Deck 19: Glacial Modification of Terrain

Question 1

Hills rounded and sheared off by glacial erosion are called .

A) kettles
B) calderas
C) roche moutonnees
D) till
E) moraines

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Drift is .

A) glacial flour
B) a term which is a misnomer out of biblical literature
C) the same thing as a moraine
D) the combination of a cirque and a horn
E) an erosional feature

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Continental ice sheets smooth and round the terrain while mountain glaciations tend to .

A) polish the terrain
B) build mountains in the lower latitudes
C) steepen slopes and increase local relief
D) have similar effects
E) leave the terrain undisturbed

Answer 3

C

Question 4

The longest recorded glacial advance in 24 hours was on the order of .

A) 30 meters
B) 3 centimeters
C) 30 centimeters
D) 300 meters
E) 3 meters

Question 5

Which of the following is NOT a major, recognized glacial stage of the Pleistocene Epoch?

A) Minnesotan
B) Illinoian
C) Nebraskan
D) Wisconsin
E) Kansan

Question 6

The maximum extent of a glacier is marked by a .

A) valley train
B) terminal moraine
C) lateral moraine
D) tarn
E) hanging valley

Question 7

Which of the following is NOT one of the pluvial developments of the Pleistocene Epoch?

A) increased runoff
B) decreased evaporation
C) increased rainfall
D) increased numbers of lakes
E) increased mass of glacial ice

Question 8

The slow melting of blocks of stagnant ice in the land surface is the cause of .

A) eskers
B) ground moraines
C) cirques
D) roche moutonnees
E) kettle holes

Question 9

Which of the following terms is synonymous for "glacier flow"?

A) glacier equilibrium
B) glacier advance
C) glacier wastage
D) glacier ablation
E) none of the above

Question 10

The textbook concludes that .

A) We are about to enter another Ice Age.
B) The Ice Age has ended.
C) Causes for the Ice Age are known.
D) The Ice Age has not ended.
E) We are too close to the Ice Age to say any of the above definitively.

Question 11

The Driftless Area is in _ _.

A) Florida
B) Texas
C) Montana
D) California
E) Wisconsin

Question 12

Which of the following features is NOT composed of stratified drift?

A) valley trains
B) eskers
C) drumlins
D) kames
E) outwash plains

Question 13

Which of the following does NOT have a major concentration of contemporary mountain glaciers?

A) New Zealand
B) Appalachian Mts.
C) British Columbia, Canada
D) Cascade Mts., Washington
E) Central Asia

Question 14

Which of the following is a periglacial landform?

A) proglacial lakes
B) permafrost
C) patterned ground
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Question 15

The Pleistocene Epoch .

A) didn't create glaciers over all the land surface
B) is associated with the Laurentide ice sheet
C) may not yet have ended
D) had several interglacial periods
E) is correctly described by all of the above

Question 16

The largest contemporary U.S. glacier is in .

A) Wyoming
B) Washington State
C) Hawaii
D) Alaska
E) Colorado

Question 17

The approximate maximum thickness of contemporary glacial ice is meters.

A) 4
B) 40,000
C) 40
D) 400
E) 4,000

Question 18

The Holocene is .

A) the part of Earth history that started 10,000 years ago
B) the present time in Earth history
C) a postglacial time or a glacial interlude
D) an epoch in Earth history
E) correctly described by all of the above

Question 19

The amount of erosion done by glaciation is NOT affected by the .

A) bedrock structure
B) rate of ice flow
C) thickness of the ice
D) roughness of terrain
E) periglacial conditions

Question 20

During the last Ice Age, sea level was .

A) much higher than today's sea level
B) a few centimeters higher than today's sea level
C) the same as today's sea level
D) much lower than today's sea level
E) a few centimeters lower than today's sea level

Question 21

Antarctica .

A) has its deepest ice in the east
B) has its highest elevations in the west
C) would not be above sea level if the ice were removed
D) is 95 percent covered with glacial ice
E) is correctly described by all of the above

Question 22

Comparing two locations on a glacier, it is likely they are

A) moving at a rate of about 30 meters per day.
B) moving in opposite directions.
C) moving uphill.
D) moving at different rates.
E) both in equilibrium.

Question 23

At its maximum extent, ice covered almost of the Earth's land surface.

A) 1/10
B) 3/4
C) 1/2
D) 4/5
E) 1/3

Question 24

was covered by glacial ice during the Pleistocene epoch.

A) Australia
B) South Africa
C) North America
D) South America
E) none of the above

Question 25

The shape of a(n) can be likened to an amphitheater.

A) cirque
B) till
C) arete
D) roche moutonnee
E) horn

Question 26

The movement of a glacier is normally measured in per day.

A) meters
B) tens of kilometers
C) kilometers
D) centimeters
E) tens of meters

Question 27

In Alaska, most of the contemporary glaciers are found mainly in the portion of the state.

A) central
B) western
C) northern
D) southern
E) eastern

Question 28

A glacier will start to move of its own weight when it reaches a thickness of a few .

A) meters
B) kilometers
C) dozen meters
D) centimeters
E) dozen centimeters

Question 29

About _ percent of the world's land ice resides in places other than Greenland and Antarctica.

A) 24
B) 4
C) 94
D) 54
E) 84

Question 30

The most significant erosive work of glaciers is accomplished by .

A) plucking
B) erratics
C) abrasion
D) ablation
E) firn

Question 31

Which of the following does NOT belong with the others?

A) medial moraines
B) nunataks
C) cirques
D) eskers
E) alpine glaciation

Question 32

are the largest landforms produced by mountain glaciation.

A) Kames
B) Eskers
C) Drumlins
D) Lateral moraines
E) Terminal moraines

Question 33

Lubrication for downslope glacial movement is provided by .

A) gravity
B) meltwater
C) medial moraines
D) ne´ve´
E) cyclopean stairs

Question 34

A(n) is created by a group of cirques eroding into a mountain peak.

A) arete
B) tarn
C) horn
D) truncated spurs
E) cyclopean step

Question 35

The result of mountain glaciation is to mountain topography.

A) sharpen
B) erode
C) deepen
D) steepen
E) do all of the above

Question 36

Where can one find a glacier's equilibrium line?

A) between the accumulation and ablation zones
B) at the terminal moraine
C) at its head
D) along the zone of basal slip
E) near the cirque

Question 37

According to the map in the textbook, which continent had the greatest total of ice- covered land?

A) Europe
B) South America
C) Asia
D) Australia
E) North America

Question 38

The time since 10,000 B.P. is most properly known as the epoch.

A) Holocene
B) Wisconsin
C) dinosaur
D) Pleistocene
E) Permian

Question 39

The long profile of a glaciated valley floor is .

A) irregular
B) a smooth curve
C) steep
D) logarithmic
E) none of the above

Question 40

The most prominent pluvial development of the Pleistocene was the appearance of many .

A) square kilometers of permafrost
B) lakes
C) terminal moraines
D) mountain glaciers
E) aretes

Question 41

Asia was not heavily glaciated in the Pleistocene because of .

A) warm ocean currents
B) lack of adequate precipitation
C) high mountain ranges
D) tropical latitudes
E) heavy vegetation cover

Question 42

In southwestern Wisconsin and parts of surrounding states is a non- glaciated area referred to as the Area.

A) Wisconsin Ice Age
B) Moraine
C) Driftless
D) Alpine
E) Pleistocene

Question 43

The physically separates East Antarctica from West Antarctica.

A) Antarctic Peninsula
B) Great Ice Sheet
C) Transantarctic Mountains
D) Antarctic Ocean
E) Ross Ice Shelf

Question 44

The most recent glacial stage of the Pleistocene in North America was the .

A) Wisconsin
B) Mindel
C) Illinoian
D) Nebraskan
E) Kansan

Question 45

In Europe the Wisconsin ice advance is known as the " ".

A) Alpine
B) Stoss
C) Wu¨rm
D) French
E) Beraschrund

Question 46

The glacial scouring by bedrock embedded in ice is erosion by .

A) basal slip
B) accumulation
C) periglacial
D) ablation
E) abrasion

Question 47

Today, Antarctic ice shelves are .

A) gone
B) collapsing
C) tiny
D) bigger than in Pleistocene time
E) extending close to South America

Question 48

How many continental ice sheets are in existence?

A) none
B) ten
C) one
D) two
E) too many to count

Question 49

tends to smooth the surface over which a glacier moves.

A) Quarrying
B) Ablation
C) Plucking
D) Abrasion
E) none of the above

Question 50

is granular snow which is beginning to coalesce into glacial ice.

A) A cirque
B) Ne´ve´

Question 51

Which of the following is NOT a main glacial characteristic that any satisfactory theory of ice age causes must account for?

A) eventual total deglaciation
B) multiple cycles of advance and retreat
C) concurrent development of pluvial conditions in dryland areas
D) how snow transforms into glacial ice
E) the simultaneous but non- uniform accumulation of ice masses in the Eastern and Western hemispheres

Question 52

In some places, Pleistocene glaciation depressed the Earth's crust as much as meters.

A) 1.2
B) 1,200
C) 12
D) 120
E) 12,000

Question 53

A dark band of rock debris down the middle of a glacier from the union of two adjacent glaciers is a(n) .

A) arete
B) medial moraine
C) terminal moraine
D) kame
E) lateral moraine

Question 54

During the Pleistocene, was a time of ice retreat.

A) an interglacial
B) Wisconsin time
C) the Holocene
D) Kansan time
E) Wu¨rm time

Question 55

Where several valley glaciers have joined together, one result is .

A) aretes
B) eskers
C) drumlins
D) medial moraines
E) paternoster lakes

Question 56

Which of the following glacial landforms is composed of bedrock?

A) an esker
B) a valley train
C) a lateral moraine
D) a drumlin
E) a nunatak

Question 57

If all the ice in Antarctica were to melt, sea level would .

A) lower significantly
B) lower slightly
C) rise slightly
D) stay about the same
E) rise significantly

Question 58

The creation of many glacial lakes during the Pleistocene is labeled a(n) development.

A) aeolian
B) insignificant
C) pluvial
D) fluvial
E) random

Question 59

According to the map in the textbook, the southernmost extent of contemporary glaciers in the United States is in California and .

A) Minnesota
B) Florida
C) Wyoming
D) Maine
E) Colorado

Question 60

The movement of a glacier along its bottom, lubricated by meltwater, is known as .

A) glacial flour
B) firn
C) equilibrium glide
D) basal slip
E) fjord

Question 61

Long sinuous ridges of stratified drift are termed _.

A) eskers
B) outwash plains
C) kettles
D) aretes
E) kames

Question 62

Which region had the LEAST coverage (square kilometers) of glacial ice during the Pleistocene?

A) Greenland
B) Asia
C) North America
D) Africa
E) South America

Question 63

The blunt edge of a drumlin faces .

A) in the direction opposite to the flow of ice
B) along with the direction of ice flow
C) perpendicular to the ice flow
D) into the wind
E) none of the above

Question 64

Materials deposited during a lengthy pause in glacial retreat are known as _.

A) terminal moraines
B) till plains
C) recessional moraines
D) eskers
E) lateral moraines

Question 65

Which of the following is accepted as the single, causal mechanism for the Pleistocene climate changes?

A) changes in the solar radiation received by Earth
B) changes in the amount of atmospheric carbon dioxide
C) changes in Earth's orbit
D) changes in the positions of the continents
E) none of the above is widely accepted

Question 66

Which of the following does NOT belong with the others?

A) arete
B) drift
C) glacial erratics
D) till plain
E) continental glaciation

Question 67

In a roche moutonnee, the side faces the direction to which the ice is traveling.

A) lee
B) stoss
C) striation
D) fill
E) none of the above

Question 68

The Pleistocene Epoch began at least .

A) in the 1600s A.D.
B) 10,000 years ago
C) over 20 million years ago
D) 2.5 million years ago
E) in the 20th century

Question 69

How many major glacial episodes are included in the Pleistocene Epoch?

A) as many as 18 or 19
B) none
C) as many as 100 or 150
D) 2
E) as many as 50 or 60

Question 70

If you were to dig into a drumlin, you would find .

A) sorted river deposits
B) unsorted river deposits
C) deposition left by the wind
D) unsorted glacial till
E) sorted glacial till

Question 71

Glacial runoff primarily occurs .

A) as ice in the winter
B) in the daytime
C) at night
D) in the zone of accumulation
E) after heavy snows

Question 72

After Alaska, is the state with the greatest number of glaciers and greatest amount of surface area covered by glaciers.

A) Minnesota
B) Maine
C) Montana
D) Washington
E) Oklahoma

Question 73

Unsorted debris from ice sheets, after deposition, is known as _.

A) kettles
B) roche moutonnee
C) till
D) striations
E) drumlin

Question 74

is compressed snow which might change into glacial ice.

A) Ne´ve´
B) Ablation
C) Cirques
D) Calcium carbonate
E) Nunataks

Question 75

By the nature of its deposition, which of the following has the largest spatial extent (covers the most area)?

A) terminal moraines
B) drumlins
C) recessional moraines
D) glacial erratics
E) till

Question 76

The zone beyond a glacier's limit and not directly touched by ice is the zone.

A) ablation
B) moraine
C) periglacial
D) accumulation
E) ne´ve´

Question 77

Today, nearly percent of Earth's surface is affected by periglacial conditions.

A) 1
B) 20
C) 60
D) 80
E) 100

Question 78

The world's largest contemporary ice sheet is in .

A) Antarctica
B) the Arctic Ocean
C) Greenland
D) Alaska
E) the Himalayas

Question 79

At its maximum extent, continental glacial ice in North America extended as far south as .

A) Florida
B) the Gulf of Mexico
C) Montana
D) The Ohio River
E) Minnesota

Question 80

is composed of stratified (layered) drift.

A) A drumlin
B) A nunatak
C) A valley train
D) An esker
E) A lateral moraine