Deck 3: Culture

Question 1

When Jane visited Morocco, she found it difficult to buy bus tickets as everyone pushed ahead of her. When she went home to Canada, she told her friends that the Moroccans were the rudest people she had ever encountered. Her judgment of the Moroccans' behaviour is an example of:

A) cultural levelling.
B) cultural relativism.
C) universalism.
D) ethnocentrism.
E) essentialism.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Values and beliefs would be excellent examples of:

A) ethnocentrism.
B) norms.
C) nonmaterial culture.
D) cultural relativism.
E) material culture.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

The celebration of multiculturalism in Canada ignores the adverse social, economic, and cultural conditions of:

A) emerging value clusters.
B) subcultures.
C) Native peoples.
D) aging baby boomers.
E) Quebec society.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Because _ is the basis of our entire way of life, it reflects and shapes our cultural experiences.

A) material culture
B) behaviour
C) language
D) technology
E) symbolism

Question 5

are standards by which people define good and bad, beautiful and ugly.

A) Norms
B) Mores
C) Folkways
D) Sanctions
E) Values

Question 6

Maya has recently moved to Canada and is learning the language. According to the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, Maya is likely to:

A) perceive the world differently after learning English.
B) forget her native language as she learns a new language.
C) find English too difficult to learn as an adult.
D) see herself as more conservative than non-immigrants.
E) feel there are too many words to describe snow.

Question 7

Canadian sociologist John Porter argued that, unlike Americans, Canadians lack a that tells us who we are and what we should strive for to make our lives meaningful.

A) unifying ideology
B) cultural universal
C) cultural pluralism
D) value cluster
E) cultural orientation

Question 8

Efforts by North Americans to understand English soccer riots and the passion that fans have for the game would involve practicing:

A) minority culture.
B) subcultural relationships.
C) cultural realism.
D) countercultural values.
E) cultural relativism.

Question 9

A society's are the expected behaviours that develop out of a society's values.

A) beliefs
B) norms
C) sanctions
D) gestures
E) ideologies

Question 10

French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu developed the concept of to explain the cultural habits and dispositions that middle- and upper-class families pass on to their children.

A) Economic capital
B) Social structure
C) Generational transmission
D) Cultural capital
E) Cultural levelling

Question 11

People in all societies have fundamental orientations toward life that they take for granted; these essentially determine the type of people they are. Sociologists call these orientations:

A) shared culture.
B) theoretical perspectives.
C) culture within us.
D) subcultures.
E) high culture.

Question 12

Allen has just received a stern lecture from his employer about his lack of motivation. This is an example of a:

A) negative reinforcement.
B) positive sanction.
C) negative sanction.
D) norm violation.
E) value reinforcement.

Question 13

In order to get along with another culture, it is important to learn the gestures of that culture in order not to:

A) miss much of what is happening.
B) run the risk of appearing foolish.
C) inadvertently offend people.
D) all of the above.
E) none of the above

Question 14

are ways that we can communicate without words.

A) Gestures
B) Mores
C) Norms
D) Signs
E) Sanctions

Question 15

Sociologists attempt to practice to understand people from the framework of their own culture.

A) ontological realism
B) ethnocentrism
C) cultural levelling
D) universalism
E) cultural relativism

Question 16

is composed of language, beliefs, values, norms, behaviours, and material objects.

A) Social structure
B) Culture
C) Subculture
D) Customs
E) Society

Question 17

Sociologists consider culture itself to be because a society cannot exist without developing shared, learned ways of dealing with the demands of life.

A) universal
B) substantial
C) ethnocentric
D) relative
E) national

Question 18

Which of the following value clusters is of concern to contemporary Canadians?

A) The goal of self-fulfillment
B) The treatment of Native peoples
C) The women's liberation movement
D) The value of old age
E) The relationship between technology and culture

Question 19

The primary way language allows culture to exist includes which of the following?

A) It provides a social or shared past.
B) It allows culture to develop by freeing people to move beyond the immediate.
C) It provides a social or shared future.
D) All of the above.
E) None of the above.

Question 20

When a group has a distinctive way of looking at life, but at the same time their values and norms reflect the dominant culture of their society, the group would be considered a[n]:

A) underground culture.
B) counterculture.
C) subdominant culture.
D) superculture.
E) subculture.

Question 21

is the view that technology is the single most important force in shaping our lives.

A) Technological hegemony
B) Technological shaping
C) Technological opportunism
D) Technological determinism
E) Technological advancement

Question 22

Harold is an executive of the Harley-Davidson company. He is a member of the Free Wheelers, a motorcycle group. On weekends, the Free Wheelers go camping and fishing. Harold would be considered a member of a[n]:

A) underground culture.
B) superculture
C) subculture.
D) minority culture.
E) counterculture.

Question 23

Matilda is enrolled in an online sociology course. She is able to take this course because of a[n] emerging in her society.

A) mechanical invention
B) mechanical discovery
C) adaptive technology
D) new technology
E) technological science

Question 24

Sociologists have concluded that the incest taboo:

A) is defined in a similar way from group to group.
B) never permits fathers to marry their own daughters.
C) is left to the individual to specifically define.
D) never permits mothers to marry their own sons.
E) is defined differently from group to group.

Question 25

An example of a value is the coexistence of the values of equality, racism, and group superiority.

A) expressive norm
B) inconsistency
C) contradiction
D) difference
E) cluster

Question 26

are one of the major forces for social change in a society.

A) Value contradictions
B) Value conflicts
C) Value clusters
D) Value expressive norms
E) Value strains

Question 27

Your cat meows for food. According to your text, this behaviour should be thought of as:

A) language.
B) being similar to a reflex.
C) symbolic communication.
D) animal linguistics.
E) manifestations of abstract thought.

Question 28

The term , coined by sociologist William Ogburn, describes a situation in which nonmaterial culture is playing a game of catch-up with material culture.

A) cultural delay
B) cultural imperatives
C) cultural lag
D) cultural adaptation
E) cultural response

Question 29

Whenever new needs and interests arise, we are likely to see as a result of fundamental changes in a society.

A) an increasingly conservative political climate
B) no change in core values
C) emerging values that challenge core values
D) a change in all the society's values
E) people re-establishing the importance of core values

Question 30

Because countries like Canada and the United States are comprised of so many different cultural, religious, and ethnic groups, they are often referred to as being:

A) pluralistic societies.
B) ideal cultures.
C) material cultures.
D) quilt cultures.
E) monolithic societies.

Question 31

A teenager wearing a baseball cap during a formal church service would be a good example of a violation of:

A) social disintegration.
B) mores.
C) taboos.
D) value clusters.
E) folkways.

Question 32

Two examples of are marrying and disposing of the dead.

A) ideal culture
B) real culture
C) nonmaterial culture
D) universal human activities
E) core values

Question 33

The emergence of inter-related beliefs systems that ultimately form a larger whole is called a .

A) cultural dialectic
B) disparaging trend
C) cultural universal
D) value clash
E) value cluster

Question 34

Which of the following statements regarding cultural subgroups is not true?

A) Most subcultures are compatible with the larger society.
B) Being a motorcycle enthusiast does not make you part of a subculture.
C) Some countercultures are positive.
D) All countercultures are negative.
E) Not all subcultures are countercultures.

Question 35

Kimberley has just earned a PhD in sociology. She is now considered a member of a:

A) counterculture.
B) subculture.
C) superculture.
D) deviant culture.
E) rival culture.

Question 36

Walking along one block in Toronto, Mario hears six different languages being spoken. This experience would be an example of Canada being .

A) pulled by cultural strain
B) subsumed in ideal conflicts
C) a pluralistic society
D) in a period of cultural diffusion
E) plagued by culture contradictions

Question 37

As the baby boomers have aged in our society, some note that there appears to be an even greater value placed on and an increase in .

A) self-fulfillment; the joining of self-help groups
B) youth; using techniques of youth enhancement
C) physical fitness; the purchase of "natural" food
D) physical compensation; the production of prosthetic devices
E) leisure; the purchase of vacation homes

Question 38

Poker and cremation are two specific examples of the more general category that your text calls .

A) universal human activities
B) real culture
C) nonmaterial culture
D) ideal culture
E) core values

Question 39

According to filmmaker Michael Moore, Canada has a lower per capita homicide rate versus America because:

A) the ethnic diversity of the U.S. increases the chances of intergroup conflict.
B) America has more poverty and unemployment.
C) Americans are exposed to more violent video games and music.
D) per capita, Americans have more guns.
E) of the U. S. media and federal government policies.

Question 40

Sociologists use the term to describe groups whose values and norms are in opposition to mainstream culture.

A) counterculture
B) subdominant culture
C) underground culture
D) subculture
E) superdominant culture

Question 41

The tendency of people to use their own group's culture as a standard for judging other cultures' practices is called ethnocentrism.

Question 42

In recent years, cultures have become more similar to each other as a result of travel and communication. Sociologists use the term to describe this process.

A) cultural adaptation
B) cultural levelling
C) cultural dissolution
D) cultural hegemony
E) cultural bridging

Question 43

There is something inherently "natural" about material culture.

Question 44

Canadians and Quebecers share very similar values when it comes to adolescent sexuality.

Question 45

Culture consists of the language, beliefs, values, norms, behaviours, and the material objects of a society.

Question 46

An action that is viewed with a strong sense of disgust by those watching is probably a violation of a[n]:

A) norm.
B) folkway.
C) sanction.
D) taboo.
E) expectation.

Question 47

According to your text, the sociological significance of technology is that:

A) it determines the material superstructure.
B) it influences the way people interact with and think about each other.
C) it determines a group's values and special interests.
D) it spurs further technological innovation.
E) it intervenes between individuals and groups.

Question 48

When people come into contact with a different culture, they often experience culture shock because their basic assumptions of life are challenged.

Question 49

Nick comes home from school with an excellent report card. Nick has his weekend curfew time extended an hour later. This would be a prime example of:

A) a positive sanction.
B) individual motivations.
C) a negative sanction.
D) positive reinforcement.
E) cultural levelling.

Question 50

Beliefs, values, and common patterns of behaviour are part of what sociologists call "nonmaterial" culture.

Question 51

An example of is the custom of maintaining a 9-month school year in Canada, even though this custom no longer matches the current technology.

A) cultural delay
B) cultural anachronism
C) cultural levelling
D) cultural lag
E) cultural hindrance

Question 52

The establishment of the Indian Act was an important step forward for the Native peoples of Canada in terms of gaining economic, cultural, and political rights.

Question 53

People are always aware of how culture influences their lives.

Question 54

According to McLuhan, the world is becoming with the introduction of electronic media.

A) a regional community
B) a megalopolis
C) a global village
D) postmodern
E) more territorial with strict geographic boundaries

Question 55

Linda spends six months in France as part of a student exchange program. Her adaptation to new ways of doing things and eating new food would be called by sociologists.

A) cultural relativism
B) cultural diffusion
C) cultural accommodation
D) cultural lag
E) material culture

Question 56

is a process by which the people in a group adapt some part of another group's material and/or nonmaterial culture.

A) Cultural innovation
B) Cultural bridging
C) Cultural absolutism
D) Cultural diffusion
E) Cultural hegemony

Question 57

Marshall McLuhan and Harold Innis examined the effects of on our culture. According to McLuhan, the more we use microelectronics-based technology, the smaller our world becomes.

A) technological revolutions
B) technological advancement
C) technological shaping
D) technological opportunism
E) technological hegemony

Question 58

A society's culture is passed on from one generation to the next generation.

Question 59

Recently, Debbie went on a world tour. When she came back from her tour, she told her friends that she was able to stop at a McDonald's and order a Big Mac in every major city she visited. Her ability to have a Big Mac in all the major cities is an example of:

A) cultural bridging.
B) cultural innovation.
C) cultural hegemony.
D) cultural levelling.
E) cultural dissolution.

Question 60

Our speech, gestures, beliefs, and customs are usually taken for granted.

Question 61

Heavy metal adherents who glorify hatred and cruelty would be members of a counterculture.

Question 62

A subculture is a group that has values and norms in opposition to mainstream culture.

Question 63

There is unanimous agreement among scientists that all animals have the ability to use language as a symbol.

Question 64

Folkways are norms that are taken very seriously as they are essential to a group's core values.

Question 65

Language is a system of symbols where every word has the same meaning in every culture.

Question 66

There cannot be full expression of freedom, democracy, and equality alongside racism and sexism. One way Canadians side-stepped this contradiction in the past was to say that the values of freedom, democracy, and justice applied only to certain groups.

Question 67

Jane Goodall observed chimps making and using tools that were originally thought to be exclusively human activities.

Question 68

The values of a society can often contradict one another; to follow the one value means to come into conflict with the other.

Question 69

Although the particulars of culture differ from one group of people to another, culture itself is universal.

Question 70

Canada's values have always been of tolerance and respect for other cultures.

Question 71

Gestures are the use of our body to communicate with others. They are useful to give others messages without using words.

Question 72

According to the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, our thinking and perceptions are shaped by our language.

Question 73

The nonmaterial culture of a group sets the framework for the type of technology a group has.

Question 74

Values are the specific rules of behaviour that guide our conduct.

Question 75

Technology is the tools and the skills or procedures necessary to make and to use those tools.

Question 76

There is no evidence that animals can learn from one another and that a learned behaviour can be adopted by a group of animals.

Question 77

An understanding of how different cultures use gestures is unimportant because the meaning of gestures is universal.

Question 78

New technologies refer to the small modifications made to existing technology.

Question 79

When we try to understand a culture on its own terms, we are practicing cultural relativism.

Question 80

A violation of a taboo is seen as repulsive to the members of a group.