Deck 25: Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance

Question 1

Antidiuretic hormone

A) is secreted by the adenohypophysis.
B) stimulates water intake.
C) stimulates water conservation by the kidneys.
D) A, B, and C
E) B and C only

Answer 1

E

Question 2

The ions in highest concentration in the intracellular fluid are

A) potassium, hydrogen, and chloride.
B) sodium, potassium, and calcium.
C) proteins, potassium, and phosphate.
D) potassium, chloride, and bicarbonate.
E) sodium, potassium, and bicarbonate.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

The most common problems with electrolyte balance are caused by an imbalance between gains and losses of

A) electrons.
B) potassium ions.
C) sodium ions.
D) calcium ions.
E) chlorine ions.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Which hormone most affects the osmolarity of blood?

A) epinephrine
B) ADH
C) ANP
D) angiotensin II
E) PTH

Question 5

A person who consumes large amounts of sodium bicarbonate "baking soda") to settle an upset stomach risks

A) metabolic alkalosis.
B) respiratory alkalosis.
C) respiratory acidosis.
D) metabolic acidosis.

Question 6

Hypoventilation leads to

A) respiratory acidosis.
B) respiratory alkalosis.
C) metabolic alkalosis.
D) metabolic acidosis.

Question 7

Which hormone plays a central role in determining the rate of sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion?

A) epinephrine
B) BNP
C) ADH
D) ANP
E) aldosterone

Question 8

Consuming a meal high in salt will

A) cause hypotension.
B) activate the renin- angiotensin mechanism.
C) result in a temporary increase in blood volume.
D) decrease thirst.
E) drastically increase the osmolarity of the blood.

Question 9

The ions in highest concentration in the extracellular fluid are

A) sodium, potassium, and phosphate.
B) sodium, hydrogen, and chloride.
C) sodium, potassium, and bicarbonate.
D) sodium, chloride, and bicarbonate.
E) sodium, potassium, and calcium.

Question 10

Calcium reabsorption by the kidneys is promoted by the hormone

A) parathyroid hormone.
B) cortisol.
C) ADH.
D) aldosterone.
E) calcitonin.

Question 11

The release of atrial natriuretic peptides from the heart will cause the body to

A) conserve sodium ions.
B) decrease ECF.
C) excrete sodium ions.
D) both A and B
E) both B and C

Question 12

When water is lost, but electrolytes are retained,

A) both the ECF and the ICF become more dilute.
B) the osmolarity of the ECF falls.
C) there is an increase in the volume of the ICF.
D) osmosis moves water from the ICF to the ECF.
E) both B and D

Question 13

Severe kidney damage such as glomerulonephritis) often leads to

A) metabolic alkalosis.
B) respiratory acidosis.
C) metabolic acidosis.
D) respiratory alkalosis.

Question 14

In a lean adult male, the body consists of about percent water.

A) 60
B) 10
C) 90
D) 80
E) 40

Question 15

Angiotensin II produces a coordinated elevation in the ECF volume by

A) causing the release of ADH.
B) triggering the production and secretion of aldosterone.
C) stimulating thirst.
D) both A and B
E) A, B, and C

Question 16

A patient on a ventilator subjected to excessive minute volume is at risk for

A) respiratory alkalosis.
B) respiratory acidosis.
C) metabolic alkalosis.
D) metabolic acidosis.

Question 17

Which of the following descriptions best fits the acid- base disorder respiratory alkalosis?

A) consequence of tissue hypoxia, for example in ischemic conditions
B) consequence of prolonged vomiting
C) consequence of reduced alveolar ventilation, for example due to COPD
D) consequence of hyperventilation, for example in fever or mental illness

Question 18

Excess hydrogen ion is eliminated from the body largely by

A) sweating.
B) the kidneys.
C) the feces.
D) buffers.
E) the liver.

Question 19

Intracellular fluid ICF) is found only within

A) the cerebrospinal fluid.
B) blood vessels.
C) lymph.
D) the interstitial space.
E) the cells of the body.

Question 20

The primary role of the carbonic- acid- bicarbonate buffer system is to

A) increase ventilation.
B) buffer carbonic acid formed by carbon dioxide.
C) limit pH changes caused by organic and fixed acids.
D) buffer the urine.
E) buffer stomach acid.

Question 21

The principal cation in intracellular fluid is

A) potassium.
B) calcium.
C) chloride.
D) sodium.
E) magnesium.

Question 22

About two- thirds of the body fluid is within cells and is termed fluid.

A) intercellular
B) interstitial
C) vital
D) intracellular
E) extracellular

Question 23

To reduce brain swelling by pulling water out of brain cells, a substance can be injected intravenously to increase the osmotic pressure of interstitial fluid. Which of the following properties can this substance not have in order to be effective?

A) soluble in water
B) impermeable to brain plasma membranes
C) nontoxic to neurons
D) permeable to capillary endothelium
E) permeable to brain plasma membranes

Question 24

Which of the following will stimulate thirst?

A) angiotensin II acting on the hypothalamus
B) drying the mucosa of the mouth and pharynx
C) an increase in the osmotic pressure of interstitial fluid within the hypothalamus
D) A and B only
E) A, B, and C

Question 25

Substances that can carry electrical current across cell membranes are called

A) osmoregulators.
B) nonelectrolytes.
C) electrons.
D) buffers.
E) electrolytes.

Question 26

All of the following are components of ECF, except

A) aqueous humor.
B) RBCs.
C) cerebrospinal fluid.
D) lymph.
E) peritoneal fluid.

Question 27

Which hormones) is released by heart muscle in response to excessive chamber volume?

A) aldosterone
B) ADH
C) PTH
D) natriuretic peptides
E) acetylcholine

Question 28

When the pH of the extracellular fluid drops, the

A) kidneys excrete more hydrogen ions.
B) kidneys excrete more bicarbonate ions.
C) kidneys excrete fewer bicarbonate ions.
D) A and B only
E) A and C only

Question 29

Approximately liters of peritoneal fluid are produced and reabsorbed each day.

A) 7
B) 15
C) 9
D) 10
E) 20

Question 30

Prolonged vomiting can result in

A) respiratory acidosis.
B) metabolic acidosis.
C) respiratory alkalosis.
D) metabolic alkalosis.

Question 31

A chemical that minimizes changes in the pH of a body fluid by releasing or binding hydrogen ion is called an)

A) buffer.
B) acid.
C) alkali.
D) electrolyte.
E) compensation.

Question 32

The amount of potassium excreted by the kidneys is regulated mainly by

A) glucocorticoids.
B) atrial natriuretic peptides.
C) parathormone.
D) ADH.
E) aldosterone.

Question 33

Which of the following descriptions best fits the acid- base disorder respiratory acidosis?

A) consequence of reduced alveolar ventilation, for example due to emphysema
B) consequence of prolonged vomiting
C) consequence of tissue hypoxia, for example in ischemic conditions
D) consequence of hyperventilation, for example in fever or mental illness

Question 34

The extracellular fluid ECF) consists of the

A) cerebrospinal fluid.
B) interstitial fluid.
C) plasma and lymph.
D) all of the above
E) A and B only

Question 35

Which hormone stimulates the thirst mechanism?

A) aldosterone
B) epinephrine
C) ADH
D) ANP
E) BNP

Question 36

Secretion of potassium into the urine is

A) increased by aldosterone.
B) associated with the reabsorption of sodium from the distal tubules and collecting ducts.
C) minimal because the human diet includes very little potassium.
D) A, B, and C
E) A and B only

Question 37

Aldosterone

A) promotes sodium retention in the kidneys.
B) is secreted in response to elevated levels of potassium in the blood.
C) helps decrease blood volume and lower blood pressure.
D) A, B, and C
E) A and B only

Question 38

In an adult female, the body consists of about percent water.

A) 40
B) 50
C) 70
D) 60
E) 80

Question 39

A patient who has been both vomiting and having diarrhea is losing from his body.

A) sodium
B) water
C) bicarbonate ion
D) hydrogen ion
E) all of the above

Question 40

A person with emphysema will exhibit signs of

A) chronic metabolic acidosis.
B) chronic respiratory alkalosis.
C) acute respiratory acidosis.
D) chronic respiratory acidosis.

Question 41

The principal ions in extracellular fluid are ,
, and .

Question 42

A person with poorly controlled diabetes mellitus will develop

A) metabolic acidosis.
B) respiratory acidosis.
C) metabolic alkalosis.
D) respiratory alkalosis.

Question 43

Which of the following descriptions best fits the acid- base disorder metabolic alkalosis?

A) consequence of tissue hypoxia, for example in ischemic conditions
B) consequence of reduced alveolar ventilation, for example due to COPD
C) consequence of hyperventilation, for example in fever or mental illness
D) consequence of prolonged vomiting

Question 44

The maintenance of normal volume and composition of extracellular and intracellular fluids is vital to life. List and briefly describe the kinds of homeostasis involved.

Question 45

An) acid is an acid that cannot leave solution and enter the atmosphere.

Question 46

Exchange between the two main subdivisions of ECF occurs primarily at the

A) muscles.
B) tissues.
C) veins.
D) capillaries.
E) arteries.

Question 47

When the pH rises above 7.45, a state of exists

Question 48

Why does potassium concentration rise in patients with acidosis? What is this called? What effects does it have?

Question 49

Fred has chronic emphysema. Blood tests show that his pH is low but almost normal but his bicarbonate levels are elevated significantly. How can this be? What would urinalysis show?

Question 50

An) consists of a combination of a weak acid and its associated anion.

Question 51

Homeostatic mechanisms that monitor and adjust the composition of body fluids respond to changes in the fluid.

Question 52

When pure water is consumed,

A) the volume of the ICF decreases.
B) the volume of the ECF decreases.
C) a fluid shift occurs and the volume of the ICF decreases.
D) the ECF becomes hypertonic to the ICF.
E) osmolarities of the two fluid compartments fall.

Question 53

An) acid is an acid that can leave solution and enter the atmosphere.

Question 54

In response to respiratory alkalosis, the

A) respiratory rate increases.
B) kidneys secrete more hydrogen ions.
C) kidneys conserve bicarbonate.
D) kidneys retain more hydrogen ions.
E) tidal volume increases.

Question 55

When the pH falls below 7.35, a state of _ exists

Question 56

The normal pH range for ECF is to
.

Question 57

Hypercapnia refers to elevated levels of

Question 58

Will hyperventilation raise or lower pH? Answer: raise
Explanation:

Question 59

promotes water reabsorption at the kidneys and stimulates thirst.