Deck 12: The Spinal Cord, Spinal Nerves, and Spinal Reflexes

Question 1

If the dorsal root of a spinal nerve is severed,

A) the spinal cord would not be able to process information at that level.
B) the brain would not be able to communicate with that level of the spinal cord.
C) sensory input would be blocked.
D) output to visceral organs would be blocked.
E) output to skeletal muscles would be blocked.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The specialized membranes that surround the spinal cord are termed the

A) spinal meninges.
B) epidural membranes.
C) cranial mater.
D) cranial meninges.
E) spinal mater.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Reflexes based on synapses formed during development are reflexes.

A) innate
B) acquired
C) visceral
D) somatic
E) vegetative

Answer 3

A

Question 4

The ventral root of a spinal nerve contains

A) cell bodies of motor neurons.
B) interneurons.
C) axons of sensory neurons.
D) axons of motor neurons.
E) cell bodies of sensory neurons.

Question 5

Nerve tracts or fasciculi make up the

A) posterior gray horns.
B) anterior white columns.
C) gray commissures.
D) central canal.
E) both B and C

Question 6

All of the following are true of neural reflexes, except that they

A) cannot be modified by the brain.
B) are automatic motor responses.
C) are the simplest form of behavior.
D) help preserve homeostasis.
E) involve at least two neurons.

Question 7

The is a strand of fibrous tissue that provides longitudinal support as a component of the coccygeal ligament.

A) filum terminale
B) dorsal root
C) cauda equina
D) conus medullaris
E) ventral root

Question 8

The subdural space lies between

A) the dura mater and the arachnoid mater.
B) the endosteum and the periosteum.
C) the pia mater and the dura mater.
D) the pia mater and the subarachnoid space.
E) the arachnoid mater and the pia mater.

Question 9

Cerebrospinal fluid flows within the

A) arachnoid mater.
B) pia mater.
C) dura mater.
D) subarachnoid space.
E) filum terminale.

Question 10

The outward projections from the central gray matter of the spinal cord are called

A) tracts.
B) fibers.
C) pyramids.
D) horns.
E) wings.

Question 11

The postganglionic fibers that connect an autonomic ganglion in the thoracic or lumbar region with the spinal nerve are

A) dermatomes.
B) ventral ramus.
C) gray rami communicantes.
D) dorsal ramus.
E) white rami communicantes.

Question 12

Blood vessels that supply the spinal cord run along the surface of the

A) subarachnoid space.
B) subdural space.
C) epidural space.
D) pia mater.
E) dura mater.

Question 13

Which of the following is not true about a positive Babinski reflex?

A) flaring of the toes when the sole is stroked
B) abnormal in adults
C) why you close your eyes when you sneeze
D) normal in newborns
E) a sign of injury to descending spinal tracts

Question 14

The reflex that prevents a muscle from exerting too much tension is the reflex.

A) reciprocal
B) stretch
C) tendon
D) crossed extensor
E) flexor

Question 15

In the spinal cord, white matter is separated into ascending and descending tracts organized as

A) nuclei.
B) nerves.
C) ganglia.
D) columns.
E) horns.

Question 16

Figure 12- 2 Spinal Nerves
Use Figure 12- 2 to answer the following questions:
Somatic motor neurons in the spinal cord control all of the following muscles, except those that

A) move the hand and fingers.
B) position the pectoral girdle.
C) move the arm.
D) move the neck.
E) move the forearm and hand.

Question 17

Figure 12- 2 Spinal Nerves
Use Figure 12- 2 to answer the following questions:
Identify the structure labeled "8."

A) peripheral nerve
B) spinal nerve
C) dorsal ramus
D) dorsal root
E) ventral root

Question 18

Compared to the vertebral column, the spinal cord is

A) the same length.
B) shorter.
C) longer.
D) A, B, or C, depending on age
E) A or C, depending on age

Question 19

The of each spinal nerve innervates the skin and muscles of the back.

A) dorsal ramus
B) dermatome
C) gray ramus communicantes
D) ventral ramus
E) white ramus communicantes

Question 20

Spinal nerves are

A) interneuronal.
B) involuntary.
C) both sensory and motor.
D) purely sensory.
E) purely motor.

Question 21

Axons crossing from one side of the spinal cord to the other within the gray matter are found in the

A) posterior gray horns.
B) anterior gray horns.
C) white commissures.
D) lateral gray horns.
E) gray commissures.

Question 22

Tina falls while climbing a tree and lands on her back. Her frightened parents take her to the emergency room, where she is examined. Her knee- jerk reflex is normal and she exhibits a plantar reflex negative Babinski reflex). These results suggest that

A) Tina has a spinal injury in the lumbar region.
B) Tina has injured one of her ascending nerve tracts.
C) Tina has a spinal injury in the cervical region.
D) Tina suffered no damage to her spinal cord.
E) Tina has injured one of her descending nerve tracts.

Question 23

The reflex complements the flexor reflex by activating contralateral muscles.

A) tendon
B) crossed extensor
C) stretch
D) reciprocal
E) flexor

Question 24

Figure 12- 2 Spinal Nerves
Use Figure 12- 2 to answer the following questions:
In which structure are sensory cell bodies located?

A) 4
B) 6
C) 5
D) 10
E) 12

Question 25

The layer of the meninges in direct contact with the spinal cord is the

A) dura mater.
B) pia mater.
C) subarachnoid space.
D) choroid plexus.
E) arachnoid.

Question 26

The outermost connective- tissue covering of nerves is the

A) epimysium.
B) epineurium.
C) perineurium.
D) endomysium.
E) endoneurium.

Question 27

The layer of connective tissue that surrounds individual axons within a peripheral nerve is termed the

A) metaneurium.
B) subneurium.
C) endoneurium.
D) aponeurium.
E) perineurium.

Question 28

Samples of CSF for diagnostic purposes are normally obtained by placing the tip of a needle in the

A) arachnoid mater.
B) epidural space.
C) cerebral ventricles.
D) dura mater.
E) subarachnoid space.

Question 29

The tough, fibrous, outermost covering of the spinal cord is the

A) periosteum.
B) dura mater.
C) arachnoid.
D) epidural block.
E) pia mater.

Question 30

If a person has a crush injury to the C3- C5 spinal segments, you would expect that he

A) could walk without difficulty.
B) would be in a coma.
C) would have full range of motion in all extremities.
D) might be unable to breathe on his own.
E) would exhibit none of the above.

Question 31

The ventral rami of spinal nerves C5 to T1 contribute fibers to the _ plexus.

A) brachial
B) cervical
C) thoracic
D) sacral
E) lumbar

Question 32

The posterior horns of the spinal cord contain mainly

A) somatic motor nuclei.
B) nerve tracts.
C) sympathetic nuclei.
D) sensory nuclei.
E) autonomic motor nuclei.

Question 33

The preganglionic fibers that connect a spinal nerve with an autonomic ganglion in the thoracic and lumbar region of the spinal cord form the

A) dorsal ramus.
B) white rami communicantes.
C) dermatomes.
D) gray rami communicantes.
E) ventral ramus.

Question 34

The obturator nerve is distributed to the

A) adductors of the hip.
B) biceps femoris.
C) skin over the perineum.
D) skin over buttocks.
E) extensors of the hip.

Question 35

In an adult, the conus medullaris is found at about

A) L1.
B) L5.
C) Co1.
D) T6.
E) T10.

Question 36

Figure 12- 2 Spinal Nerves
Use Figure 12- 2 to answer the following questions:
Identify the structure labeled "5."

A) autonomic nerve
B) dorsal root ganglion
C) rami communicantes
D) autonomic ganglion
E) ventral root

Question 37

Figure 12- 2 Spinal Nerves
Use Figure 12- 2 to answer the following questions:
Muscles of the neck and shoulder are innervated by spinal nerves from the region.

A) coccygeal
B) thoracic
C) lumbar
D) cervical
E) sacral

Question 38

Enlargements of the spinal cord occur

A) adjacent to the anterior median fissure.
B) in those spinal segments that control the limbs.
C) near the posterior median sulcus.
D) in the thoracic region.
E) in the sacral region.

Question 39

Spinal nerves from the sacral region of the cord innervate the muscles.

A) abdominal
B) shoulder
C) leg
D) facial
E) intercostal

Question 40

Recognized neuronal circuit patterns include all of the following, except

A) convergent.
B) reverberating.
C) divergent.
D) multipolar.
E) parallel processing.

Question 41

Figure 12- 2 Spinal Nerves
Use Figure 12- 2 to answer the following questions:
Identify the structure labeled "2."

A) dorsal ramus
B) white ramus
C) ventral ramus
D) spinal nerve
E) ventral root

Question 42

The white matter of the spinal cord is mainly

A) myelinated axons.
B) nodes of Ranvier.
C) Schwann cells.
D) neuroglia.
E) unmyelinated axons.

Question 43

In which of the following would the delay between stimulus and response be greater?

A) a monosynaptic reflex
B) a polysynaptic reflex

Question 44

Figure 12- 1 The Spinal Cord
Use Figure 12- 1 to answer the following questions:
Which of the following associations is incorrect?

A) 5 lumbar spinal nerves
B) 5 sacral spinal nerves
C) 1 coccygeal spinal nerve
D) 11 thoracic spinal nerves
E) 8 cervical spinal nerves

Question 45

Figure 12- 1 The Spinal Cord
Use Figure 12- 1 to answer the following questions:
The white matter of the spinal cord contains

A) bundles of dendrites with common origins, destinations, and functions.
B) bundles of axons with common origins, destinations, and functions.
C) both axons and dendrites.
D) sensory and motor nuclei.
E) interneurons.

Question 46

Figure 12- 1 The Spinal Cord
Use Figure 12- 1 to answer the following questions:
What is the function of the structure labeled "14"?

A) control of skeletal muscle
B) somatic motor control
C) visceral sensory processing
D) control of visceral effectors
E) somatic sensory processing

Question 47

Figure 12- 1 The Spinal Cord
Use Figure 12- 1 to answer the following questions:
The ventral rami form four major plexuses, including all of the following, except the plexus.

A) lumbar
B) cervical
C) nuchal
D) brachial
E) sacral

Question 48

A viral disease that destroys the cells of the anterior gray horn will

A) lead to muscle weakness or paralysis.
B) mainly interfere with crude touch and temperature sense.
C) block autonomic regulation.
D) interfere with position sense.
E) all of the above

Question 49

The complex, interwoven network formed by contributions from the ventral rami of neighboring spinal nerves is termed an)

A) plexus.
B) dermatome.
C) tract.
D) autonomic nerve.
E) lateral nerve.

Question 50

As the nerve approaches the knee, it divides into two branches, the fibular nerve and the tibial nerve.

A) femoral
B) pudendal
C) brachial
D) sciatic
E) perineal

Question 51

Figure 12- 1 The Spinal Cord
Use Figure 12- 1 to answer the following questions:
The nerve, which arises in the cervical plexus, innervates the diaphragm.

A) lesser occipital
B) ansa cervicalis
C) phrenic
D) sciatic
E) radial

Question 52

In meningitis,

A) bacteria can be the cause.
B) inflammation of the meninges occurs.
C) viruses can be the cause.
D) CSF flow can be disrupted.
E) all of the above

Question 53

Figure 12- 1 The Spinal Cord
Use Figure 12- 1 to answer the following questions:
The spinal cord continues to elongate until about age

A) 10 years.
B) 2 months.
C) 4 years.
D) 20 years.
E) 6 months.

Question 54

The epidural space contains

A) connective tissue and blood vessels.
B) blood.
C) cerebrospinal fluid.
D) lymph.
E) denticulate ligaments.

Question 55

The dorsal root ganglia mainly contain

A) axons of motor neurons.
B) axons of sensory neurons.
C) cell bodies of motor neurons.
D) synapses.
E) cell bodies of sensory neurons.

Question 56

Figure 12- 1 The Spinal Cord
Use Figure 12- 1 to answer the following questions:
Identify the structure labeled "1."

A) lateral white column
B) posterior white column
C) median commissure
D) anterior white column
E) lateral white horn

Question 57

After age the vertebral column continues to elongate, but the spinal cord itself does not.

A) 4
B) 8
C) 12
D) 18
E) none of the above

Question 58

Figure 12- 1 The Spinal Cord
Use Figure 12- 1 to answer the following questions:
The dorsal root of a spinal nerve contains

A) cell bodies of sensory neurons.
B) interneurons.
C) axons of sensory neurons.
D) cell bodies of motor neurons.
E) axons of motor neurons.

Question 59

Figure 12- 1 The Spinal Cord
Use Figure 12- 1 to answer the following questions:
Where do somatic motor neurons reside?

A) 10
B) 12
C) 13
D) 14
E) 15

Question 60

Figure 12- 1 The Spinal Cord
Use Figure 12- 1 to answer the following questions:
The flexor reflex

A) prevents a muscle from generating damaging tension.
B) prevents a muscle from overstretching.
C) moves a limb away from a painful stimulus.
D) usually depends on cranial neurons.
E) is an example of a monosynaptic reflex.

Question 61

Reflexes can be classified according to all of the following, except

A) their development.
B) the complexity of the neural circuit.
C) the motor response.
D) where information processing occurs.
E) whether they are sensory or motor.

Question 62

The stretch reflex

A) involves a receptor called the Golgi tendon organ.
B) is important in regulating muscle length.
C) is an example of a polysynaptic reflex.
D) is activated when a skeletal muscle lengthens.
E) both B and D

Question 63

Figure 12- 2 Spinal Nerves
Use Figure 12- 2 to answer the following questions:
All of the following are true of polysynaptic reflexes, except that they

A) have reverberating circuits that prolong the reflexive motor response.
B) are intersegmental in distribution.
C) are arranged according to dermatomes.
D) involve pools of interneurons.
E) involve reciprocal innervation.

Question 64

Postganglionic fibers of the autonomic nervous system that innervate internal organs do not rejoin the spinal nerve but form

A) gray rami.
B) dorsal rami.
C) autonomic nerves.
D) ventral rami.
E) white rami.

Question 65

In which plexus does the ulnar nerve arise?

A) lumbar
B) sacral
C) brachial
D) cervical
E) cranial

Question 66

Figure 12- 1 The Spinal Cord
Use Figure 12- 1 to answer the following questions:
The brachial plexus gives rise to all of the following nerves, except the

A) phrenic.
B) median.
C) musculocutaneous.
D) ulnar.
E) radial.

Question 67

Figure 12- 1 The Spinal Cord
Use Figure 12- 1 to answer the following questions:
A dorsal and ventral root of each spinal segment unite to form a

A) spinal ganglion.
B) cervical enlargement.
C) lumbar enlargement.
D) spinal meninx.
E) spinal nerve.

Question 68

The anterior horns of the spinal cord contain mainly

A) sensory nuclei.
B) nerve tracts.
C) autonomic motor nuclei.
D) sympathetic nuclei.
E) somatic motor nuclei.

Question 69

Mary is in an automobile accident and suffers a spinal cord injury. She has lost feeling in her lower body. Her doctor tells her that swelling is compressing a portion of her spinal cord. Which part of her cord is likely to be compressed?

A) descending tracts
B) the anterior gray commissures
C) the anterior white commissures
D) ascending tracts
E) the anterior gray horns

Question 70

Spinal interneurons inhibit antagonist motor neurons in a process called

A) reverberating circuits.
B) a crossed extensor reflex.
C) reciprocal inhibition.
D) a stretch reflex.
E) a tendon reflex.

Question 71

The gray horns of the spinal cord contain mainly

A) meninges.
B) columns.
C) funiculi.
D) nerve tracts.
E) nerve cell bodies.

Question 72

Each of the following nerves originates in the lumbar plexus, except the nerve.

A) obturator
B) femoral
C) sciatic
D) genitofemoral
E) saphenous

Question 73

The spinal cord consists of five regions and _ segments.

A) 31
B) 25
C) 12
D) 5
E) number varies widely among individuals

Question 74

Figure 12- 1 The Spinal Cord
Use Figure 12- 1 to answer the following questions:
Identify the structure labeled "10."

A) anterior white column
B) anterior white horn
C) anterior gray commissure
D) anterior white commissure
E) anterior median fissure

Question 75

The innervates the ventrolateral body surface, structures in the body wall, and the limbs.

A) gray rami communicantes
B) ventral ramus
C) dermatomes
D) white rami communicantes
E) dorsal ramus

Question 76

Figure 12- 1 The Spinal Cord
Use Figure 12- 1 to answer the following questions:
What is the function of the structure labeled "12"?

A) ascending pathway
B) somatic sensory receiving
C) control of visceral effectors
D) visceral sensory receiving
E) control of skeletal muscle

Question 77

Figure 12- 2 Spinal Nerves
Use Figure 12- 2 to answer the following questions:
Each peripheral nerve provides innervation to peripheral structures.

A) sensory
B) motor
C) motor AND sensory
D) motor OR sensory
E) both C and D

Question 78

All of the following are true of muscle spindles, except that they

A) are found in tendons.
B) are innervated by gamma motor neurons.
C) consist of specialized fibers called intrafusal fibers.
D) are found within skeletal muscle.
E) are the receptor for the stretch reflex.

Question 79

Figure 12- 2 Spinal Nerves
Use Figure 12- 2 to answer the following questions:
Identify the structure labeled "6."

A) sympathetic ganglion
B) rami communicantes
C) dorsal root ganglion
D) ventral root
E) autonomic nerve

Question 80

The layer of connective tissue that surrounds a fascicle within a peripheral nerve is the

A) endosteum.
B) perineurium.
C) endoneurium.
D) epineurium.
E) epimysium.