Deck 16: The Endocrine System

Question 1

A simple endocrine reflex involves _ hormones).

A) one
B) five
C) few
D) more than 15
E) none of the above

Answer 1

A

Question 2

The delta cells of the pancreatic islets produce

A) cortisol.
B) peptide P.
C) glucagon.
D) insulin.
E) somatostatin.

Answer 2

E

Question 3

A hormone that can lower blood levels of calcium ion is

A) glucagon.
B) parathyroid hormone.
C) calcitonin.
D) oxytocin.
E) thyroxine.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

The zona reticularis of the suprarenal cortex produces

A) mineralocorticoids.
B) glucocorticoids.
C) epinephrine.
D) androgens.
E) norepinephrine.

Question 5

The condition known as goiter can result from too

A) little TSH.
B) much ACTH.
C) little iodine in the diet.
D) little glucagon.
E) much insulin.

Question 6

The two lobes of the pituitary gland together produce how many hormones?

A) 7
B) 3
C) 16
D) 9
E) 5

Question 7

The hormone that plays a pivotal role in setting the metabolic rate and thus impacting body temperature is

A) glucagon.
B) parathyroid hormone.
C) calcitonin.
D) thyroxine.
E) somatotropin.

Question 8

If the median eminence of the hypothalamus is destroyed, the hypothalamus would no longer be able to control the secretion of which of the following hormones?

A) TSH
B) ACTH
C) PRL
D) ADH
E) A, B, and C

Question 9

Thyroid hormone contains the element

A) chlorine.
B) fluorine.
C) iodine.
D) zinc.
E) iron.

Question 10

Norepinephrine and epinephrine are considered to be when released into the bloodstream, but _ when released at synapses.

A) hormones; neurotransmitters
B) neuropeptides; neurohormones
C) neuropeptides; neurotransmitters
D) neurotransmitters; hormones
E) neurotransmitters; neuropeptides

Question 11

Follicle cells in the ovary secrete when stimulated by FSH.

A) progesterone
B) testosterone
C) gonadotropins
D) inhibin
E) estrogen

Question 12

The pituitary hormone that causes the kidney to reduce water loss is

A) TSH.
B) ADH.
C) FSH.
D) MSH.
E) STH.

Question 13

The link between a first messenger and a second messenger in a cell that responds to peptide hormones is usually

A) a G protein.
B) cAMP.
C) adenyl cyclase.
D) cGMP.
E) calcium ion levels.

Question 14

Increased activity of phosphodiesterase in a target cell would decrease its level of

A) thyroid hormone.
B) testosterone.
C) progesterone.
D) cAMP.
E) estrogen.

Question 15

Decreased blood flow to the kidneys would lead to which of the following?

A) increased blood levels of renin
B) increased blood levels of erythropoietin
C) elevated blood levels of angiotensin
D) all of the above
E) B and C only

Question 16

The zona fasciculata of the suprarenal cortex produces

A) mineralocorticoids.
B) androgens.
C) glucocorticoids.
D) norepinephrine.
E) epinephrine.

Question 17

Damage to cells of the zona fasciculata of the suprarenal cortex would result in

A) the loss of axillary and pubic hair.
B) increased water retention.
C) decreased levels of sodium ion in the blood.
D) decreased ability to convert amino acids to glucose.
E) increased volume of urine formation.

Question 18

Reduction of fluid losses at the kidneys due to the retention of Na+ is the action of

A) antidiuretic hormone.
B) calcitonin.
C) oxytocin.
D) cortisone.
E) aldosterone.

Question 19

Before the discovery of these glands, thyroid surgery often led to a rapid drop in blood calcium levels, which triggered muscle contractions and cardiac arrhythmias. What glands are these and which hormone is lacking?

A) parathyroid glands; calcitonin
B) parathyroid glands; parathyroid hormone
C) parathyroid glands; levothyroxine
D) thyroid glands; levothyroxine
E) thyroid glands; calcitonin

Question 20

Which of these statements about melatonin is false?

A) exposure to light inhibits production
B) made from serotonin
C) inhibits releases of GnRH
D) exposure to light stimulates production
E) produced by pinealocytes

Question 21

The condition known as seasonal affective disorder SAD) may be caused by

A) increased levels of melanocyte- stimulating hormone.
B) increased levels of melanin.
C) increased levels of melatonin.
D) increased levels of gonadotrophins.
E) both B and D

Question 22

Which of the following is a known effect of thyroid hormone on peripheral tissues?

A) increased sensitivity to adrenergic stimulation
B) increased heart rate
C) increased body temperature
D) increased oxygen consumption
E) all of the above

Question 23

The most complex endocrine responses involve the

A) suprarenal glands.
B) pancreas.
C) thyroid gland.
D) thymus gland.
E) hypothalamus.

Question 24

Calcium ions serve as messengers, often in combination with the intracellular protein

A) calmodulin.
B) calcium- binding globulin.
C) calcitropin.
D) calcitriol.
E) calcitonin.

Question 25

Each of the following hormones is an amino acid derivative, except

A) thyroid hormone.
B) norepinephrine.
C) melatonin.
D) epinephrine.
E) thyroid- stimulating hormone.

Question 26

When blood glucose levels fall,

A) glucagon is released.
B) insulin is released.
C) peripheral cells take up more glucose.
D) protein synthesis increases.
E) both B and D

Question 27

After a steroid hormone binds to its receptor to form an active complex,

A) cyclic nucleotides are formed.
B) protein kinases are activated.
C) adenyl cyclase is activated.
D) gene transcription is initiated.
E) G proteins are phosphylated.

Question 28

If the adenyl cyclase activity of liver cells were missing, which of these hormones could no longer stimulate release of glucose?

A) insulin
B) thyroxine
C) epinephrine
D) leptin
E) cortisol

Question 29

If a diabetic patient received too much insulin, the low blood sugar could be corrected by injecting

A) thyroid hormone.
B) antidiuretic hormone.
C) aldosterone.
D) GHIH.
E) glucagon.

Question 30

Proper growth requires which of these hormones?

A) insulin
B) thyroid hormone
C) growth hormone
D) calcitriol
E) all of the above

Question 31

Melatonin is produced by the

A) skin.
B) pineal gland.
C) thymus.
D) kidneys.
E) heart.

Question 32

Alpha cells are to as beta cells are to .

A) glucagon; somatostatin
B) glucagon; insulin
C) insulin; glucagon
D) somatostatin; insulin
E) pancreatic polypeptide; insulin

Question 33

After brain surgery, a patient receiving postoperative care in an intensive care unit began to pass large volumes of very dilute urine. The ICU nurse administered a medicine that mimics one of the following hormones. Which one?

A) cortisol
B) ADH
C) aldosterone
D) epinephrine
E) renin

Question 34

Hormonal actions on cells include those that affect

A) gating of ion channels.
B) quantities of enzymes.
C) synthesis of enzymes.
D) activities of enzymes.
E) any of the above

Question 35

The pituitary hormone that triggers the release of thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland is

A) TSH.
B) ACTH.
C) GH.
D) LH.
E) FSH.

Question 36

Cushing disease results from an excess of

A) glucocorticoids.
B) ADH.
C) epinephrine.
D) parathyroid hormone.
E) growth hormone.

Question 37

Hormones known as "catecholamines" are

A) lipids.
B) steroids.
C) peptides.
D) derivatives of the amino acid tyrosine.
E) derivatives of reproductive glands.

Question 38

The pituitary hormone that controls the release of glucocorticoids from the suprarenal cortex is

A) FSH.
B) ACTH.
C) LH.
D) TSH.
E) GH.

Question 39

All of the following are true of the nervous system, except that it doesn't

A) respond specifically to stimuli.
B) communicate by the release of neurotransmitters.
C) function independently of the endocrine system.
D) respond rapidly to stimuli.
E) respond with motor output.

Question 40

TSH plays a key role in the of thyroid hormones.

A) inhibition
B) synthesis
C) release
D) both A and B
E) both B and C

Question 41

Which of the following substances activates protein kinases and thus acts as a second messenger?

A) epinephrine
B) cyclic AMP
C) TSH
D) ACTH
E) insulin

Question 42

When blood glucose levels rise,

A) peripheral cells break down glycogen.
B) peripheral cells take up less glucose.
C) insulin is released.
D) glucagon is released.
E) protein synthesis decreases.

Question 43

The enzyme renin is responsible for the activation of

A) cortisol.
B) angiotensin.
C) atrial natriuretic peptide.
D) adrenaline.
E) erythropoietin.

Question 44

Pinealocytes produce

A) melatonin.
B) LH.
C) FSH.
D) MSH.
E) melanin.

Question 45

Figure 16- 1 Pituitary Hormones and Their Targets
Use Figure 16- 1 to answer the following questions:
The functional organization of the nervous system parallels that of the _ system in many ways.

A) hepatic
B) muscular
C) body
D) endocrine
E) cardiovascular

Question 46

Thyroxine and calcitonin are secreted by the

A) gonads.
B) kidneys.
C) heart.
D) thyroid gland.
E) pituitary gland.

Question 47

Regulatory factors that control secretion of adenohypophyseal hormones are released by neurons at the of the hypothalamus.

A) paraventricular nuclei
B) infundibulum
C) supraoptic nuclei
D) median eminence
E) geniculate bodies

Question 48

Which of the following organs contain target cells for oxytocin?

A) ductus deferens
B) mammary glands
C) uterus
D) prostate
E) all of the above

Question 49

A rise in angiotensin II levels would result in all of the following, except

A) increased blood volume.
B) increased urine production.
C) elevated blood pressure.
D) increased water retention.
E) increased retention of sodium ions at the kidney.

Question 50

Liver cells respond to growth hormone by releasing hormones called

A) prostaglandins.
B) glucocorticoids.
C) gonadotrophins.
D) hepatic hormones.
E) somatomedins.

Question 51

The hypothalamus acts as both a neural and an) _ organ.

A) hepatic
B) cardiovascular
C) endocrine
D) muscular
E) renal

Question 52

Angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II by converting enzymes in the

A) heart.
B) lungs.
C) blood.
D) liver.
E) kidneys.

Question 53

The beta cells of the pancreatic islets produce

A) peptide P.
B) somatostatin.
C) cortisol.
D) glucagon.
E) insulin.

Question 54

Endocrine cells

A) release their secretions directly into body fluids.
B) contain few vesicles.
C) are a type of nerve cell.
D) release their secretions onto an epithelial surface.
E) are modified connective- tissue cells.

Question 55

The pancreatic hormone that causes blood sugar to enter its target cells is

A) insulin.
B) somatotropin.
C) erythropoietin.
D) glucagon.
E) cortisol.

Question 56

The hormone that does the opposite of calcitonin is

A) insulin.
B) thyroid hormone.
C) glucagon.
D) growth hormone.
E) parathyroid hormone.

Question 57

The action of thyroid hormone on a target cell involves all these steps except one. Identify the incorrect step.

A) binding to a cytoplasmic receptor protein
B) specific transport into the target cell
C) binding to a hormone receptor in the plasma membrane
D) activation of a specific gene
E) activation of mitochondria

Question 58

A kinase is an enzyme that performs

A) active transport.
B) as a membrane channel.
C) phosphorylation.
D) both A and B
E) both A and C

Question 59

When adenyl cyclase is activated,

A) ATP is consumed.
B) cAMP is formed.
C) cAMP is broken down.
D) B, C, and D
E) only A and B

Question 60

Figure 16- 1 Pituitary Hormones and Their Targets
Use Figure 16- 1 to answer the following questions:
Identify the hormone labeled "5."

A) thyrotropin
B) parathyroid hormone PTH)
C) thyroid- releasing hormone
D) thyroid- stimulating hormone
E) thyroxin

Question 61

Steroid hormones

A) bind to receptors in the nucleus of their target cells.
B) are transported in the blood dissolved in the plasma.
C) remain in circulation for relatively short periods of time.
D) are proteins.
E) cannot diffuse through cell membranes.

Question 62

A structure known as the corpus luteum secretes

A) cortisone.
B) aldosterone.
C) progesterone.
D) testosterone.
E) androstenedione.

Question 63

Which of the following is not an action of TSH?

A) inhibits T3 and T4 secretion
B) stimulates iodide trapping by thyroid follicle cells
C) increases cyclic AMP concentration within thyroid follicle cells
D) stimulates T3 and T4 secretion
E) stimulates pinocytosis of colloid by thyroid follicle cells

Question 64

The primary function of ADH is to

A) decrease blood pressure.
B) increase digestive absorption.
C) delay urination.
D) decrease the amount of water lost at the kidneys.
E) increase the amount of sodium lost at the kidneys.

Question 65

The hormone produced by the pars intermedia of the adenohypophysis during early childhood is

A) ACTH.
B) FSH.
C) TSH.
D) ADH.
E) MSH.

Question 66

Shelly has a hormone- secreting tumor of the suprarenal gland. The tumor is causing her to have a deep voice, to grow extensive body hair, and to stop menstruating. This tumor probably involves cells of the

A) zona glomerulosa.
B) zona fasciculata.
C) suprarenal medulla.
D) zona reticularis.
E) pars intermedia.

Question 67

Melanocyte- stimulating hormone MSH) is secreted by the human pars intermedia

A) during pregnancy.
B) during fetal development.
C) in some disease processes.
D) in very young children.
E) all of the above

Question 68

The pituitary hormone that stimulates milk production by the mammary glands is

A) growth hormone.
B) FSH.
C) TSH.
D) ACTH.
E) prolactin.

Question 69

Which of the following hormones may lead to acromegaly if hypersecreted after closure of the epiphyseal plates?

A) cortisol
B) growth hormone
C) insulin
D) parathyroid hormone
E) epinephrine

Question 70

Figure 16- 1 Pituitary Hormones and Their Targets
Use Figure 16- 1 to answer the following questions:
Identify the hormone labeled "13."

A) LH
B) estrogen
C) progesterone
D) oxytocin
E) testosterone

Question 71

Figure 16- 1 Pituitary Hormones and Their Targets
Use Figure 16- 1 to answer the following questions:
During the alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome GAS) there is

A) mobilization of energy reserves.
B) increased urine release.
C) decreased mental alertness.
D) decreased blood flow to skeletal muscles and skin.
E) decreased rate of respiration.

Question 72

The term used to describe excess production of urine is

A) polydipsia.
B) hematuria.
C) polyuria.
D) glycosuria.
E) none of the above

Question 73

All of the following are true of steroid hormones, except that they

A) are lipids.
B) are derived from cholesterol.
C) are produced by reproductive glands.
D) are produced by the suprarenal medulla.
E) bind to receptors within the cell.

Question 74

An activated G protein can trigger

A) the opening of calcium ion channels in the membrane.
B) the production of diacylglycerol.
C) the release of calcium ions from intracellular stores.
D) a fall in cAMP levels.
E) all of the above

Question 75

Peptide hormones are

A) produced by the suprarenal glands.
B) composed of amino acids.
C) chemically related to cholesterol.
D) lipids.
E) derived from the amino acid tyrosine.

Question 76

The posterior pituitary gland secretes

A) ADH.
B) MSH.
C) TSH.
D) FSH.
E) ACTH.

Question 77

The pituitary hormone that promotes egg development in ovaries and sperm development in testes is

A) FSH.
B) LH.
C) TSH.
D) GH.
E) ACTH.

Question 78

The hormone that opposes the release of FSH in both males and females is

A) aldosterone.
B) testosterone.
C) LH.
D) somatostatin.
E) inhibin.

Question 79

The hormone that dominates during the alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome GAS) is

A) aldosterone.
B) testosterone.
C) cortisol.
D) epinephrine.
E) thyroid hormone.

Question 80

Cells can respond to _ hormones) at the same time.

A) only one
B) one or two
C) three or less
D) many