Deck 2: The Family in History

Question 1

The pervasive element of European and American society in which men controlled all property and had control over women and children is called

A) sexism.
B) matriarchy.
C) patriarchy.
D) traditional society.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

As mate selection became less a matter of economics and status and more an emotional endeavor, young people began the practice of

A) arranged marriage.
B) dating.
C) cohabitation.
D) courtship.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

In what way was the ideology of patriarchy reinforced by Protestant doctrine?

A) Protestant doctrine emphasized obedience to authority.
B) Marriage was modeled after Old Testament patriarchs.
C) Husbands were commanded by God to protect their wives.
D) The idea of free choice in marriage reflected the idea of a person's relationship with God.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Humans' increased longevity over time is largely the result of

A) genetic changes.
B) government policy.
C) standard of living.
D) education.

Question 5

Archaeologists' discovery of Stone Age family burials in Europe was sociologically significant because

A) ancient people survived by only living in biologically related groups.
B) unlike today, children were weaned earlier and learned to fend for themselves.
C) different family arrangements were honored, not just the nuclear family.
D) mothers waited to have additional children to ensure each child survived.

Question 6

A type of family in which people are considered descendants of their mothers is called

A) matriarchal.
B) matrilineal.
C) feminist.
D) polygamous.

Question 7

Most colonial households were made up of

A) nuclear families.
B) extended families.
C) fictive kin.
D) companionate marriages.

Question 8

Which of the following is an important broad historic trend impacting the character of American family life?

A) decreased longevity
B) families performing fewer functional tasks at home
C) increased family size
D) decline of the two-parent nuclear family

Question 9

A young man named Todd marries his long-time girlfriend Ayodele. What are they practicing?

A) heterogamy
B) homogamy
C) dowry
D) courtship

Question 10

In the nineteenth century, government authority expanded into family life by

A) regulating marriage and citizenship.
B) outlawing divorce.
C) requiring men to be faithful to their wives.
D) allowing other religions to influence political policies.

Question 11

It is difficult for historians to know which aspects of family life among enslaved Africans were African traditions because

A) no records were kept.
B) language and customs were suppressed.
C) this part of slave history has not been studied.
D) customs and traditions varied widely among slaves.

Question 12

During the nineteenth century, how did the idea of childhood change?

A) Childhood came to be understood from the Calvinist notion that children harbored evil spirits that needed to be crushed.
B) Fathers were more likely to rule the household as authorities due to their newfound power in the workplace.
C) Children were seen as fundamentally innocent.
D) Conformity was emphasized, leaving little room for individuality.

Question 13

The ideology that dictates that women are naturally ideal for homemaking is known as

A) industrialization.
B) separate spheres.
C) wage gap.
D) monogamy.

Question 14

were the most powerful group in early United States society, enforcing cultural standards through political and economic power.

A) Africans
B) Asians
C) Europeans
D) American Indians

Question 15

Colonial children were not considered innocent and were controlled through strict discipline and hard work, due primarily to which social force?

A) economic necessity
B) religious belief
C) poor health
D) poor education

Question 16

The period of rapid change brought about by democracy and industrialism created a conservative backlash in the nineteenth century because

A) conservatives believed that women's freedom threatened the traditional family.
B) women were demanding egalitarian marriages instead of separate spheres.
C) women became the primary economic contributors of the family.
D) the emotional aspects of marriage were replaced by political and economic functions of marriage.

Question 17

In the early United States, most enslaved children lived with

A) grandparents.
B) unrelated adults.
C) one parent.
D) both parents.

Question 18

Which of the following represents the distant role of government in family matters during colonial times?

A) Christian doctrine in family matters
B) stem family
C) heterogamy
D) dowry

Question 19

Elizabeth Thomas owns a small farm and generates income by selling vegetables and meat at the local market. When she marries, her citizenship is incorporated into her husband's, and he now owns her farm and income. What describes this practice?

A) courtship
B) coverture
C) polygamy
D) separate spheres

Question 20

Respect for elders, reliance on extended family networks, and matrilineal descent are characteristics of which early American groups?

A) Native Americans
B) African Americans
C) European colonists
D) Asian Americans

Question 21

In the late twentieth century, cultural changes in the meaning of and motivation for marriage evolved in what way?

A) Economic pressure to stay married increased.
B) Emotional success became central to marriage success.
C) Choosing to remain single was increasingly discouraged.
D) Endogamy was strengthened.

Question 22

Between 1900 and 1965, the "industrial revolution" of household technologies such as dishwashers and microwave ovens impacted women's household labor in what way?

A) Women spent far fewer hours on housework.
B) Women spent even more hours on housework, but doing different things.
C) Women spent about the same amount of time on housework.
D) Housework began to be done by men.

Question 23

The most prevalent form of marriage throughout human history has been

A) monogamy.
B) homogamy.
C) polygamy.
D) matriarchy.

Question 24

Which of the following is a characteristic of modern grandparenting, especially in poor families?

A) Grandparents are less likely to have long-lasting emotional bonds with their grandchildren.
B) Most grandparents would rather live with family members.
C) Grandparents are more involved due to financial dependence on adult children.
D) Grandparents are doing more direct caregiving of grandchildren.

Question 25

Many women find themselves caring for adolescent children as well as aging parents. Social scientists call this population

A) caregivers.
B) middle-aged.
C) the middle generation.
D) the sandwich generation.

Question 26

Increasing physical separation of families

A) heightened the personal value of independence.
B) reduced family diversity.
C) undermined people's sense of freedom.
D) clarified the involuntary nature of modern family relationships.

Question 27

An extended family guided by the authority of the father would be considered a

A) patriarchal family.
B) companionship family.
C) matriarchal family.
D) traditional family.

Question 28

A family consisting of two parents and their children, whose priorities are personal fulfillment and common affection, would be considered a

A) modern family.
B) companionship family.
C) traditional family.
D) patriarchal family.

Question 29

(White) women formally achieved the right to vote with the passage of the

A) Nineteenth Amendment.
B) Civil Rights Act.
C) Voting Rights Act.
D) Fifteenth Amendment.

Question 30

The increasing diversity of naming practices is indicative of

A) ethnic diversity in the United States.
B) cultural tradition.
C) personal freedom.
D) individualism.

Question 31

The idealized "traditional" nuclear family, consisting of male breadwinner and female homemaker, was the most common arrangement

A) throughout American history until the 1970s.
B) beginning in the mid-twentieth century.
C) throughout human history.
D) only during colonial times.

Question 32

African American families in the late nineteenth century had which of the following qualities?

A) greater gender equality
B) stronger marriages
C) weaker extended family networks
D) no legal recognition

Question 33

For white families in the nineteenth century, what was the reason for a dramatic decrease in the number of children born?

A) Many diseases had not been cured yet by antibiotics.
B) More women were working outside the home.
C) Couples learned how to prevent pregnancy.
D) Costs of living were prohibitive to large families.

Question 34

The family in the second half of the twentieth century was heavily impacted by

A) reduced opportunity for women.
B) increased reliance on extended family for care.
C) reduction in government assistance programs.
D) reduction of the home as a place of work.

Question 35

The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 cut off new immigration from China, which resulted in

A) unmarried Chinese men.
B) split-household families.
C) discrimination against Chinese.
D) poverty among the Chinese.

Question 36

In the early 1900s, the reasons for marriage began to change. This cultural shift is known as

A) religious to personal.
B) economic to romantic.
C) institution to companionship.
D) endogamy to exogamy.

Question 37

In a male-dominated wage economy, orphans and widows were commonly

A) cared for by extended families.
B) aided by an emerging welfare system.
C) taken in by churches.
D) homeless.

Question 38

Middle-class and affluent families were the first to develop an emphasis on emotional bonds in family life because

A) popular culture and the media promoted doing so.
B) they had less need to consider the economic impact of mate selection.
C) they tended to be less religious.
D) they had more education.

Question 39

For what reason did companionate marriage appeal to many men in growing white-collar industries?

A) benefits of dual incomes
B) economic benefits of fewer children
C) practical support of having a homemaker
D) as a remedy for alienation in the workplace

Question 40

Social forces in the 1950s increased the motivation for young people to marry by

A) providing government incentives.
B) enforcing moral and religious pressure.
C) broadening the role of extended family.
D) offering fewer economic opportunities.

Question 41

Analyze the social forces and cultural values that led to changes in courtship practices between colonial and modern times.

Question 42

Historian Elaine Tyler May stated that American families after World War II perceived an "intense need to feel liberated from the past and secure in the future." How did families achieve this feeling?

A) by focusing on traditional gender roles
B) by encouraging women to maintain jobs outside of the home
C) by marrying later and delaying having children
D) by turning inward toward family life by having several children

Question 43

How did industrialism and separate spheres increase economic inequality between husband and wife?

A) Waged workers were men, and labor in the home did not generate as much income.
B) Women wielded more power within the workplace, which allowed them to be independent of their husbands.
C) Women were more likely to have economic power over their husbands because women's work was critical to family survival.
D) Women were more likely to have economic power over their homes than their husbands were.

Question 44

Family wage is considered

A) the annual income a family makes.
B) the increase in available resources for those who are married over singlehood.
C) the wage necessary for a family to survive with two adults working.
D) the amount necessary for a male earner to provide subsistence for his wife and children.

Question 45

Today, many young women are drawn to urban areas because

A) housing costs are more reasonable there than in the suburbs.
B) more family commitments make urban living easier.
C) there are more job opportunities and social neighborhoods with like-minded peers.
D) urban areas contain single-family homes relatively isolated from each other.

Question 46

Describe the causes and consequences of the increased physical separation of extended families after the Industrial Revolution.

Question 47

Ford Motor Company introduced the "Five Dollar Day" in 1914 as a way to

A) increase labor unrest among employees.
B) improve customer loyalty.
C) promote stability and home ownership.
D) provide political incentives to the government.

Question 48

Identify two major social trends in the historical development of the American family from colonial to modern times, explaining why they are significant.

Question 49

Why would a social scientist claim that the role of grandparents in middle-class and affluent families differ from grandparents' roles in poor families?

A) Middle-class and affluent families are more likely to bond over emotional relationships instead of caregiving based on need.
B) Poor families emphasize the role of grandparents more than their middle-class/affluent counterparts because of strong emotional bonds.
C) There is more likely to be an economic need for grandparents to provide caregiving in middle-class and affluent families.
D) There is no difference in the roles of grandparents among poor, middle-class, and affluent families.

Question 50

Identify three specific examples of government influence over family life and describe their long-term impact.

Question 51

Evaluate the role of religion, particularly the Christian church, on family norms and values in the nineteenth century.

Question 52

Describe the impact of slavery on the family structure of African Americans throughout U.S. history.

Question 53

Companionate marriage contributed to the breakdown of the courtship system because

A) parental supervision became more important than individual preference when choosing a spouse.
B) the growing sense of independence in young people could not easily be controlled.
C) there were fewer opportunities in urban areas.
D) young people were more concerned with social status and economic needs than equality based on companionship.

Question 54

Describe what is known about prehistoric families and explain the significance of these findings for our understanding of family in general.

Question 55

Analyze the impact of the Industrial Revolution on family structure, paying particular attention to family structure, social class, and gender roles.

Question 56

Evaluate the myths and realities of the idealized "traditional" nuclear family in U.S. history.

Question 57

The Comstock Act of 1873

A) granted landholding rights only to American Indians who were legally and monogamously married.
B) allowed for the prosecution and jailing of men who remarried after deserting their wives.
C) allowed the government to stop support to Civil War soldiers' widows if they remarried.
D) banned the shipment of "obscene" materials in the U.S. mail.

Question 58

In the second half of the twentieth century, family diversity was promoted through institutional factors that

A) encouraged aging people to move in with their married adult children.
B) allowed people to structure their lives independently through welfare and pension programs.
C) discouraged home ownership.
D) contributed to the decline in women's employment.

Question 59

Discuss the social construction of childhood, evaluating the experiences of children throughout
U.S. history as a reflection of broader cultural values.

Question 60

Which of the following supports the idea that the institution of marriage remains very important in U.S. society?

A) the decline of polygamy in the U.S.
B) the fight for access to marriage by gays and lesbians
C) the cultural doctrine of separate spheres
D) the increase in women's paid work

Question 61

What factors have led to marriage's change from a relationship of necessity to one that is optional?

Question 62

Explain how minority groups in 1800s United States (African Americans, Asian immigrant communities, and annexed Mexicans) developed family arrangements and practices that were distinct from those of whites.