Deck 4: Ethics

Question 1

According to your text, which of the following is NOT listed as a required part of a research protocol presented to the IRB?

A) primary investigators publication and training history
B) incentives to be offered, if any
C) population to be sampled and studied
D) risks and benefits to the participants, and precautions to be taken

Answer 1

A

Question 2

All institutions

A) allocate funding equitably to all researchers at that institution.
B) mediate conflicts between researchers and the participants in their research.
C) recruit research participants
D) make judgments regarding the ethical acceptability of research involving human participants.
E)g., universities) that receive federal funds for research must have an Institutional Review Board IRB). The job of this group is to

Answer 2

D

Question 3

The influence of congress on which studies are funded is important in understanding the relationship between science and society. It is also important to consider this relationship when evaluating

A) research protocols
B) research participants
C) research ethics
D) research methodology

Answer 3

C

Question 4

An informed consent form would likely contain all of the following statements EXCEPT?

A) you are not required to participate, but if you begin the study you are required to finish it
B) your information will remain confidential and if the research is published all of your identifying information will be removed
C) this research has been approved by the university's Institutional Review Board
D) if you have any questions you should contact Dr. X at xxx-xxxx.

Question 5

Research misconduct can include which of the following

A) fabrication
B) falsification
C) plagiarism
D) all of the above

Question 6

According to the Decision-Plane model studies that are typically difficult to approve are

A) high cost and high benefit
B) high cost and low benefit
C) low cost and low benefit
D) a and c

Question 7

Designing psychological experiments often presents the researcher with ethical dilemmas, in the primary dilemma he or she must

A) choose the appropriate participant pool without eliminating people who want to participate in the study.
B) decide which coworkers should be co-authors on the resulting paper.
C) weigh potential costs to participants against the potential gain to be realized from the experiment.
D) determine whether to inform participants of the results of the experiment.

Question 8

Dr. Johannsen, a faculty member at a small university, is conducting a study on student sexual behaviors. He has three graduate students working with him who do the actual interviewing of participants. Dr. Johannsen realizes that this is a sensitive topic and that some students could be harmed if the information they obtain in the study was seen by people other than his research assistants. Realizing this Dr. Johannsen puts in controls so that the names of each student are not associated with the information they provide. In doing this Dr. Johannsen has tried to meet the moral principle of

A) autonomy.
B) nonmaleficence.
C) trust.
D) justice.

Question 9

Which of the following studies would NOT fall under the "exempt" category of the IRB?

A) a study comparing face-to-face and on-line teaching methods on undergraduate teacher training students
B) a study investigating the effects of age at entrance to college on college completion using anonymous data provided by the school.
C) a study looking at the effect of a new medication for reducing depression.
D) a study comparing aptitude scores among the students at different universities using pooled anonymous data

Question 10

For psychologists especially, ethical concerns can be divided into three areas. Which of the following is not one of those?

A) the ultimate importance of gaining knowledge
B) the relationship of science and society
C) the treatment of research participants
D) professional issues

Question 11

According to the Decision-Plane model studies that are high cost and low benefit are typically

A) approved
B) difficult
C) not approved
D) expedited

Question 12

Although research misconduct raises important ethical issues, a research psychologist's most fundamental ethical concern is

A) seeking knowledge first and foremost.
B) making sure his or her research topic is morally correct.
C) detecting deception on the part of colleagues.
D) the treatment of human and animal research participants.

Question 13

Research misconduct includes all of the following. Which is considered to be the most serious?

A) overlooking others' use of flawed data
B) changing the design of a study in response to pressure from a funding source
C) not presenting data that contradicts one's own work
D) presenting fraudulent results

Question 14

If an investigator believes that the research might compromise the rights and welfare of the participants, the investigator should seek advice from others, such as an IRB. The ultimate responsibility for the conduct of the experiment lies with the

A) IRB.
B) researcher's assistants.
C) researcher.
D) participants.

Question 15

Evaluating the - ratio helps us to decide if the to the participant is less than the of the knowledge gained from the research.

A) benefit; cost
B) hurtful; helpful
C) disadvantage; advantage
D) cost; benefit

Question 16

Because a researcher may overemphasize the scientific value of their own research,

A) an IRB must be consulted to make recommendations regarding ethical dilemmas.
B) they are usually quite willing to abuse research participants.
C) an IRB will apply the formula that objectively calculates the benefits of the research.
D) they will frequently deceive the participants to gain their consent.

Question 17

Audrey is completing her required undergraduate research project for her honors thesis in psychology. Her research involves surveying college students on their safe-sex practices. Before asking each student to complete the survey, Audrey tells them exactly what the survey is about and what they are expected to do. She then informs them that, while she would like to have them volunteer to participate, they are free to decline to participate with no negative or adverse consequences. In following this procedure, Audrey has met the moral principle of

A) justice
B) respect for people's rights and dignity
C) nonmaleficience
D) beneficience

Question 18

Beneficence means "doing good", and nonmaleficence means

A) "not doing good".
B) "not doing harm to males".
C) "not benefiting monetarily".
D) "doing no harm".

Question 19

The Tuskegee syphilis study violated the ethical principle of

A) informed consent.
B) confidentiality.
C) fraudulent results.
D) plagiarism.

Question 20

Why do psychologists even consider doing research that has the potential for physical or psychological harm for the participants?

A) government granting agencies encourage such research
B) the quest for knowledge is the ultimate concern
C) many participants really like being humiliated
D) the benefits gained may outweigh the risk

Question 21

Passive consent occurs when

A) subjects agree to participate without being informed
B) subjects are informed but do not sign anything
C) parents give consent by not returning the consent form
D) children agree to participate without consulting with their parents

Question 22

In Milgram's obedience to authority experiments research participants believed they were delivering electric shock to another person when in fact they were not. This is a good example of

A) active deception.
B) passive deception.
C) participant coercion.
D) falsification.

Question 23

In which of the following studies would it be ethically necessary to obtain informed consent to collect and use the data?

A) trying a new behavior modification technique on a hyperactive 5 year old child
B) seeing what proportion of pedestrians will pick up a piece of litter next to a trash can
C) seeing if a wait person smiling at a customer will increase the size of a tip
D) doing observations of homosexual couples at a public Gay Pride rally

Question 24

IRB uses the term "minimal risk" which means

A) any physical, psychological, or economic harm
B) harm no greater than expected in daily life
C) having blood drawn during the study
D) no physical, psychological, or economic harm

Question 25

In which of the following situations has the principle of informed consent been violated?

A) the researchers paid $20 for participant cooperation
B) a 12 year old's parents signed the consent form
C) the participants regretted participating because the experience left them frustrated
D) the researcher failed to explain that participation might involve reading scenarios about incest

Question 26

Using informed consent at part of a research study adheres to which of the following APA general moral principles?

A) beneficence, integrity, and respect
B) fidelity, integrity, and respect
C) nonmaleficence, beneficence, and justice
D) justice, beneficence, and responsibility

Question 27

Dr. Doe was investigating the reaction to fear stimuli in children ages 8-12 and obtained parental consent for them to participate. In addition to getting the parental consent, Dr. Doe gave each child information about the experiment in which they were to participate and asked them if they would participate. In asking the children if they would participate, Dr. Doe obtained

A) the child's assent.
B) the child's informed consent.
C) passive acceptance.
D) active agreement.

Question 28

As a member of the IRB you have received a research study to review and report on at the next IRB meeting. In reviewing and considering all aspects of the study you focus on the aspect of how the benefits of the study should be distributed. Should the research participants benefit most and should the research participants in the control group benefit as much as those in the experimental group. Such deliberations involve the moral principle of

A) nonmalefience.
B) beneficence.
C) justice.
D) integrity.

Question 29

Although it has been shown to be useful in research, fundamentally deception violates which APA standard?

A) privacy
B) informed consent
C) dehoaxing
D) minimal risk

Question 30

Most psychological studies have participants give consent in which they both verbally agree to participate and sign a consent form agreeing to participate.

A) active
B) inactive
C) passive
D) assent

Question 31

A study by Resnick and Schwartz 1973) on verbal conditioning compared participants who were fully informed about the researcher's exact procedure with participants who were simply given a rationale for the study and a description of the task they were to perform. What were the findings of this research?

A) those given complete instructions were less likely to agree to participate in the research
B) the fully informed participants did not demonstrate verbal conditioning as expected
C) the fully informed participants were more likely to experience psychological distress requiring debriefing at the conclusion of the research
D) there was no difference between the two types of participants

Question 32

Dr. Marcell conducted a memory experiment in which he investigated the role of mental imagery on recall. The participants were told that their memory for words would be tested, but they were not informed about the imagery manipulation prior to participating.

A) this is an ethically acceptable use of passive deception
B) this is an ethically acceptable use of active deception
C) this is an unethical experiment
D) according to APA guidelines, no informed consent was actually necessary in this experiment

Question 33

Sometimes it is impossible to "inform" the participant fully at the beginning of an experiment because

A) participants really don't want information
B) disclosing all information about the experiment might influence participants' behavior and invalidate the experiment.
C) participants cannot always guarantee their ability to come to all sessions of an experiment.
D) the research design being used is too sophisticated for participants to understand.

Question 34

What is meant by "informed consent?"

A) only people over 18 years of age should participate in psychology experiments
B) agreement to participate in a psychological experiment forms a binding contract; the participant cannot back out once he or she consents
C) before they agree to take part in an experiment, participants must be informed of all aspects of the study that may influence their decision to participate
D) participants must approve the results before they are published

Question 35

Which of the following is NOT an integral part of "informed consent?"

A) explaining the potential risks and benefits of participation
B) showing the participants a complete copy of the IRB proposal
C) telling the participants everything that might reasonably influence their willingness to participate
D) answering questions asked by the participants prior to participating in the study

Question 36

Some fear that the use of deception in psychological experiments leads to distrust of the field of psychology, is an unnecessary invasion of privacy, and is a denial of self-determination. Follow-up studies of research participants have shown

A) the above fears are well founded.
B) participants do not mind deception and accept it as necessary for good research.
C) participants who were deceived reported less educational benefit than those not deceived.
D) participants who were deceived enjoyed the experience less than those who were not deceived.

Question 37

Studies that are granted reviews by IRB involve no more than minimal risk, while studies that are granted reviews by IRB involve more than minimal risk.

A) expedited; full board
B) full board; expedited
C) exempt; expedited
D) expedited; exempt

Question 38

It has been shown that giving participants all information about the experiment before they participate, as opposed to sufficient information to decide about participating,

A) makes it necessary to test many more participants than one normally would.
B) invalidates most statistical analyses.
C) induces participants to ask for a larger reward for participating.
D) can substantially alter the results obtained in the experiment.

Question 39

As a member of a developmental research team you are given the responsibility of obtaining parental consent for a group of kindergarten children to participate in a research study. You want to make the process of getting parental consent as easy as possible so you prepare the informed consent and then have the kindergarten give each child the consent form with instructions to give it to their parents for them to read and sign and return it only if they do not want their child to participate in the study. This approach would involve

A) active consent
B) minor participatory consent
C) assent consent
D) passive consent

Question 40

In which of the following situations would assent be used?

A) in internet research
B) with minimally invasive research
C) with special populations
D) when participants refuse to consent
\
E)g., minors)

Question 41

Confidentiality is defined as:

A) the scientists must respect the confidential nature of experimental data. Data must never be shared with other researchers.
B) experimenters must be confident in their procedures before ever running a subject
C) participant responses must remain confidential in that they should not be shared with anyone outside the study
D) all data must be stored in a cabinet within a brown paper bag

Question 42

The term "desensitizing"

A) involves explaining any deception that was used in the experiment.
B) is the part of debriefing designed to remove any undesirable influence the experiment may have had.
C) is synonymous with dehoaxing.
D) is the aspect of informed consent in which the participant is informed that deception may be used.

Question 43

You can avoid by the use of citations and quotation marks.

A) authorship
B) privacy
C) plagiarism
D) debriefing

Question 44

Following Milgram's experiment in which participants were led to believe they had delivered dangerous electric shocks to another, he found that less than 2% had any negative feelings about the experience. This very low rate of negative feelings indicates

A) that Milgram's debriefing was very effective at desensitizing.
B) that Milgram's debriefing was very effective at dehoaxing.
C) that Milgram's participants did not really believe they were shocking anyone.
D) that Milgram's participants were not concerned about harming others.

Question 45

Which of the following is the best way to keep hackers from obtaining personal information on participants when research is conducted over the internet?

A) encryption
B) informed consent
C) active consent
D) anonymous participation

Question 46

By utilizing , keeping participant's identity unknown, we are also keeping their information because we are unable to reveal information connected to the participant.

A) consent; privacy
B) anonymity; confidential
C) confidentiality; anonymous
D) active consent; private

Question 47

During debriefing, the researcher must inform participants about any deception that was used. This part of debriefing is called

A) informed consent.
B) passive consent.
C) dehoaxing.
D) desensitizing.

Question 48

Debriefing participants can be difficult when doing an Internet study because

A) a computer may crash before the research participant is debriefed.
B) a power outage may break the connection precluding the ability to debrief the participant.
C) the participant may become bored with the study and decide to terminate prior to
Completion.
D) all of the above are difficulties that can be encountered

Question 49

Which of the following is the most difficult part of conducting research over the internet?

A) informed consent
B) privacy
C) debriefing
D) confidentiality

Question 50

Anonymity is defined as

A) not revealing the information obtained from an experiment to anyone outside the study.
B) the researcher must remain anonymous until the experiment is over
C) keeping the identity of the participants unknown and/or untraceable.
D) preventing the participants from sharing the nature of the study with future participants.

Question 51

When writing the research report Jane thought that Dr. Handle's summary of a prior study was presented in a very understandable way so she copied the summary and put it in her report. Immediately following the summary she put in a reference to Dr. Handle which she assumed would tell the reader that she had taken the summary from that reference. In copying this summary she has

A) used good judgment.
B) plagiarized.
C) adequately indicated that Handle wrote the summary.
D) demonstrated a lack of sophistication in preparing a research report.

Question 52

IRB reviews research with human participants while reviews research with animal participants.

A) IACUC
B) ACUC
C) UACUC
D) DACUC

Question 53

Internet research as contrasted with laboratory research typically creates more difficulty in a variety of areas. Which of the following is NOT one of these areas?

A) obtaining informed consent
B) putting the information received into a file that can be statistically analyzed
C) being available to answer questions to ensure comprehension of consent forms
D) debriefing the participants after they complete the study

Question 54

If a study conducted over the Internet requires informed consent, there are three issues that must be solved. Which of the following is NOT one of these three Internet related issues.

A) providing the appropriate information to the participants
B) ensuring that the participants comprehend the information given
C) obtaining the participants consent
D) obtaining photographs of all participants

Question 55

It has been shown that telling participants they are free to decline to participate without penalty

A) results in fewer people agreeing to participate
B) makes the results less generalizable.
C) induces participants to ask for a larger reward for participating.
D) can substantially alter the results obtained in some experiments.

Question 56

The order of authorship on a research publication typically reveals

A) faculty status
B) faculty vs. student status
C) the amount of grant funding each author received
D) the amount of contribution to the study

Question 57

identifies individuals responsible for conducting a research study.

A) authorship
B) grant funding
C) IRB protocol
D) faculty status

Question 58

The concept of privacy in research refers to

A) avoiding deception.
B) making sure that the information received from research participants is publically exposed
C) controlling other people's access to information about you.
D) being very hesitant about giving information about yourself to others.

Question 59

Dr. Nettles recruits participants for a study on individuals with PTSD. One of her participants is someone who lives in her neighborhood who she finds out has PTSD. She goes home and tells her husband about the neighbor's condition. Dr. Nettles has violated

A) anonymity
B) dehoaxing
C) confidentiality
D) deception

Question 60

One of the difficult ethical issues to contend with when doing Internet research is the issue of obtaining informed consent and when informed consent should be obtained. One of the thorny issues is determining what information is public and what information is private. Which of the following is definitely within the public domain and does not need informed consent.

A) information obtained from a television program aired over the Internet
B) information obtained from newsgroups communicating over the Internet
C) information obtained from chat room held over the Internet
D) information obtained from listservs on the Internet

Question 61

Both the Animal Welfare Act of 1966 and the APA Ethics Code Standard 8.09 deal with animal .

A) rights
B) welfare
C) ethics
D) consent

Question 62

Animal rights groups focus on the notion that animals have the same rights as humans and should not be used in research. Animal researchers are concerned with animal welfare, which focuses on

A) providing animals with the minimum necessities to support life.
B) designing experiments so as to yield the clearest possible results.
C) improving laboratory conditions for research animals and reducing the number of animals needed in research.
D) replacing animals with computer models and dummies.

Question 63

The role of the institutional animal care and use committee IACUC) of a research institution is to

A) provide research animals with clean and healthy conditions in the laboratory.
B) mediate the acquisition of animals by the institution's researchers.
C) review all proposals for animal research to be sure the procedures to be used are appropriate and humane.
D) review animal research proposals only to ensure that the proposed experiments are scientifically valid.

Question 64

Electric shock may be used in studies of learning with rats if certain conditions are met. According to the APA guidelines for animal research which of the following is NOT one of those conditions?

A) alternative procedures are not available
B) the minimum level of effective shock is used
C) the experimenters test the shock on themselves first
D) the animals are sedated during the procedure

Question 65

According to the APA guideline for animal research, all workers involved in behavioral testing of animals

A) must weigh over 150 lbs.
B) must be trained in all phases care, maintenance, and handling of the species.
C) must be at least a graduate student under direct supervision of a trained Ph.D. or D.V.M.
D) have no responsibilities or training, but must report to a responsible investigator.

Question 66

Which of the following is true about the use of animals in psychological research?

A) because of their similarity to humans, primates are the most commonly used animals in psychological research
B) the APA code of ethics does not contain guidelines for the use of animals
C) APA guidelines prevent the use of dogs, cats, or other animals that are commonly owned as pets
D) animals are used in about 8% of psychological research

Question 67

Which of the following is true regarding authorship on scientific papers?

A) it is important that everyone who contributes to the paper receive authorship
B) only one person can be listed as an author on most scientific papers
C) only individuals making significant contributions to the writing, conceptualization, or design of the study should receive authorship. Individuals performing subsidiary tasks
D) writing scientific papers is not widely valued and so questions of authorship are irrelevant
E)g., collecting data) are typically referenced in a footnote