Deck 4: Motivation in Organizations

Question 1

High need achievers tend not to make good top managers because

A)top managers are required to have too much formal education.
B)high need achievers tend to make decisions that are too risky.
C)top managers seldom receive immediate feedback.
D)high need achievers delegate too many responsibilities.
E)top managers have too high a need for affiliation.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The need for is most frequently associated with David McClelland.

A)security
B)power
C)achievement
D)self-esteem
E)self-improvement

Answer 2

C

Question 3

For some reason, Anne is unable to make friends at work.According to Alderfer's ERG theory, which of the following sets of needs will become more important to Anne?

A)Existence
B)Growth
C)Relatedness
D)Security
E)Belongingness

Answer 3

A

Question 4

According to Herzberg's dual-structure theory, motivation factors were often cited as the primary causes of

A)job enrichment and motivation.
B)satisfaction and motivation.
C)dissatisfaction and lack of motivation.
D)loyalty and commitment.
E)higher performance and pay.

Question 5

People with a high need for power can be successful managers if they

A)curb their desires when they might interfere with organizational relationships.
B)lessen alienation with other employees.
C)have a high need for affiliation.
D)seek power to increase their standing in the organization.
E)strive to get along with others.

Question 6

Motivated behavior begins with one or more

A)motives.
B)people.
C)wants.
D)needs.
E)behaviors.

Question 7

All of the following are steps in an individual's formation of equity perceptions except

A)evaluating how they are being treated.
B)forming perceptions of how a comparison other is being treated.
C)comparing their own circumstances with those of a comparison other.
D)confronting the comparison other with any inequity.
E)making a choice to pursue equity-restoring options.

Question 8

Doug is an employee of McDowell Instruments.Doug steals money from his company, and often rationalizes that he does this because the organization does not pay him enough for the level of work that he does.Doug is reducing his perceived inequity by

A)altering his perception of self.
B)altering his perception of the situation.
C)changing his inputs.
D)changing his outcomes.
E)changing the object of comparison.

Question 9

People with a strong need for affiliation most often work in jobs with

A)high technical skill demands.
B)many opportunities to control one's environment.
C)a high degree of immediate feedback.
D)a lot of interpersonal contact.
E)little opportunity to accomplish tasks more effectively than in the past.

Question 10

John has satisfied his basic needs and has many friends.He is now trying to learn new skills and advance his career.According to Alderfer, John's activities are explained by which component of ERG theory?

A)Satisfaction-progression
B)Frustration-regression
C)Importance-satisfaction
D)Satisfaction-regression
E)Frustration-progression

Question 11

According to Maslow, if a previously satisfied lower-level need becomes deficient,

A)the individual returns to the level just below the deficient level.
B)the individual returns to the lowest level that is now deficient.
C)the individual becomes demotivated.
D)the individual advances a level.
E)the individual begins again at the bottom of the hierarchy.

Question 12

Netflix fulfills the needs of its employees by doing all of the following except

A)the desire to work with friends.
B)working for an employer that is well liked.
C)it believes that money is the only motivator for success.
D)the need for achievement.
E)it believes in freedom and responsibility, not rules

Question 13

The human relations approach to motivation includes all of the following except

A)employees want to feel useful.
B)employees want to feel important.
C)employees have strong social needs.
D)employees are motivated by only money.
E)allow employees a modicum of self-direction.

Question 14

The human resources approach to motivation implies

A)assumes employees are economically motivated.
B)assumes that employees will achieve their security needs.
C)assumes that the contributions themselves are valuable to both the individuals and the organization.
D)assumes individual differences.
E)None of these are correct.

Question 15

According to equity theory, people

A)have the motivation to improve their standard of living.
B)have the motivation to develop satisfying relationships.
C)want to be treated fairly.
D)want everything to be equal.
E)compare what they get from a job with what they want from a job.

Question 16

The most difficult performance factor to manage is often

A)environment.
B)mastery.
C)activity.
D)motivation.
E)equilibrium.

Question 17

The equation P = M + A + E states that performance is a function of

A)motivation, activity, and equity.
B)management, assets, and equity.
C)motivation, ability, and environment.
D)motion, activity, and equilibrium.
E)mastery, acquisition, and expertise.

Question 18

Herzberg's dual-structure theory was a response to the prevailing thinking that

A)job loyalty ranged from loyalty to disloyalty.
B)job satisfaction ranged from satisfaction to dissatisfaction.
C)job motivation ranged from motivation to demotivation.
D)job ability ranged from ability to disability.
E)job motivation ranged from progression to regression.

Question 19

In Greece and Japan, Maslow's needs may motivate employees more than the other needs.

A)relatedness
B)esteem
C)security
D)physiological
E)self-actualization

Question 20

Based on Maslow's hierarchy, needs in the workplace are the hardest to understand and the most difficult to satisfy.

A)growth
B)security
C)secondary
D)self-actualization
E)esteem

Question 21

theory assumes that people are motivated to work toward a goal if they want that goal and think they can achieve it.

A)Perception
B)Equity
C)Attribution
D)Reinforcement
E)Expectancy

Question 22

Porter and Lawler's extension of the expectancy model argues that

A)only extrinsic rewards are important.
B)reward equity replaces valence.
C)ability, traits, and role perceptions are removed from the original model.
D)rewards are less important than originally thought.
E)high levels of performance may lead to satisfaction.

Question 23

Supervisors can more easily manage employees'
motivation than they can their ability or the environment.

Question 24

OB modification attempts to use

A)positive reinforcement to encourage desired behaviors.
B)punishment to discourage frequent behaviors.
C)extinction to encourage infrequent behavior.
D)avoidance to discourage potentially negative future behaviors.
E)the work environment to shape behavior.

Question 25

Which two types of reinforcement are generally accepted as means for increasing the frequency of desired behavior?

A)Positive reinforcement and extinction
B)Avoidance and punishment
C)Avoidance and extinction
D)Extinction and punishment
E)Positive reinforcement and avoidance

Question 26

Which of the following statements is not true about continuous reinforcement?

A)Extinction sets in quickly when reinforcement is removed.
B)It is frequently used by managers in organizational settings.
C)It is the process of reinforcing behavior every time it occurs.
D)It is an effective means for increasing the frequency of desired behavior.
E)It requires that managers monitor every behavior of an employee and provide effective reinforcement.

Question 27

Aria has been performing successfully at work for several months. Aria believes that she will get a pay raise if she maintains this high level of performance.This belief is an example of the
Expectancy.

A)effort-to-performance
B)performance-to-benefit
C)performance-to-outcome
D)performance-to-valence
E)effort-to-outcome

Question 28

Which of the following is third step in OB modification?

A)Measure baseline performance
B)Develop and apply an appropriate intervention strategy
C)Identify the existing behavioral contingencies, or consequences of performance
D)Identify performance-related behavior events
E)Measure performance again to determine whether the desired effect has been achieved

Question 29

Research has suggested that the expectancy theory is more likely to explain motivation in _.

A)Japan
B)Moslem countries
C)the Unites States
D)Great Britain
E)the Federal Republic of Germany

Question 30

Equity theory provides several insights for managerial applications to everyday situations in the workplace.Which of the following statements is not true in this regard?

A)People tend to take a multifaceted view of the rewards they receive from the organization.
B)The basis for organizational rewards should be clearly communicated to employees.
C)People base their experience of equity on their perceptions, not on reality.
D)Formal and informal organizational rewards are equally observable to individuals when formulating equity perceptions.
E)Employees' perceptions may differ from the manager's

Question 31

One common criticism associated with the use of OB modification is that it

A)never attains ideals.
B)discriminates.
C)includes elements of manipulation.
D)is expensive.
E)is not cost-effective.

Question 32

The basic expectancy framework suggests that for motivated behavior to occur,

A)the performance-to-outcome expectancies should approach zero.
B)the sum of all the valences for the relevant potential outcomes must be negative.
C)none of the valences for the relevant potential outcomes should be negative.
D)the effort-to-performance ratio should be well above 10.
E)the positive valences should outweigh the negative valences of potential outcomes.

Question 33

Giving praise and recognition is an example of which type of reinforcement schedule?

A)Variable interval
B)Fixed ratio
C)Fixed interval
D)Variable ratio
E)Continuous

Question 34

Sara tries to always be on time for work because she once saw her boss fire someone who came in late.Sara is exhibiting learning through

A)avoidance.
B)positive reinforcement.
C)punishment.
D)extinction.
E)a stimulus-response mechanism.

Question 35

Which of the following is usually is one of the second options when attempting to correct an inequitable situation?

A)Change the object of comparison
B)Complain to the supervisor
C)Change our original self-assessment
D)Alter our perception of other's inputs or outcomes
E)Seek additional avenues for growth and development

Question 36

A $10 bonus for every fifth sale would be an example of which schedule of reinforcement?

A)Fixed-ratio
B)Variable interval
C)Fixed interval
D)Variable ratio
E)Continuous

Question 37

According to the equity theory, inputs include all of the following except

A)education.
B)experience.
C)effort.
D)recognition
E)loyalty

Question 38

In its simplest form, reinforcement theory suggests that behavior is a function of

A)equity perceptions.
B)emotional states.
C)attitudes.
D)subconscious perceptions.
E)consequences.

Question 39

In order for social learning to take place,

A)tasks must be complex, so as to motivate the employee.
B)the behavior being modeled must be intangible in nature.
C)the employee must possess the physical attributes needed to perform the job.
D)the employee need not perceive a direct cause-and-effect linkage.
E)the employee must be physically present at the time of the demonstration.

Question 40

Performance depends upon ability and the environment as well as upon motivation.

Question 41

Frederick Taylor (the father of scientific management)
believed people were motivated by money.

Question 42

To create ERG theory, Alderfer simply reorganized
Maslow's hierarchy of needs.

Question 43

Herzberg viewed satisfaction and dissatisfaction along a single continuum.

Question 44

The dual-structure theory identifies motivation factors, which affect satisfaction, and hygiene factors, which determine dissatisfaction.

Question 45

The reinforcement theory is based on the idea that behavior is a function of its consequences.

Question 46

The need for power is the desire to control one's environment.

Question 47

According to reinforcement theory, if rewards are removed from behaviors that were previously reinforced, the behaviors are likely to decrease in frequency and eventually disappear.

Question 48

Self-actualization needs involve realizing our full potential.

Question 49

Because informal reward systems, such as satisfaction and feelings of accomplishment, are more salient to employees, they are often at the center of a person's equity perceptions.

Question 50

One problem with expectancy theory is that people are actually more rational and calculating in choosing behaviors than the theory implies.

Question 51

Equity is achieved when an individual perceives that his or her outcomes and inputs are equal to a comparison other's.

Question 52

Classical conditioning is a complex form of learning that links a conditioned response with an unconditioned stimulus.

Question 53

The needs theories of motivation assume that need deficiencies cause behavior.

Question 54

High need achievers tend to set moderately difficult goals.

Question 55

Variable-ratio reinforcement varies the amount of time between reinforcements.

Question 56

Historical perspectives on motivation are unimportant because we now know they are wrong.

Question 57

Porter and Lawler suggested that, under the right conditions, high levels of performance might lead to satisfaction, rather than the other way around.

Question 58

Learning is a relatively non-permanent change in behavior or behavioral potential resulting from direct or indirect experience.

Question 59

Hygiene factors are extrinsic to the work itself and include factors such as pay and job security.

Question 60

Process-based perspectives of motivation describe why individuals choose different sets of behaviors.

Question 61

OB modification is usually aimed at increasing desired employee behaviors through the use of positive reinforcement.

Question 62

The is the desire to control one's environment, including financial, material, informational, and human resources.

Question 63

Social learning suggests that individual behavior is determined by a person's cognitions and social environment.

Question 64

The scientific management perspective assumed that all workers were motivated solely by .

Question 65

and his associates developed the dual- structure theory in the late 1950s and early 1960s.

Question 66

The need for achievement is most frequently associated with the work of .

Question 67

Requesting a pay raise is an attempt to reduce inequity by changing one's own .

Question 68

According to Alderfer, if a person is frustrated trying to satisfy a higher level of needs, he or she will to the previous level.

Question 69

According to Alderfer, if a person is successful at trying to satisfy a higher level of needs, he or she will to the next level.

Question 70

are things that offer safety and security, such as adequate housing and clothing and freedom from worry and anxiety.

Question 71

is the belief that a person is being treated fairly in relation to others.

Question 72

The equity theory describes the equity comparison process in terms of an - - ratio.

Question 73

involves the presentation of aversive consequences after an undesired behavior has occurred.

Question 74

The highest need in Maslow's hierarchy is the need for
_-_ .

Question 75

Extinction increases the frequency of behavior by providing a reward or desirable consequence that follows that behavior.

Question 76

Valence is how attractive or unattractive a given is to a given person.

Question 77

In most businesses, needs are probably the easiest to evaluate and to meet.

Question 78

Abraham Maslow framed his need theory of motivation in what is termed the .

Question 79

At its most elementary level, reinforcement theory suggests that behavior is a function of its .

Question 80

If rewards are removed from behaviors that were previously reinforced, the behaviors will tend to decrease in frequency and eventually become _.