Deck 4: Birth and the Newborn Baby: in the New World

Question 1

During the ages of 6 to 12, the child's social world

A) becomes more distorted.
B) expands.
C) is limited by prejudice.
D) stagnates.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Depression in middle childhood occurs equally among boys and girls.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

In middle childhood, children are most likely to play in mixed-gender groups.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

During middle childhood, children depend less upon external rewards and increasingly regulate their own behavior.

Question 5

The average school reports that between 10 and 20% of children have trouble adjusting to kindergarten.

Question 6

According to Freud, during middle childhood, psychosexual feelings

A) become repressed.
B) resurface.
C) are punished.
D) express themselves through the Oedipus and Electra complexes.

Question 7

In middle childhood, peers are rated as a child's best source of emotional support.

Question 8

Economic support is related to child adjustment post-divorce.

Question 9

Children of working mothers usually show serious adjustment problems.

Question 10

Aggressive children tend to seek out friends who are more passive.

Question 11

Conduct disorder typically does not emerge until adolescence.

Question 12

The best way to treat school phobia is to let the child stay home.

Question 13

The middle childhood years are marked by

A) development of new skills.
B) reductionof self-understanding.
C) decreasing importance of social relationships.
D) a loss of metamemory skills.

Question 14

In middle childhood, children begin to describe themselves using abstract, internal traits.

Question 15

Separation anxiety disorder (SAD) frequently occurs in conjunction with social anxiety.

Question 16

Erikson and Freud agreed that the main task of middle childhood is to

A) acquire cognitive and social skills.
B) develop a relationship of trust with a caregiver.
C) resolve conflict over sexuality.
D) develop a sense of autonomy instead of shame and doubt.

Question 17

Later-born children are more likely to be popular than first-born children.

Question 18

Children in middle childhood respond best to teaching that is direct, such as lecturing.

Question 19

The period during which psychosexual feelings become unconscious so that children can focus on social and intellectual skills is known as the stage.

A) anal
B) phallic
C) latency
D) oral

Question 20

Selman argued that children develop perspective taking through three stages.

Question 21

It has been found in cross-cultural studies that girls tend to have higher self-esteem in , whereas boys tend to have higher self-esteem in .

A) social relationships; public speaking
B) writing; math
C) competition; individual activities
D) physical appearance; academics

Question 22

Stephanie is 7 years old. She is presented with the story of Holly in one of Selman's perspective-taking exercises. Stephanie states that Holly's father would be upset because she climbed the tree. But if Holly told him she climbed the tree to rescue a kitten, then he would not be upset. Which of Selman's stages does this type of thinking represent?

A) Level 0
B) Level 1
C) Level 2
D) Level 3

Question 23

Which of the following is TRUE about how children in middle childhood regulate their behavior?

A) They have an increasing need for direct rewards and punishments.
B) Theydepend less on punishments to control their own behaviors.
C) Boys are better able to regulate their behavior than girls.
D) Modeling ceases to be an effective method for prompting change.

Question 24

Younger children might have higher levels of self-esteem than older children because

A) their self-esteem comes from parents, who always provide positive feedback.
B) they only base their self-esteem on their physical appearance.
C) their initial self-concepts may be unrealistic due to their egocentrism.
D) their self-esteem is based solely upon the opinions of their friends, not their parents.

Question 25

High self-esteem is related to the

A) size of extended family.
B) age of parents.
C) closeness of child to parents.
D) number of other children in one's school classroom.

Question 26

Erin is 8 yearsold. According to Erikson, she's in the industry versus inferiority stage. In order to successfully navigate this stage, Erin will need to

A) develop a sense of trust with a caregiver.
B) master potty training.
C) master the tasks and challenges of being an 8-year-old.
D) model the behavior of her parents.

Question 27

What area within psychology studies a child's understanding of the relationship between self and others?

A) Ethology
B) Psychoanalysis
C) Empathy
D) Social cognition

Question 28

Reese describes herself by saying, "I am a girl. I love soccer. I have a younger brother. I ride the bus to school. I like strawberries." This self-description is typical of

A) a child in middle childhood.
B) an only child.
C) a child in early childhood.
D) an adolescent.

Question 29

Which of the following argues for a genetic component to self-esteem?

A) Self-esteem perpetuates itself through the process of self-fulfilling prophecy.
B) Children who believe in their own ability have higher levels of self-esteem.
C) The concordance rates for self-esteem are higher among identical twins than for fraternal twins.
D) Self-esteem can be increased by having successes in areas deemed important to the self.

Question 30

Which is the typical developmental path for self-esteem?

A) A decline in early childhood followed by an increase through adulthood
B) A decline in middle childhood until age 12 or 13 followed by an increase in adolescence
C) A steady increase in self-esteem from early childhood through adulthood
D) Low in early childhood, high in middle childhood, low in adolescence

Question 31

According to Piaget, which stage of cognitive development is associated with middle childhood?

A) Preoperational
B) Formal operations
C) Concrete operations
D) Summative operations

Question 32

According to recent longitudinal research (DuBow et al., 2009), a parent's education level when a child is 8 years old predicts child

A) popularity in high school.
B) educational and occupational success 40 years later.
C) IQ at age 20.
D) level of aggressive behavior at age 8.

Question 33

Compared to early childhood, self-definitions in middle childhood are

A) more concrete.
B) more focused on physical characteristics.
C) based more on abstract and internal traits.
D) less realistic.

Question 34

Celia is 13 years old. She answers Selman's perspective-taking exercise by saying that society expects children to obey their parents. Because of this, Holly should realize why her father might punish her. Which of Selman's stages does this represent?

A) Level 1
B) Level 2
C) Level 3
D) Level 4

Question 35

According to Erikson, children in middle childhood are in the stage of psychosocial development.

A) industry versus inferiority
B) initiative versus guilt
C) trust versus mistrust
D) latency

Question 36

Five-to seven-year-olds are able to judge their abilities in seven different areas. These areas include physical ability, physical appearance, peer relationships,parent relationships, reading, mathematics, and

A) general school performance.
B) moral development.
C) musical ability.
D) level of altruism.

Question 37

Four-year-old Daniel is presented with the story of Holly in one of Selman's perspective-taking exercises. Daniel says that he would not save the kitten because he has allergies to kittens and that his father would not save the kitten because he probably has allergies, too. Which of Selman's stages does this type of thinking represent?

A) Level 0
B) Level 1
C) Level 2
D) Level 3

Question 38

The period of concrete operations is characterized by a decline in

A) perspective taking.
B) egocentrism.
C) need for identity.
D) ethnocentrism.

Question 39

Research has shown that are slightly more likely than to define themselves in terms of the groups to which they belong.

A) females; males
B) males; females
C) only children; later-born children
D) shy children; outgoing children

Question 40

The self-concepts of preschoolers and those in middle childhood differ in that

A) preschoolers see themselves as either "good at doing things" or not.
B) preschoolers can make judgments about their performance in seven different areas, such as physical ability and peer relationships.
C) in middle childhood, children differentiate only between two facets of self-concept: general competence and social acceptance.
D) children do not develop a self-concept until age 10.

Question 41

As children progress into middle childhood,

A) they become increasingly capable of monitoring their own behavior.
B) they become less able to control their own behavior.
C) conflict with parents increases dramatically.
D) parental influence decreases dramatically.

Question 42

When discussing sex with children,

A) children find mothers more approachable than fathers.
B) children should be directed to books rather than parents discussing it with them.
C) saying things like "the baby is in mommy's tummy" is perfectly acceptable.
D) parents should wait to teach children the proper names for body parts until the child is 9 or 10.

Question 43

In a research study by Richard Green (1978), he found that children reared by lesbians or transgender individuals tended to be in sexual orientation.

A) homosexual
B) heterosexual
C) bisexual
D) transsexual

Question 44

The psychological adjustment of children with lesbian or gay parents is

A) less than that of children with heterosexual parents.
B) equal to the adjustment of children with heterosexual parents.
C) more positive than the adjustment of children with heterosexual parents.
D) totally unknown because of the lack of research in the area.

Question 45

What is known about the long-term effects of divorce on children?

A) Anger toward the parent they perceive as responsible for the breakup persists.
B) Children typically bounce back quickly and show few long-term effects.
C) The younger the child, the more readily he/she will bounce back from the effects of divorce.
D) A vast majority - over 90% - of children from divorced families eventually experience their own divorce in adulthood.

Question 46

Which of the following accurately shows the influence of others on child self-esteem in middle years?

A) Parents and classmates are equally influential, followed by close friends and teachers.
B) Close friends are most influential, followed by parents, teachers, and classmates.
C) Teachers are most influential, followed by parents, close friends, and classmates.
D) Classmates and teachers are most influential, followed by parents and close friends.

Question 47

The effects of divorce on children may depend upon all EXCEPT

A) inadequate problem solving on the part of the parents.
B) marital conflict.
C) change in financial status.
D) loss of devotion to religious beliefs.

Question 48

Someone who experiences learned helplessness in a particular area is likely to

A) believe that success in that area is based on effort.
B) believe that success in that area is based on ability.
C) be female.
D) be male.

Question 49

During middle childhood,

A) children and parents spend moretime together.
B) fathers' involvement tends to center on recreational activities.
C) children continue to spend more time with their fathers than with their mothers.
D) mothers tend to communicate more traditional gender-role expectations than fathers.

Question 50

The gradual transfer of control from parent to child is known as

A) counterdependence.
B) transference.
C) coregulation.
D) familial interdependence.

Question 51

After a few weeks of taking clarinet lessons, Kamron has decided that playing the clarinet has to do more with ability than effort and that he simply does not have the ability. Instead of persisting or changing his strategy, he decides to quit. This is related to

A) negative cognitive capacity.
B) learned helplessness.
C) self-fulfilling prophecy.
D) theory of mind.

Question 52

Why is it the case that even though girls are doing as well in math and science as boys, they are less confident in their abilities in these areas?

A) Parents hold stereotyped views that girls will do less well in math.
B) Teachers give girls lower grades in math and science than they do boys.
C) Parents push girls toward other subjects such as sports.
D) Girls have more test anxiety in math and science than do boys.

Question 53

Cara blames herself for the divorce of her parents. Why is this likely to be the case?

A) She doesn't want her parents to bear too much of the responsibility.
B) She, like most children, thinks her mother and father are perfect.
C) She frequently heard her parents disagreeing over how to raise her.
D) She was told she is to blame by her parents.

Question 54

A study by Neiss et al (2006) looked for genetic components to self-esteem. The researchers found greater concordance (agreement) for self-esteem in

A) dizygotic twins.
B) monozygotic twins.
C) mothers and daughters.
D) fathers and sons.

Question 55

More than children each year experience the divorce of their parents in the United States.

A) 1,000
B) 10,000
C) 100,000
D) 1 million

Question 56

In middle childhood, children rate as their best source of emotional support.

A) siblings
B) friends
C) parents
D) people they meet online

Question 57

Research on gay and lesbian parents has fallen into two categories: general child adjustment and

A) whether or not the children of gay and lesbian parents are more likely to be gay or lesbian themselves.
B) socioemotional problems.
C) peer relationships.
D) attachment to parents.

Question 58

Nearly of European-American children and of African-American children who are born to married parents will spend at least part of their childhood in a single-parent home as a result of divorce.

A) 10%; 20%
B) 20%; 50%
C) 40%; 75%
D) 75%; 40%

Question 59

The child's developing cognitive ability in middle childhood leads to

A) increased acting out.
B) more critical appraisals of parents.
C) being more demanding of friends.
D) being more obedient in school.

Question 60

During middle childhood, parent-child interactions focus on

A) deciding together when to begin school.
B) assignment of chores.
C) discussions about boyfriends or girlfriends.
D) negotiating issues of religion and spirituality.

Question 61

Which of the following is TRUE regarding stepfamilies?

A) There are many negative psychological effects to living in stepfamilies.
B) There is a higher risk of being physically abused by a stepparent than a biological parent.
C) The risk of sexual abuse is lower in stepfamilies.
D) Infanticide happens less often in stepfamilies than in families with biological kinship.

Question 62

What might explain the long-term effects of divorce?

A) Research is not clear on how to answer this question.
B) There is a decline in the quality of parenting.
C) It depends greatly upon the sex of the child.
D) The child experiences the same issues as before the divorce.

Question 63

How soon after divorce do most girls return to pre-divorce levels of functioning?

A) One year
B) Two years
C) Four years
D) Six years

Question 64

According to research, the problems that boys experience after the divorce of their parents can linger on for as long as ____.

A) one year
B) two years
C) four years
D) six years

Question 65

How can we sum up the predictors of how children will respond to divorce?

A) They are always negatively affected by it.
B) The effects are significant and long lasting.
C) The effects can be somewhat offset by social support.
D) Negative effects do not happen when custody is shared by both parents.

Question 66

Stepparents are more likely than biological parents to engage in all but which of the following?

A) physical abuse of children
B) infanticide
C) sexual abuse of children
D) neglect of children

Question 67

More than children will spend some part of their childhood in a stepfamily.

A) 1 in 3
B) 1 in 5
C) 1 in 7
D) 1 in 10

Question 68

Which of the following causes the greatest increase in behavior problems in children?

A) Parental separation
B) Parental divorce
C) Marriages with high levels of marital conflict
D) Single-parent homes

Question 69

Children of divorced parents are more likely to

A) engage in drug abuse.
B) have good physical health immediately following the divorce.
C) have high self-esteem.
D) have high grades in school.

Question 70

What do cross-cultural studies show about the effects of divorce on children?

A) The effects are more dramatic for American children.
B) The effects are more dramatic for children from poorer countries.
C) The effects are very similar cross-culturally.
D) There has been little research on this question.

Question 71

Pat has been categorized as "aggressive and insecure" six years after a parental divorce. Given the research, what can we assume about Pat?

A) Pat is a boy.
B) Pat was older at the time of the divorce
C) Pat is a girl.
D) Pat was younger at the time of the divorce.

Question 72

If children show a physiological "alarm reaction" to marital conflict, what is occurring?

A) Their heart rate and blood pressure increase.
B) Their self-esteem goes down.
C) Their endocrine system slows down.
D) They "run away" from the conflicted living situation

Question 73

Some children benefit from psychological treatment after divorce. A program mentioned in the text that includes mothers

A) recommends children live with their same-sex parent.
B) teaches children to be independent, as parental monitoring often declines after divorce.
C) helps children handle stressors and learn not to blame themselves.
D) suggests that children over 10 years of age begin a low dose of antidepressant medications.

Question 74

Which name is associated with a longitudinal study on the effects of divorce on children?

A) Amato
B) O'Connor
C) Hetherington
D) Dunlop

Question 75

The incidence of infanticide is times as great in stepfamilies than in genetically related families

A) 10
B) 25
C) 45
D) 60

Question 76

Marital conflict

A) is less damaging to children than parental divorce.
B) causes psychological distress in children and adolescents.
C) is more damaging for the parents than for the children.
D) has been shown to teach children conflict resolution skills.

Question 77

Which of the following can be said with certainty about the problems demonstrated by children of divorce?

A) Divorce causes adjustment problems in children.
B) Divorce causes psychological disorders in children.
C) The effects of divorce are entirely mitigated by degree of parental conflict.
D) There is variation is how and when children react to parental divorce.

Question 78

Some studies find that it is not divorce, per se, that leads to problems among children. Rather, is an important contributing factor.

A) maternal depression
B) loss of the child's friends due to moving to a new neighborhood
C) paternal depression
D) increased fighting among siblings

Question 79

Maternal employment in the United States

A) increased dramatically in the 1970s and 1980s, but has declined since that time.
B) is rare in the United States, but common in other countries.
C) has increased dramatically in the past 50 years.
D) has had a negative impact on children's psychological functioning.

Question 80

Parental bickering or severe fighting in front of the children is linked in research studies to

A) no behavior problems in children.
B) the same kinds of problems that children experience when their parents get separated or divorced.
C) behavior problems in girls, but not in boys.
D) a decrease in child biological "alarm reactions."