Deck 23: Metabolism and Energetics

Question 1

The vitamin that prevents breakdown of vitamin A and fatty acids is vitamin

A) A.
B) B.
C) C.
D) D.
E) E.

Answer 1

E

Question 2

Which of the following complements the actions of glucocorticoids?

A) glucagon
B) insulin
C) growth hormone
D) androgens
E) epinephrine

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Figure 23- 1 The TCA Cycle
Use Figure 23- 1 to answer the following questions:
Identify the molecule labeled "2."

A) FADH2
B) carbon dioxide
C) hydrogen atoms
D) citric acid
E) NADH

Answer 3

B

Question 4

The nutrients that yield the most energy per gram when metabolized are

A) fats.
B) vitamins.
C) carbohydrates.
D) proteins.
E) nucleic acids.

Question 5

In order for glycolysis to proceed, which of the following need not be present?

A) NAD
B) acetyl- CoA
C) ATP
D) glucose
E) ADP

Question 6

The vitamin that is part of the coenzyme NAD is

A) riboflavin.
B) niacin.
C) thiamine.
D) cobalamin.
E) folic acid folate).

Question 7

In the ETS, accepts electrons from one molecule and transfers them to another.

A) a hydrogen ion
B) a coenzyme
C) the acetyl group
D) a cytochrome
E) B or D

Question 8

The major cation in extracellular fluid is

A) magnesium.
B) iron.
C) calcium.
D) potassium.
E) sodium.

Question 9

The vitamin that is essential for the production of several clotting factors is vitamin

A) A.
B) B.
C) E.
D) C.
E) K.

Question 10

A cation that is essential for muscle contraction, nerve function, and blood clotting is

A) magnesium.
B) selenium.
C) potassium.
D) sodium.
E) calcium.

Question 11

Catabolism of protein is not a practical source of quick energy because of all of the following, except that

A) extensive catabolism of protein threatens homeostasis.
B) one of the by- products of protein catabolism is ammonia.
C) proteins are more difficult to break apart than lipids or carbohydrates.
D) most individuals have little protein to spare before harming vital organs.
E) the energy yield from protein is less than the yield from lipids.

Question 12

The vitamin that is a constituent of coenzyme A is

A) pantothenic acid.
B) riboflavin.
C) niacin.
D) folic acid folate).
E) pyridoxine B6).

Question 13

Obesity is defined as a body weight more than percent above the ideal body weight for an individual.

A) 5
B) 10
C) 15
D) 20
E) 30

Question 14

A drug that blocks the action of lipoprotein lipase would

A) decrease the emulsifying action of bile.
B) interfere with triglyceride utilization.
C) prolong the circulation time of chylomicrons.
D) A, B, and C
E) B and C only

Question 15

Removal of the amino group from amino acids in the first step of their catabolism requires a coenzyme derived from vitamin _ .

A) C
B) B9
C) B12
D) A
E) B6

Question 16

In the process of cellular respiration glycolysis + oxidative), each molecule of glucose that is metabolized yields enough energy to form molecules of ATP.

A) 72
B) 4
C) 36
D) 2
E) 28

Question 17

Liver is to as adipose tissue is to .

A) focal point of metabolic regulation and control; storage of lipids
B) storage of vitamin C; source of leptin
C) cholesterol; triglycerides
D) both A and B
E) both A and C

Question 18

Assuming they all weigh the same and maintain the same body temperature, which of the following would lose heat fastest?

A) a tall, very slender person
B) a person of average build
C) a short, thickly built person

Question 19

The vitamin whose deficiency causes beriberi is

A) cobalamin.
B) riboflavin.
C) thiamine.
D) folic acid folate).
E) niacin.

Question 20

Figure 23- 1 The TCA Cycle
Use Figure 23- 1 to answer the following questions:
The element that is necessary for the proper function of the enzyme carbonic anhydrase is

A) iron.
B) cobalt.
C) selenium.
D) zinc.
E) iodine.

Question 21

Which of the following individuals would lose heat fastest in a cold room?

A) an adult woman
B) an adolescent male
C) a newborn infant
D) a child
E) an adult man

Question 22

The essential fatty acids are

A) linoleic acid and linolenic acid.
B) HDLs and LDLs.
C) cholesterol and glycerol.
D) leucine and lysine.
E) both A and D

Question 23

Figure 23- 1 The TCA Cycle
Use Figure 23- 1 to answer the following questions:
Identify the molecule labeled "7."

A) citric acid
B) 4 carbon molecule
C) NADH
D) FADH2
E) hydrogen atoms

Question 24

A balanced diet should

A) include adequate substrates for the production of energy.
B) contain adequate amounts of vitamins and minerals.
C) provide essential amino acids and fatty acids.
D) all of the above
E) B and C only

Question 25

Factors that influence an individual's BMR basal metabolic rate) include all of the following, except

A) body weight.
B) age.
C) gender.
D) physical exertion.
E) genetics.

Question 26

Glucocorticoids have which of the following effects on general peripheral tissues?

A) They increase glycogenolysis.
B) They decrease the use of glucose.
C) They increase gluconeogenesis.
D) A and B only
E) A, B, and C

Question 27

Figure 23- 1 The TCA Cycle
Use Figure 23- 1 to answer the following questions:
The vitamin that is part of the coenzymes FAD and FMN is

A) thiamine.
B) cobalamin.
C) niacin.
D) folic acid folate).
E) riboflavin.

Question 28

Impaired fat absorption in the intestine would interfere with the absorption of

A) niacin.
B) vitamin A.
C) vitamin C.
D) vitamin B12.
E) riboflavin.

Question 29

A T4 assay is used to

A) directly measure the basal metabolic rate.
B) obtain an index of metabolic activity.
C) determine the amount of oxygen consumed during metabolism.
D) monitor the energy efficiency of metabolism.
E) determine the number of calories in food.

Question 30

Inadequate exposure to sunlight could result in decreased amounts of vitamin in the body.

A) A
B) B12
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 31

During starvation

A) carbohydrate utilization increases.
B) gluconeogenesis accelerates.
C) there is a decline in circulating ketone bodies.
D) muscle proteins are used as an energy source.
E) both B and D

Question 32

A vitamin obtained from meat that is a coenzyme in amino acid and lipid metabolism is

A) pantothenic acid.
B) pyridoxine B6).
C) niacin.
D) folic acid folate).
E) riboflavin.

Question 33

A cation that often acts as a cofactor for enzymes is

A) sodium.
B) zinc.
C) potassium.
D) calcium.
E) magnesium.

Question 34

When the body is relying on internal energy reserves to continue meeting its energy demands, it is in the

A) deprivation state.
B) preabsorptive state.
C) absorptive state.
D) postabsorptive state.
E) starvation state.

Question 35

In order to determine the LDL level in a patient's blood it is necessary to measure

A) HDL level.
B) total cholesterol level.
C) triglyceride level.
D) A, B, and C
E) A and B only

Question 36

During lipolysis

A) lipids are converted into glucose molecules.
B) lipids are formed from excess carbohydrates.
C) lipids are metabolized to yield ATP.
D) triglycerides are converted into molecules of acetyl- CoA.
E) triglycerides are broken down into glycerol and fatty acids.

Question 37

Compounds that cells can use to make glucose include all of the following, except

A) pyruvic acid
B) lactic acid
C) amino acids
D) glycerol
E) acetyl- CoA

Question 38

The vitamin that plays a role in maintaining epithelia and is required for the synthesis of visual pigments is vitamin

A) A.
B) B.
C) C.
D) D.
E) E.

Question 39

The lipoproteins that carry absorbed lipids from the intestinal tract to the bloodstream are the

A) LDLs.
B) VLDLs.
C) HDLs.
D) chylomicrons.
E) none of the above

Question 40

The major steps in oxidative phosphorylation include all of the following, except

A) removal of hydrogen atoms from a substrate molecule by coenzymes.
B) the acceptance of electrons by oxygen atoms.
C) increasing the energy level of electrons passing through the electron transport chain.
D) ionization of hydrogen atoms.
E) the breaking of carbon- carbon covalent bonds.

Question 41

Which of the following is false regarding brown fat?

A) contains a rich vascular supply
B) functions in nonshivering thermogenesis
C) is found in infants
D) is concentrated around visceral organs in the adult
E) is innervated by the sympathetic nervous system

Question 42

All of the following occur during the postabsorptive state, except that

A) ketone bodies may be formed.
B) fat mobilization occurs.
C) gluconeogenesis occurs in the liver.
D) levels of blood glucose are elevated.
E) glycogenolysis occurs in the liver.

Question 43

Figure 23- 1 The TCA Cycle
Use Figure 23- 1 to answer the following questions:
The trace element needed for hemoglobin synthesis is

A) copper.
B) cobalt.
C) iodine.
D) zinc.
E) silicon.

Question 44

The loss of infrared energy from the body is called

A) radiation.
B) conduction.
C) thermal regulation.
D) evaporation.
E) convection.

Question 45

Figure 23- 1 The TCA Cycle
Use Figure 23- 1 to answer the following questions:
Identify the molecule labeled "5."

A) 4- carbon molecule
B) citric acid
C) malic acid
D) oxaloacetic acid
E) fumaric acid

Question 46

Wally decides to go on a hunger strike to further one of his favorite causes. After many days with nothing but water you would expect to observe

A) elevated levels of glucocorticoids.
B) ketone bodies in his urine.
C) elevated blood pH.
D) all of the above
E) A and B only

Question 47

In oxidative phosphorylation, energy for the synthesis of ATP is directly obtained from

A) the movement of hydrogen ions through channels in the inner mitochondrial membrane.
B) the breaking of the covalent bonds in glucose.
C) the combination of two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen to form water.
D) the splitting of oxygen molecules.
E) the oxidation of acetyl- CoA.

Question 48

When the temperature of the preoptic area of the hypothalamus exceeds its thermostat setting,

A) peripheral vasoconstriction occurs.
B) skin blood flow increases.
C) tidal volume increases.
D) sweat glands are inhibited.
E) both B and C

Question 49

During glycolysis

A) four molecules of ATP are produced.
B) a molecule of glucose is converted into two molecules of pyruvic acid.
C) two molecules of ATP are consumed
D) A and B only
E) A, B, and C

Question 50

The heat- gain center for thermoregulation

A) activates nonshivering thermogenesis.
B) activates skin vasoconstriction.
C) activates shivering thermogenesis.
D) resides in the pre- optic hypothalamus.
E) all of the above

Question 51

During the absorptive state,

A) the liver forms glycogen.
B) skeletal muscle breaks down glycogen.
C) adipocytes release fatty acids to the circulation.
D) insulin levels are elevated.
E) both A and D

Question 52

Cells must synthesize new organic compounds

A) to produce secretions.
B) to support growth.
C) to store nutrient reserves.
D) to perform structural maintenance or repairs.
E) all of the above

Question 53

Linoleic acid and linolenic acid are examples of

A) lipoproteins.
B) vitamins.
C) transport proteins.
D) essential amino acids.
E) essential fatty acids.

Question 54

For adults there are essential amino acids.

A) 8
B) 6
C) 20
D) 2
E) 10

Question 55

The sum of all of the biochemical processes going on within the human body at any given time is called

A) anabolism.
B) glycolysis.
C) catabolism.
D) metabolism.
E) oxidative phosphorylation.

Question 56

The presence of ketone bodies in the urine is known as

A) hematuria.
B) ketonuria.
C) ketosis.
D) polyuria.
E) uremia.

Question 57

What percent of energy released from catabolism is lost as heat?

A) 60
B) 50
C) 20
D) 30
E) 40

Question 58

Two individuals are the same age, sex, and ethnic background. While being tested for their BMR, Bill consumes 20 liters of oxygen/hour and Randy consumes 16 liters of oxygen/hour. Which of the two needs to consume more calories in order to maintain proper health and constant weight?

A) Randy
B) Bill
C) neither Bill nor Randy

Question 59

All of the following occur when the temperature of the preoptic area of the hypothalamus drops below its thermostat setting, except that

A) shivering thermogenesis occurs.
B) blood flow to the skin increases.
C) nonshivering thermogenesis occurs.
D) blood returning from limbs is shunted to deep veins.
E) epinephrine levels rise.

Question 60

In the human body, cholesterol is important because it

A) helps waterproof the epidermis.
B) is a lipid component of all cell membranes.
C) is the precursor of several steroid hormones and vitamin D3.
D) is a key constituent of bile.
E) all of the above

Question 61

In transamination, the amino group of an amino acid is

A) transferred to acetyl- CoA.
B) transferred to a keto acid.
C) converted to urea.
D) absorbed by water.
E) converted to ammonia.

Question 62

Inside the mitochondrion, each pyruvic acid molecule

A) forms a molecule of citric acid.
B) is phosphorylated.
C) attaches to NAD.
D) loses a carbon atom.
E) enters the electron transport system.

Question 63

The largest lipoproteins, ranging in diameter up to 0.5 µm, are produced by intestinal epithelial cells from the fats in food.

A) chylomicrons
B) low- density lipoproteins LDLs)
C) very- low- density lipoproteins VLDLs)
D) high- density lipoproteins HDLs)
E) intermediate- density lipoproteins IDLs)

Question 64

An element that is a component of hemoglobin, myoglobin, and cytochromes is

A) zinc.
B) cobalt.
C) calcium.
D) magnesium.
E) iron.

Question 65

Figure 23- 1 The TCA Cycle
Use Figure 23- 1 to answer the following questions:
Cells perform catabolism to generate ATP, which can be used for

A) muscle contraction.
B) glycogen synthesis.
C) ion transport.
D) protein synthesis.
E) all of the above

Question 66

All of the following are true of beta- oxidation, except that

A) lipids are converted into glycogen molecules.
B) fatty acids break down into two- carbon fragments that enter the TCA cycle.
C) it requires coenzyme A, NAD, and FAD.
D) it yields large amounts of ATP.
E) it occurs in the mitochondria.

Question 67

Although other nutrients can feed into the TCA cycle, yields energy the quickest.

A) protein
B) glycogen
C) glucose
D) fat
E) both C and D

Question 68

Which of the following individuals would have the greater BMR?

A) a non- nursing woman 34 years old
B) a nursing mother 34 years old
C) On average, they will be equal.

Question 69

A growing child is in a state of

A) nitrogen equilibrium.
B) negative nitrogen balance.
C) positive nitrogen balance.

Question 70

Figure 23- 1 The TCA Cycle
Use Figure 23- 1 to answer the following questions:
Urea is formed in the

A) small intestine.
B) kidneys.
C) large intestine.
D) stomach.
E) liver.

Question 71

The function of the TCA cycle is to

A) produce carbon dioxide.
B) transfer the acetyl group.
C) hydrolyze glucose.
D) produce water.
E) remove hydrogen atoms from organic molecules and transfer them to coenzymes.

Question 72

Figure 23- 1 The TCA Cycle
Use Figure 23- 1 to answer the following questions:
Identify the molecule labeled "1."

A) NADH
B) phosphoglyceric acid
C) pyruvic acid
D) FADH2
E) citric acid

Question 73

The major anion in body fluids is

A) bicarbonate.
B) iodide.
C) chloride.
D) sulfate.

Question 74

Someone with a total cholesterol level between 200 and 239 mg/dl should

A) have annual checkups.
B) lose weight if overweight.
C) modify their diet.
D) not worry if they are physically active.
E) A, B, and C

Question 75

An ion that is a necessary component of high- energy compounds and nucleic acids and a structural component of bone is the ion.

A) phosphate
B) chloride
C) iodide
D) bicarbonate
E) sulfate

Question 76

In the electron transport chain

A) oxidative phosphorylation leads to ATP formation.
B) reduced molecules transfer energy to ATP formation.
C) NADH and FADH2 donate hydrogen atoms.
D) all of the above
E) A and C only

Question 77

The major cation in cytoplasm is

A) magnesium.
B) iron.
C) calcium.
D) sodium.
E) potassium.

Question 78

Reactions within provide most of the energy needed by a typical cell.

A) the endoplasmic reticulum
B) cytoplasm
C) the plasma membrane
D) the mitochondria
E) none of the above

Question 79

Figure 23- 1 The TCA Cycle
Use Figure 23- 1 to answer the following questions:
Identify the substance labeled "4."

A) 4 carbon molecule
B) NADH
C) FADH2
D) citric acid
E) hydrogen atoms

Question 80

The of the mitochondrion contains large- diameter pores that are permeable to ions and small organic molecules such as pyruvic acid.

A) cristae
B) inner membrane
C) outer membrane
D) plasma membrane
E) matrix