Deck 17: Solution Processes and Karst Topography

Question 1

Just beneath the surface of Yellowstone National Park is a large .

A) karst cavern
B) area of tower karst
C) aquifer
D) volcano
E) magma chamber

Answer 1

E

Question 2

Caves are found in most parts of the world where there are thick _ deposits under the surface.

A) tufa
B) limestone
C) dripstone
D) till
E) sandstone

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Geysers are best described as _ .

A) rarely disturbed by earthquakes
B) common over most of Earth's land surface
C) eruptions of steam and water
D) an integral part of karst landscapes
E) usually faithful in the timing of their eruptions

Answer 3

C

Question 4

In the original language, "karst" means " ".

A) cavern
B) flat
C) barren land
D) solution
E) limestone

Question 5

Geyser deposits tend to form .

A) terraces
B) mesas
C) sheets of precipitated matter
D) fumaroles
E) none of the above

Question 6

Which of the following is NOT a component of karst landscapes?

A) Steep slopes
B) Extensive stream channels
C) Swallow holes common
D) Dry stream valleys
E) Sinkholes common

Question 7

Cavern openings to the surface are usually .

A) triangular in shape
B) the site of hot springs
C) the largest part of the cavern
D) small
E) warm

Question 8

Which of the following is an example of a speleothem?

A) a mogote
B) a cavern
C) a stalactite
D) a doline
E) a sinkhole

Question 9

makes lime precipitate out of a water solution.

A) Rain falling out of clouds
B) Water squeezed into rock joints
C) Photosynthesis in heat- loving algae
D) Reduction of temperature and pressure
E) Sublimation of liquid water

Question 10

Which of the following is a MASSIVE accumulation of calcium carbonate?

A) Tufa
B) Carbonic acid
C) Granite
D) Sinter
E) Travertine

Question 11

A complex of intersecting dolines is known as a(n) .

A) speleothem
B) sinkhole
C) uvula
D) geyser basin
E) cavern

Question 12

Movement of underground water promotes solution where .

A) differences in rock resistance make the rock "softer"
B) high temperatures are found
C) high pressures are found
D) the water is not saturated with bicarbonate
E) the water is flowing in a stream

Question 13

are typically found at the intersections of joints.

A) Magma chambers
B) Uvala
C) Tower karst
D) Sinkholes
E) Rivers

Question 14

From the text's description it is clear that sinkholes conflict with urban land uses in .

A) Los Angeles
B) New York City
C) Florida
D) Iowa
E) Chicago

Question 15

Like limestone, is highly susceptible to subsurface erosion.

A) sandstone
B) gypsum
C) granite
D) basalt
E) shale

Question 16

All major geyser basins are similar in that they are covered with _ _.

A) tufa layers
B) a salt glaze
C) a thick sulfur layer
D) mineral deposits
E) a gravel layer

Question 17

Most limestone is mechanical surface weathering.

A) neutral to the effects of
B) the cause of
C) resistant to
D) prone to
E) compatible with

Question 18

A collapse doline is the remains of a .

A) stalagtite
B) sinkhole
C) stalagmite
D) mogote
E) cavern

Question 19

A large, steep- sided, circular hill of residual limestone bedrock is known as a _ .

A) stalagtite
B) sinkhole
C) doline
D) cavern
E) mogote

Question 20

Which of the following enhances the rate of solution of bedrock?

A) rock including great amounts of aluminum
B) an arid climate
C) stagnation of underground water
D) a profusion of joints and bedding planes
E) a cold climate

Question 21

In karst landscapes of slight relief, is(are) the most common features.

A) sinkholes
B) mogotes
C) travertine
D) hot springs
E) caverns

Question 22

The most rapid landscape solution occurs in areas.

A) granite
B) dry
C) humid
D) middle latitude
E) cold

Question 23

The term "decoration stage" of cave development is related to all but one of the following terms:

A) stalagmite
B) stalactite
C) carbon dioxide and calcite
D) speleothem
E) uvala

Question 24

Which of the following Earth materials is MOST resistant to solution?

A) magnesium
B) calcium
C) aluminum
D) sodium
E) limestone

Question 25

The largest sinkholes are in regions.

A) high altitude
B) tropical
C) middle latitude
D) polar
E) ocean

Question 26

In a cavern-as compared with its bedrock surroundings-lime readily precipitates from solution because _ .

A) the water is purer
B) the water can run in streams
C) temperatures are greater
D) pressure is lowered and evaporation is possible
E) pressures are greater

Question 27

A hot spring that water is known as a .

A) geyser
B) fumarole
C) hot spring
D) sinter
E) travertine

Question 28

is a term which refers to solution landscapes and literally means "barren land"?

A) Fumarole
B) Doline
C) Karst
D) Dolomite
E) Speleothem

Question 29

Which of the following does NOT belong with the others?

A) sinter
B) tufa
C) hot springs
D) caverns
E) travertine

Question 30

Yellowstone National Park is known for its hydrothermal features. Yellowstone contains about all the world's hydrothermal features.

A) 10%
B) 1%
C) 50%
D) 75%
E) virtually 100% (99.999%)

Question 31

Which feature is created by solution?

A) sinkholes
B) speleothems
C) pillars
D) stalagmites
E) stalactites

Question 32

Which of the following is NOT a "limy" rock?

A) granite
B) dolomite
C) gypsum
D) limestone
E) chalk

Question 33

By far, the world's largest concentration of hydrothermal features occurs in .

A) Florida
B) Wyoming
C) Siberia
D) Chile
E) Switzerland

Question 34

When hot water is ejected from a geyser, that flow is called a(n) .

A) tufa
B) eruption
C) fumarole
D) travertine
E) motu

Question 35

Soluble carbonate rocks are at or near approximately percent of Earth's land surface.

A) 10
B) 50
C) 5
D) 1
E) 100

Question 36

The primary way in which underground water shapes topography is through .

A) chemical action
B) hydraulic pounding
C) abrasion
D) mechanical erosion
E) dilution

Question 37

Limestone caverns are closely associated with .

A) granite bedrock
B) hot springs and geysers
C) bicarbonate acting as an acid to dissolve rocks
D) bedding and jointing planes
E) none of the above

Question 38

According to the text, tower karst exists in .

A) China and Vietnam
B) the former U.S.S.R. and Iran
C) the U.S. and Canada
D) Japan and India
E) Hawaii and Alaska

Question 39

A swallow hole is most closely associated with .

A) tower karst
B) fumaroles
C) sinkholes
D) geysers
E) a magma chamber

Question 40

One of the common surface features of karst landscapes are sinkholes, also known as .

A) tufa
B) travertine
C) dolines
D) dripstone
E) geysers

Question 41

Commonly, materials flowing out of hot springs build a .

A) dome
B) doline
C) sinkhole
D) cavern
E) geyser

Question 42

Part of Kentucky has karst topography. Knowing this, it would be logical to find there.

A) dry streambeds
B) sinkholes
C) stalactites
D) soluble bedrock
E) all of the above

Question 43

Yellowstone National Park is the world's classic location for hydrothermal activity and the River drainage basin contains most of the hydrothermal activity. So, this river basin is the world's best spot to observe hydrothermal activity.

A) Snake
B) Firehole
C) Teton
D) Wind
E) Bear

Question 44

The brilliant colors around hot springs and geysers is .

A) best seen in the winter
B) due to high pressure
C) due to algae
D) largely unexplained
E) very short- lived

Question 45

Deposition of dissolved minerals in caverns leaves deposits such as the icicle- like _ .

A) stalagmites
B) sinkholes
C) stalactites
D) dolines
E) tufa

Question 46

The term "karst" is derived from the language in a section of _ .

A) the former Soviet Union
B) the former Yugoslavia
C) Brazil
D) New York City
E) Australia

Question 47

The eruptions of Yellowstone's geysers as well as most of the others on Earth can be characterized as .

A) irregular
B) containing only steam
C) mysterious as to how they come to be
D) becoming much more frequent over time
E) regular

Question 48

The rapid appearance of new sinkholes in Florida can be explained by .

A) several years of above- normal rainfall
B) sandstone
C) the rise of the water table
D) buildings built on top of bedrock cavities
E) all of the above

Question 49

Which of the following is NOT closely associated with hydrothermal activity?

A) Hot springs
B) Fumaroles
C) Geysers
D) Yellowstone National Park
E) Caverns

Question 50

Calcium carbonate is most readily dissolved in _.

A) the process of stalagtite formation
B) water nearly saturated with bicarbonate
C) cool water
D) caverns
E) warm water

Question 51

Which of the following is a landscape feature that would be last to form on a karst landscape?

A) Disappearing stream
B) Cavern
C) Sinkholes
D) Collapsed doline
E) Tower karst

Question 52

is the term for solution topography in areas of limestone bedrock.

A) Dripstone
B) Travertine
C) Doline
D) Hydrothermal
E) Karst

Question 53

Underground water is a weak acid.

A) sulfuric
B) nitric
C) citric
D) carbonic
E) tannic

Question 54

Which three substances are required to interact to form calcium bicarbonate?

A) Oxygen, water, magnesium bicarbonate
B) Water, carbon dioxide, and dolomite
C) Water, carbon dioxide, and lime
D) Carbon dioxide, sunlight, and plants
E) Plants, magnesium, dolomite

Question 55

In rock, is an end product of common solution reactions.

A) bicarbonate
B) limestone
C) gypsum
D) chalk
E) dolomite

Question 56

Karst landscapes are noteworthy because are absent.

A) limestone and dolomite
B) chemical weathering processes
C) caverns
D) hills of any size
E) surface streams

Question 57

Jointing systems cause many caverns to have a(n) pattern.

A) random
B) circular
C) linear
D) inconspicuous
E) rectangular

Question 58

Water flowing into sinkholes frequently disappears into .

A) karst
B) bedding planes
C) joints
D) swallow holes
E) geysers

Question 59

Tower karst forms spectacular scenery in which part of the world?

A) The Alps of Europe
B) Southeastern China
C) Yellowstone National Park
D) most of Alaska
E) The Rocky Mountains near Denver

Question 60

The presence of a hot spring on the surface means .

A) the end of Earth is drawing near
B) heated rocks or magma are underneath
C) a volcano will erupt within 1,000 years
D) a volcano will soon erupt
E) underground water is virtually absent

Question 61

Yellowstone Park has the three necessary ingredients for hydrothermal activity: molten material close to the surface, broken rock material, and .

Question 62

When a stalactite meets a stalagmite the result is a _.

A) a doline
B) a pillar
C) dripstone
D) hydrothermal
E) tombolo

Question 63

is a calcium magnesium carbonate rock which dissolves almost as easily as limestone.

A) Shale
B) Granite
C) Gneiss
D) Dolomite
E) Basalt

Question 64

is a deposit of hydrothermal materials.

A) Limestone
B) Travertine
C) Karst
D) Stalagmite
E) Stalactite

Question 65

This word is from Icelandic for "gush" or "rage":

Question 66

Which of the following terms does NOT belong with the others?

A) speleothem
B) hot spring
C) fumarole
D) hydrothermal activity
E) geyser

Question 67

In hydrothermal situations, superheating of water is possible because of the presence of .

A) bedding planes
B) high pressure
C) lava
D) joints
E) sodium bicarbonate

Question 68

Travertine and tufa are both composed of .

A) non- soluble minerals
B) granite
C) calcium carbonate
D) heat- resistant algae
E) igneous rock

Question 69

Karst landscapes .

A) are formed by underground processes
B) can be said to be the same as hydrothermal landscapes
C) seldom have steep- sided terrain
D) are somewhat less common in the U.S. than on Earth as a whole
E) are formed in arid climates

Question 70

In karst topography, _ are said to be the fundamental unit of both erosion and weathering.

A) caverns
B) rivers
C) joints
D) geysers
E) sinkholes

Question 71

Which of the following is not very resistant to solution in water?

A) aluminum
B) silicon
C) sodium
D) iron
E) all of the above are very resistant

Question 72

The production of travertine first requires that dissolves in hot water and makes an acid that dissolves great quantities of limestone..

A) carbon dioxide
B) xenon
C) oxygen
D) argon
E) nitrogen

Question 73

are residual karst features having very steep sides riddled with caves.

Question 74

The slopes of these features have angles of repose of 20° to 30°:

A) Sinkholes
B) Geyser basins
C) Stalagmites
D) Pillars
E) Cavern walls

Question 75

is the end product of the solution of limestone in water.

Question 76

The solubility of carbon dioxide as water temperature .

A) decreases, stays the same
B) stays the same, decreases
C) decreases, increases
D) increases, increases
E) decreases, decreases

Question 77

Speleothems are associated with the stage of cavern formation.

A) solution
B) initial excavation
C) decoration
D) dead
E) room

Question 78

are the karst analogs of river valleys in that they are the fundamental unit in both erosion and weathering.

Question 79

In terms of underground water, is the most effective shaper of landforms.

A) channelized flow
B) mechanical erosion
C) solution
D) hydaulic power
E) corrosion

Question 80

A fumarole has _.

A) a large amount of water involved in its functions
B) liquid water as its principal product
C) many of the characteristics of a hot spring
D) a direct connection to a cave
E) all of the above