Deck 21: The Respiratory System

Question 1

In quiet breathing,

A) inspiration and expiration are both passive.
B) inspiration involves muscular contractions and expiration is passive.
C) inspiration is passive and expiration involves muscular contractions.
D) inspiration and expiration involve muscular contractions.
E) both C and D

Answer 1

B

Question 2

As an astronaut is lifted into Earth's orbit, what is the first change to take place in response to the drop in cabin pressure?

A) increased hematocrit
B) renal hypoxia
C) decreased hemoglobin saturation
D) increased alveolar ventilation rate
E) decreased alveolar PO2

Answer 2

E

Question 3

Figure 21- 1 The Upper Airways
Use Figure 21- 1 to answer the following questions:
The glottis is

A) the opening to the pharynx.
B) part of the hard palate.
C) a flap of elastic cartilage.
D) the soft tissue that hangs off the end of the soft palate.
E) the opening to the larynx.

Answer 3

E

Question 4

Figure 21- 1 The Upper Airways
Use Figure 21- 1 to answer the following questions:
Which of the following muscles might be recruited to increase inspired volume?

A) scalenes
B) serratus anterior
C) sternocleidomastoid
D) pectoralis minor
E) all of the above

Question 5

The nasal cavity is separated from the oral cavity by the

A) cribriform plate.
B) pharyngeal septum.
C) soft palate.
D) internal nares.
E) hard palate.

Question 6

C:\User Figure 21- 2 Mechanics of Ventilation
Use Figure 21- 2 to answer the following questions:
The placement of a tube directly into the trachea to bypass the larynx is termed an)

A) trachectomy.
B) intubation.
C) tracheostomy.
D) catheterization.
E) tunnelization.

Question 7

Which of the following organs is not part of the lower respiratory system?

A) bronchi
B) oropharynx
C) larynx
D) trachea
E) alveoli

Question 8

The vocal folds are located within the

A) larynx.
B) oropharynx.
C) bronchi.
D) trachea.
E) nasopharynx.

Question 9

The unit of measurement for pressure preferred by many respiratory therapists is

A) cm H2O.
B) mm Hg.
C) torr.
D) psi.
E) A, B, or C are equally favored

Question 10

The pneumotaxic center of the pons

A) modifies the rate and depth of breathing.
B) prolongs inspiration.
C) suppresses the expiratory center in the medulla.
D) sets the at- rest respiratory pattern.
E) both B and C

Question 11

Pneumotaxic centers in the pons

A) receive input from the hypothalamus and cerebrum.
B) inhibit the apneustic centers.
C) promote passive or active exhalation.
D) modify respiratory rate and depth.
E) all of the above

Question 12

The is shared by the respiratory and digestive systems.

A) pharynx
B) right mainstem bronchus
C) trachea
D) windpipe
E) esophagus

Question 13

The laryngeal cartilage not composed of hyaline cartilage is the

A) corniculate.
B) thyroid.
C) arytenoid.
D) epiglottis.
E) cricoid.

Question 14

Blocking afferent action potentials from the chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies would interfere with the brain's ability to regulate breathing in response to

A) changes in pH.
B) changes in PCO2.
C) changes in PO2.
D) changes in blood pressure.
E) A, B, and C

Question 15

At a PO2 of 70 mm Hg and normal temperature and pH, hemoglobin is percent saturated with oxygen.

A) 50
B) 25
C) 10
D) 75
E) more than 90

Question 16

Quiet breathing is to as shallow breathing is to .

A) diaphragmatic breathing; eupnea
B) eupnea; costal breathing
C) costal breathing; eupnea
D) eupnea; diaphragmatic breathing
E) costal breathing; diaphragmatic

Question 17

Carbonic anhydrase

A) can increase the amount of bicarbonate ion in plasma.
B) can decrease the amount of bicarbonate ion in plasma.
C) is in RBCs.
D) is an enzyme.
E) all of the above

Question 18

C:\User Figure 21- 2 Mechanics of Ventilation
Use Figure 21- 2 to answer the following questions:
What is the relationship between the pressures at label "8"?

A) P outside + P inside
B) P outside < P inside
C) P outside = P inside
D) P outside > P inside
E) P outside - P inside

Question 19

The is lined by stratified squamous epithelium.

A) larynx
B) trachea
C) oropharynx
D) nasal cavity
E) nasopharynx

Question 20

Figure 21- 1 The Upper Airways
Use Figure 21- 1 to answer the following questions:
What is the function of the structure labeled "8"?

A) prevents food from entering the larynx
B) causes air to swirl within the respiratory passageway
C) acts like a supplementary air pump
D) forces air into the lungs
E) prevents food from entering the pharynx

Question 21

Which structure vibrates to produce sound?

A) 10
B) 11
C) 19
D) 5
E) 8

Question 22

Figure 21- 2 Mechanics of Ventilation
Use Figure 21- 2 to answer the following questions:
What is the relationship between the pressures at label "3"?

A) P outside - P inside
B) P outside = P inside
C) P outside + P inside
D) P outside > P inside
E) P outside < P inside

Question 23

The conchae

A) create turbulence in the air to trap particulate matter in mucus.
B) provide an opening to paranasal sinuses.
C) provide an opening into the pharynx.
D) divide the nasal cavity into a right and a left side.
E) provide a surface for the sense of smell.

Question 24

Figure 21- 2 Mechanics of Ventilation
Use Figure 21- 2 to answer the following questions:
The partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the interstitial space of peripheral tissues is approximately

A) 55 mm Hg.
B) 70 mm Hg.
C) 100 mm Hg.
D) 35 mm Hg.
E) 45 mm Hg.

Question 25

The larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles all make up the

A) lower respiratory tract.
B) alveoli of the respiratory tract.
C) upper respiratory tract.
D) internal respiratory tract.
E) respiratory mucosa.

Question 26

Severing the sensory fibers from the lungs would result in all of the following, except

A) a disappearance of the Hering- Breuer reflexes.
B) a drop in tidal volume.
C) potential damage to the lungs due to overinflation.
D) less inhibition of the inspiratory center during forced breathing.
E) less stimulation of the expiratory center during forced breathing.

Question 27

The auditory tubes open into the

A) larynx.
B) nasal cavity.
C) nasopharynx.
D) laryngopharynx.
E) oropharynx.

Question 28

Dalton's law states that

A) gas volume and pressure are inversely proportional.
B) gas pressure is inversely proportional to gas volume.
C) in a mixture of gases such as air, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of the gases in the mixture.
D) gas volume and temperature are directly proportional.
E) the volume of gas that will dissolve in a solvent is proportional to the solubility of the gas and the gas pressure.

Question 29

The most important chemical regulator of respiration is

A) oxygen.
B) sodium ion.
C) carbon dioxide.
D) hemoglobin.
E) bicarbonate ion.

Question 30

Which of the following would be greater?

A) the percent of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin when the temperature is 38 degrees centigrade
B) the percent of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin when the temperature is 43 degrees centigrade
C) Neither is greater.

Question 31

A pair of ligaments covered by laryngeal epithelium that function in sound production are the

A) vocal folds.
B) intrinsic ligaments.
C) ventricular folds.
D) intrinsic laryngeal muscles.
E) extrinsic ligaments.

Question 32

The function of pulmonary ventilation is to

A) remove carbon dioxide from the blood.
B) remove air from dead air space.
C) prevent gas exchange in the bronchioles.
D) maintain adequate alveolar ventilation.
E) supply oxygen to the blood.

Question 33

The pneumotaxic center

A) is in the pons.
B) excites the apneustic center.
C) inhibits the apneustic center.
D) both A and B
E) both A and C

Question 34

The palatine tonsils lie in the walls of the

A) oropharynx.
B) nasopharynx.
C) larynx.
D) nasal cavity.
E) laryngopharynx.

Question 35

Which of the following would be greater?

A) hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen when the BPG level is low
B) hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen when the BPG level is high
C) Neither is greater.

Question 36

Prolonged inspirations can result from stimulating the center.

A) expiratory
B) chemoreceptor
C) apneustic
D) baroreceptor
E) pneumotaxic

Question 37

The nasopharynx is divided from the rest of the pharynx by the

A) hard palate.
B) soft palate.
C) pharyngeal septum.
D) internal nares.
E) cribriform plate.

Question 38

The larynx contains _ cartilages.

A) three unpaired
B) six paired
C) a total of nine
D) A, B, and C
E) a variable number of

Question 39

Most of the oxygen transported by the blood is

A) dissolved in plasma.
B) carried by white blood cells.
C) bound to hemoglobin.
D) bound to the same protein as carbon dioxide.
E) in ionic form as solute in the plasma.

Question 40

The thyroid cartilage is attached to the cricoid cartilage by the

A) cricothyroid ligament.
B) intrinsic laryngeal muscles.
C) intrinsic ligaments.
D) extrinsic ligaments.
E) vestibular folds.

Question 41

equals the respiratory rate × tidal volume - anatomic dead space).

A) Vital capacity
B) Pulmonary ventilation rate
C) Alveolar ventilation rate
D) External respiration rate
E) Respiratory minute volume

Question 42

The common passageway shared by the respiratory and digestive systems is the

A) vestibule.
B) larynx.
C) pharynx.
D) trachea.
E) glottis.

Question 43

The openings to the nostrils are the

A) nasal apertures.
B) external nares.
C) conchae.
D) vestibules.
E) internal nares.

Question 44

The portion of the nasal cavity contained within the flexible tissues of the external nose is the

A) conchae.
B) nasal septum.
C) vestibule.
D) internal chamber.
E) nasopharynx.

Question 45

Boyle's Law of Gases states that

A) the pressure and volume of a gas are equal.
B) if the volume goes up, the pressure goes down.
C) the concentration of dissolved gas is proportional to its partial pressure.
D) the total gas pressure is equal to the sum of the partial pressures.
E) as the temperature goes up, the pressure goes up.

Question 46

Most of the carbon dioxide in the blood is transported as

A) carbonic acid.
B) solute dissolved in the plasma.
C) carbaminohemoglobin.
D) bicarbonate ions.
E) solute dissolved in the cytoplasm of red blood cells.

Question 47

Damage to the phrenic nerves would

A) increase the tidal volume.
B) increase respiratory rate.
C) result in greater pressure differences between the lungs and the outside air.
D) have little effect on ventilation.
E) force reliance on costal breathing.

Question 48

The largest cartilage of the larynx is the cartilage.

A) arytenoid
B) cricoid
C) cuneiform
D) thyroid
E) epiglottic

Question 49

The C shape of the tracheal cartilages is important because

A) it facilitates turning of the head.
B) large masses of food can pass through the esophagus during swallowing.
C) large masses of air can pass through the trachea.
D) A, B, and C
E) A and B only

Question 50

The airway that connects the larynx to the bronchial tree is the

A) laryngopharynx.
B) bronchiole.
C) bronchus.
D) trachea.
E) alveolar duct.

Question 51

Tension on the vocal cords is regulated by the

A) movement of the arytenoid cartilages.
B) extrinsic ligaments.
C) contraction of laryngeal muscles.
D) A and C only
E) A, B, and C

Question 52

External respiration involves the

A) exchange of dissolved gases between the blood and the interstitial fluid.
B) utilization of oxygen by tissues to support metabolism.
C) diffusion of gases between the alveoli and the circulating blood.
D) movement of air into and out of the lungs.
E) binding of oxygen by hemoglobin.

Question 53

Figure 21- 2 Mechanics of Ventilation
Use Figure 21- 2 to answer the following questions:
What pressure will be present in the space labeled "4"?

A) interpleural pressure
B) alveolar pressure
C) atmospheric pressure
D) subatmospheric pressure
E) subalveolar pressure

Question 54

During swallowing, the

A) glottis closes and the epiglottis is depressed.
B) extrinsic laryngeal muscles contract.
C) intrinsic laryngeal muscles contract.
D) all of the above
E) both B and C

Question 55

Damage to the type II pneumocytes of the lungs would result in

A) a loss of surfactant.
B) an increased rate of gas exchange.
C) increased surface tension in the alveoli
D) increased tendency to alveolar collapse.
E) A, C, and D

Question 56

Boyle's law states that gas volume is

A) directly proportional to pressure.
B) directly proportional to temperature.
C) inversely proportional to temperature.
D) inversely proportional to pressure.
E) both A and B

Question 57

The partial pressure of oxygen in the interstitial space of peripheral tissues is approximately

A) 40 mm Hg.
B) 45 mm Hg.
C) 100 mm Hg.
D) 50 mm Hg.
E) 70 mm Hg.

Question 58

Contraction of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles can

A) close the glottis.
B) move the arytenoid cartilages.
C) stretch the vocal folds.
D) A, B, and C
E) A and B only

Question 59

The resulting pain and inflammation when pleural fluid is unable to prevent friction between the opposing pleural surfaces is known as

A) pleurisy.
B) pulmonary hypertension.
C) emphysema.
D) COPD.
E) asthma.

Question 60

The normal rate and depth of breathing is established by the center.

A) expiratory
B) apneustic
C) inspiratory
D) pneumotaxic
E) both A and C

Question 61

Henry's law states that

A) gas volume and pressure are inversely proportional.
B) gas pressure is inversely proportional to gas volume.
C) gas volume and temperature are directly proportional.
D) the volume of gas that will dissolve in a solvent is proportional to the solubility of the gas and the gas pressure.
E) in a mixture of gases such as air, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of the gases in the mixture.

Question 62

The elastic cartilage that covers the opening to the larynx during swallowing is the

A) thyroid cartilage.
B) cricoid cartilage.
C) cuneiform cartilage.
D) corniculate cartilage.
E) epiglottis.

Question 63

Which of the following can be calculated if the tidal volume and respiratory rate are known?

A) anatomical dead space
B) inspiratory reserve volume
C) forced vital capacity
D) expiratory reserve volume
E) minute volume

Question 64

Figure 21- 2 Mechanics of Ventilation
Use Figure 21- 2 to answer the following questions:
Which muscles) produces) the movement labeled "1"?

A) external intercostals
B) internal intercostals
C) rectus abdominis
D) diaphragm
E) both A and C

Question 65

Which of these descriptions best matches the term bronchiolar smooth muscle?

A) accessory muscle of expiration
B) contraction increases airway resistance
C) accessory muscle of inspiration
D) affects lung compliance
E) primary muscle of inspiration

Question 66

For maximum loading of hemoglobin with oxygen at the lungs, the

A) PO2 should be about 70 mm Hg.
B) pH should be slightly acidic.
C) DPG levels in the red blood cells should be high.
D) PCO2 should be high
E) PCO2 should be low.

Question 67

If the dorsal respiratory group of neurons in the medulla oblongata were destroyed bilaterally,

A) a person would stop breathing.
B) tidal volumes would decrease.
C) alveolar ventilation would increase.
D) pulmonary ventilation would increase markedly.
E) the respiratory minute volume would increase.

Question 68

During a choking episode, most foreign objects are lodged in the bronchus due to its larger diameter and steeper angle.

A) right primary
B) left secondary
C) left primary
D) right secondary
E) A and B are equal

Question 69

Low pH alters hemoglobin structure so that oxygen binds less strongly to hemoglobin at low PO2. This increases the effectiveness of

A) external respiration.
B) hemoglobin synthesis.
C) carbon dioxide transport.
D) internal respiration.
E) acid- base balance.

Question 70

Air passing through the glottis vibrates the vocal folds and produces

A) whistling.
B) articulation.
C) phonation.
D) speech.
E) ululation.

Question 71

Which of the following is not true about the pharynx?

A) oropharynx connects to oral cavity
B) solids, liquids, and gases pass through
C) nasopharynx is superior
D) shared by the integumentary and respiratory systems
E) laryngopharynx ends at esophagus opening

Question 72

The actual sites of gas exchange within the lungs are

A) terminal bronchioles.
B) bronchioles.
C) interlobular septa.
D) pleural spaces.
E) alveoli.

Question 73

Which of these descriptions best matches the term external intercostal?

A) accessory muscle of inspiration
B) accessory muscle of expiration
C) primary muscle of inspiration
D) contraction increases airway resistance
E) affects lung compliance

Question 74

When there is no air movement, the relationship between the intrapulmonary and atmospheric pressure is that

A) intrapulmonary pressure is less than atmospheric.
B) atmospheric pressure is less than intrapulmonary.
C) atmospheric pressure is more than intrapulmonary.
D) they are equal.
E) intrapulmonary pressure is greater than atmospheric.

Question 75

Which of the following statements about the trachea is false?

A) contains many mucous glands
B) is reinforced with D- shaped cartilages
C) is lined by pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
D) is reinforced with C- shaped cartilages
E) alters its diameter in response to the autonomic nervous system

Question 76

An acute infection of the throat that can lead to swelling and closure of the glottis and cause suffocation is known as

A) strep throat.
B) acute epiglottitis.
C) laryngospasm.
D) laryngitis.
E) acute pharyngitis.

Question 77

Figure 21- 2 Mechanics of Ventilation
Use Figure 21- 2 to answer the following questions:
is the amount of air that you can inhale above the resting tidal volume.

A) Expiratory reserve volume
B) Enhanced tidal volume
C) Inspiratory capacity
D) Residual inhaled volume
E) Inspiratory reserve volume

Question 78

In emphysema, which of these occur?

A) compliance increases
B) elevated PCO2 in the blood
C) alveoli collapse
D) all of the above
E) A and C only

Question 79

The obstructive lung disease in which elastic fibers are lost, leading to collapse of alveoli and bronchioles, is called

A) pneumonia.
B) emphysema.
C) tuberculosis.
D) asthma.
E) bronchitis.

Question 80

Secondary bronchi supply air to the

A) alveoli.
B) lobules of the lungs.
C) lungs.
D) alveolar ducts.
E) lobes of the lungs.