Answer 3

C

Question 4

All of the following are reasons for classifying viruses in the three domains and not in a fourth domain except

A) Viruses direct anabolic pathways of host cells.
B) Viruses are not composed of cells.
C) Some viruses can incorporate their genome into a host's genome.
D) Viruses are obligate parasites.
E) None of the above.

Question 5

Nucleic acid hybridization is based on the fact that

A) Pairing between complementary bases occurs.
B) DNA is composed of genes.
C) The strands of DNA can be separated.
D) A chromosome is composed of complementary strands.
E) None of the above.

Question 6

Which of the following best defines a strain?

A) A group of organisms with a limited geographical distribution.
B) A population of cells that differs from other members of the species.
C) A pure culture.
D) The same as a species.
E) A group of cells all derived from a single parent.

Question 7

The outstanding characteristic of the Kingdom Fungi is

A) Absorption of dissolved organic matter.
B) All members are macroscopic.
C) All members are microscopic.
D) All members are photosynthetic.
E) Absorption of dissolved inorganic matter.

Question 8

Fossil evidence indicates that prokaryotic cells first existed on the Earth

A) 3.5 million years ago.
B) 3.5 × 1012 years ago.
C) 3.5 billion years ago.
D) 350 years ago.
E) 3500 years ago.

Question 9

A clone is

A) Genetically identical cells derived from a single cell.
B) A taxon composed of species.
C) A genetically engineered cell.
D) A mound of cells on an agar medium.
E) None of the above.

Question 10

Yeasts belong to the Kingdom

A) Bacteria.
B) Animalia.
C) Protista.
D) Fungi.
E) Plantae.

Question 11

All of the following are true about the members of the Kingdom Plantae except

A) They use organic carbon sources.
B) They can photosynthesize.
C) They have eukaryotic cells.
D) They are multicellular.
E) They use inorganic energy sources.

Question 12

All of the following are true about archaea except

A) Some produce methane from carbon dioxide and hydrogen.
B) They are prokaryotes.
C) Some are thermoacidophiles; others are extreme halophiles.
D) They lack peptidoglycan in their cell walls.
E) They evolved before bacteria.

Question 13

The phylogenetic classification of bacteria is based on

A) rRNA sequences.
B) Habitat.
C) Gram- reaction.
D) Cell morphology.
E) All of the above.

Question 14

Which of the following is not based on nucleic- acid hybridization?

A) Western blotting
B) Southern blotting
C) DNA chip
D) FISH
E) PCR

Question 15

In the scientific name Enterobacter aerogenes, Enterobacter is the

A) Specific epithet.
B) Order.
C) Family.
D) Genus.
E) Kingdom.

Question 16

Table 10.1
1. $9 + 2$ flagella
2. Nucleus
3. Plasma membrane
4. Peptidoglycan
5. Mitochondrion
6. Fiimbriae

-In Table 10.1, which is (are) found only in prokaryotes?

A) 2, 4, 5
B) 2
C) 1
D) 1, 2, 3
E) 4, 6

Question 17

Into which group would you place a photosynthetic cell that lacks a nucleus?

A) Animalia
B) Protist
C) Bacteria
D) Plantae
E) Fungi

Question 18

Biochemical tests are used to determine

A) Staining characteristics.
B) Nucleic acid- base composition.
C) Enzymatic activities.
D) Amino acid sequences.
E) All of the above.

Question 19

Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) has become a valuable tool for environmental microbiologists for all of the following reasons except

A) To demonstrate the diversity of microbes in an environment.
B) To observe microbes in their natural environment in association with other microbes.
C) To detect uncultured microbes.
D) To obtain pure cultures of microbes.
E) All of the above.

Question 20

Phage typing is based on the fact that

A) Bacteria are destroyed by viruses.
B) Bacterial viruses attack specific cells.
C) Staphylococcus causes infections.
D) Viruses cause disease.
E) Phages and bacteria are related.

Question 21

Figure 10.1
A nucleic acid hybridization experiment produced the following results.

In Figure 10.1, which figure shows the most closely related organisms?

A) a
B) b
C) c
D) d
E) e

Question 22

Which of the following indicates that two organisms are closely related?

A) Their DNA can hybridize.
B) Both ferment lactose.
C) Both are cocci.
D) Both normally live in clams.
E) All of the above.

Question 23

Figure 10.3

Using the cladogram shown in Figure 10.3, which two organisms are most closely related?

A) Mycobacterium and Lactobacillus
B) Streptomyces and Micrococcus
C) Micrococcus and Mycobacterium
D) Streptomyces and Lactobacillus
E) Streptomyces and Mycobacterium

Question 24

Into which group would you place a multicellular heterotroph with chitin cell walls?

A) Bacteria
B) Archaea
C) Plantae
D) Fungi
E) Animalia

Question 25

A bacterial species differs from a species of eukaryotic organisms in that a bacterial species

A) Is a population of cells with similar characteristics.
B) Has a limited geographical distribution.
C) Does not breed with other species.
D) Can be distinguished from other bacterial species.
E) All of the above are true.

Question 26

A genus can best be defined as

A) A taxon composed of families.
B) The most specific taxon.
C) A taxon comprised of one or more species and below family.
D) A taxon comprised of classes.
E) A taxon belonging to a species.

Question 27

Table 10.1

1. $9 + 2$ flagella
2. Nucleus
3. Plasma membrane
4. Peptidoglycan
5. Mitochondrion
6. Fiimbriae

-In Table 10.1, which is (are) found in all Eukarya?

A) 1, 4, 6
B) 2, 3
C) 2, 3, 5
D) 3, 5
E) All of them

Question 28

Bacteria and archaea are similar in which of the following?

A) Possess prokaryotic cells.
B) Sensitivity to antibiotics.
C) Methionine is the start signal for protein synthesis.
D) Peptidoglycan cell walls.
E) None of the above.

Question 29

Which of the following is the best evidence for a three- domain system?

A) There are three distinctly different Gram reactions.
B) Some bacteria live in extreme environments.
C) There are three distinctly different cell structures.
D) There are three distinctly different cellular chemical compositions.
E) None of the above.

Question 30

Which of the following is most useful in determining whether two organisms are related?

A) If both are aerobic.
B) If both are gram- positive.
C) If both ferment lactose.
D) If both are motile.
E) All are equally important.

Question 31

Into which group would you place a photosynthetic organism that lacks a nucleus and has a thin peptidoglycan wall surrounded by an outer membrane?

A) Plantae
B) Proteobacteria (Gram- negative bacteria)
C) Firmicutes (Gram- positive bacteria)
D) Animalia
E) Fungi

Question 32

Into which group would you place a multicellular organism that has a mouth and lives inside the human liver?

A) Animalia
B) Plantae
C) Fungi
D) Firmicutes (Gram- positive bacteria)
E) Proteobacteria (Gram- negative bacteria)

Question 33

Organism A has 70 moles % G+C and organism B has 40 moles % G+C. Which of the following can be concluded from these data?

A) Their nucleic acids will not hybridize.
B) The two organisms are unrelated.
C) The organisms make entirely different enzymes.
D) The two organisms are related.
E) None of the above.

Question 34

Data collected to date indicate that

A) Marine mammals don't have an immune system.
B) Humans and marine mammals cannot be infected by the same pathogens.
C) New species of bacteria may be discovered in wild animals.
D) Marine mammals do not get infectious diseases.
E) None of the above.

Question 35

Which of the following is in the correct order from the most general to the most specific?

A) Kingdom-phylum-class-order-family-genus-species
B) Species-genus-family-order-class-phylum-kingdom
C) Species-genus-phylum-family-order-class-kingdom
D) Kingdom-class-order-family-phylum-genus-species
E) Phylum-kingdom-class-order-genus-family-species

Question 36

Which of the following provides taxonomic information that includes the others?

A) Nucleic acid hybridization
B) Cladogram
C) Nucleic acid- base composition
D) Biochemical tests
E) Amino acid sequencing

Question 37

Into which group would you place a unicellular organism that has 70S ribosomes and a peptidoglycan cell wall?

A) Bacteria
B) Plantae
C) Protist
D) Animalia
E) Fungi

Question 38

Table 10.2

I. Gram-positive
A. Catalase+
$\quad$ 1. Acid from glucose. $\quad$$\quad$$\quad$ Staphylococcus
$\quad$ 2. Glucose $\quad$$\quad$$\quad$$\quad$$\quad$$\quad$$\quad$ Micrococcus
B. Catalase-
$\quad$ 1. Coccus. $\quad$$\quad$$\quad$ Streptococcus
$\quad$ 2. Rod. $\quad$$\quad$$\quad$$\quad$ Lactobacillus

II. Gram-negative
A. Oxidase-
1. Acid from lactose
$\quad$ a. Uses citric acid. $\quad$$\quad$$\quad$ Citrobacter
$\quad$ b. Citric acid $\quad$$\quad$$\quad$$\quad$$\quad$ Escherichia
2. Lactose-
a. $\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{~S}$ produced
$\quad$ (1) Urease positive. $\quad$$\quad$$\quad$$\quad$ Proteus
$\quad$ (2) Urease negative $\quad$$\quad$$\quad$$\quad$ Salmonella
B. Oxidase+
1. Rod. $\quad$$\quad$$\quad$$\quad$$\quad$ Pseudomonas
2. Coccus $\quad$$\quad$$\quad$$\quad$ Neisseria

-Use the dichotomous key in Table 10.2 to identify a gram- negative rod that ferments lactose and uses citric acid as its sole carbon source.

A) Staphylococcus
B) Escherichia
C) Citrobacter
D) Pseudomonas
E) Lactobacillus

Question 39

All of the following are true about the members of the Kingdom Animalia except

A) They can photosynthesize.
B) They are multicellular.
C) They use organic energy sources.
D) They have eukaryotic cells.
E) They use organic carbon sources.

Question 40

Serological testing is based on the fact that

A) The human body makes antibodies against bacteria.
B) Antibodies cause the formation of antigens.
C) Antibodies react specifically with an antigen.
D) Bacteria clump together when mixed with any antibodies.
E) All bacteria have the same antigens.

Question 41

If two organisms have similar rRNA sequences, you can conclude all of the following except

A) They will both ferment lactose.
B) They evolved from a common ancestor.
C) They will have similar G- C ratios.
D) They are related.
E) None of the above.

Question 42

You discovered a unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus and peptidoglycan. You suspect the organism is in the group

A) Bacteria.
B) Archaea.
C) Animalia.
D) Fungi.
E) Plantae.

Question 43

Figure 10.2
This figure shows the results of a gel electrophoresis separation of restriction fragments of the DNA of different organ

In Figure 10.2, which two are most closely related?

A) 3 and 5
B) 2 and 5
C) 4 and 5
D) 2 and 4
E) 1 and 3

Question 44

Protist is a diverse group of organisms that are similar in

A) Ecology.
B) rRNA sequences.
C) Motility.
D) Metabolic type.
E) None of the above.

Question 45

Table 10.2

I. Gram-positive
A. Catalase+
$\quad$ 1. Acid from glucose. $\quad$$\quad$$\quad$ Staphylococcus
$\quad$ 2. Glucose $\quad$$\quad$$\quad$$\quad$$\quad$$\quad$$\quad$ Micrococcus
B. Catalase-
$\quad$ 1. Coccus. $\quad$$\quad$$\quad$ Streptococcus
$\quad$ 2. Rod. $\quad$$\quad$$\quad$$\quad$ Lactobacillus

II. Gram-negative
A. Oxidase-
1. Acid from lactose
$\quad$ a. Uses citric acid. $\quad$$\quad$$\quad$ Citrobacter
$\quad$ b. Citric acid $\quad$$\quad$$\quad$$\quad$$\quad$ Escherichia
2. Lactose-
a. $\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{~S}$ produced
$\quad$ (1) Urease positive. $\quad$$\quad$$\quad$$\quad$ Proteus
$\quad$ (2) Urease negative $\quad$$\quad$$\quad$$\quad$ Salmonella
B. Oxidase+
1. Rod. $\quad$$\quad$$\quad$$\quad$$\quad$ Pseudomonas
2. Coccus $\quad$$\quad$$\quad$$\quad$ Neisseria

-Use the dichotomous key in Table 10.2 to identify a gram- negative coccus.

A) Streptococcus
B) Neisseria
C) Pseudomonas
D) Micrococcus
E) Staphylococcus