Deck 14: The Internal Processes

Question 1

Which of the following is NOT an intrusive volcanic landform?

A) caldera
B) batholith
C) dike
D) vein
E) sill

Answer 1

A

Question 2

The original large continental mass containing all of the present continents prior to separation millions of years ago has been named _.

A) Pangaea
B) Subduction
C) Transcurrent
D) Gondwanaland
E) Laurasia

Answer 2

A

Question 3

A crustal block which is downthrown with a steep fault scarp on either side is a .

A) fault block mountain
B) graben
C) syncline
D) rift valley
E) horst

Answer 3

B

Question 4

A is a one- sided fold connecting horizontal or gently inclined strate.

A) monocline
B) overthrust
C) symmetrical fold
D) syncline
E) anticline

Question 5

is the part of the United States where one could see terranes.

A) The Midwest
B) Florida
C) Maine
D) Arizona
E) Alaska

Question 6

Radial walls extending outward from a volcano are .

A) clay pans
B) sills
C) dikes
D) plugs
E) veins

Question 7

Which of the following are fault- block mountains?

A) Ozarks
B) Cascades
C) Sierra Nevada
D) Rockies
E) Appalachians

Question 8

Where would one find a convergent plate boundary?

A) at the midocean ridge of the Atlantic Ocean
B) along a transform plate boundary
C) in the middle of North America
D) at all of the above locations
E) at none of the above locations

Question 9

The vast majority of North America is moving

A) up.
B) down.
C) to the west.
D) so slowly that the direction is unknown.
E) to the east.

Question 10

In Hawaii, the direction of movement of the "hot spot" means that the is the oldest part of the island chain.

A) northwestern islands
B) center islands
C) southeastern islands
D) rainiest island
E) largest island

Question 11

The Glomar Challenger proved _ .

A) continental drift has stopped
B) mountains exist under the sea
C) the poles reverse their polarities
D) the Earth is round
E) the seafloors are spreading

Question 12

Which scale is now the most commonly used to measure the size of LARGE earthquakes?

A) Fujita
B) Saffir- Simpson
C) Moment magnitude
D) Mercalli
E) Richter

Question 13

The first comprehensive theory of continental drift was propounded by _ .

A) Wallace
B) Wegener
C) Sagan
D) Ko¨ppen
E) Darwin

Question 14

Worldwide, volcanic eruptions are _.

A) mostly underwater
B) rare
C) rarely fatal to those around them
D) mostly explosive
E) a thing of the past

Question 15

Shield volcanoes are than composite volcanoes.

A) taller
B) more widespread
C) steeper
D) wider
E) more explosive

Question 16

Which of the following refers to the surface of the Earth directly above the center of an earthquake?

A) focus
B) seismic zone
C) epicenter
D) nadir
E) none of the above

Question 17

Which of the following concepts does not belong with the others?

A) midocean ridge
B) plasticity
C) plate tectonics
D) a rigid crust with fixed continents
E) continental drift

Question 18

The Black Hills, South Dakota, is a dome- shaped mass which is built over a .

A) batholith
B) stock
C) laccolith
D) vein
E) dike

Question 19

Crater Lake, Oregon. is a remnant of a larger volcano named _.

A) Mt. McKinley
B) Mt. St. Helens
C) Mt. Whitney
D) Mt. Mazama
E) Paricutin

Question 20

Which of the following is NOT a form of diastrophism?

A) broad warping
B) vulcanism
C) folding
D) downwarping
E) faulting

Question 21

The Pacific "ring of fire" refers to the .

A) the Hawaiian Islands
B) Azores Island
C) volcanoes around the Pacific Ocean
D) subduction zones on the ocean floor
E) flood basalts

Question 22

Which of the following is closely associated with the large system of ridges on the ocean floors?

A) rift zones
B) upwelling of magma
C) seafloor spreading
D) all of the above
E) transform faults

Question 23

Similar in nature to a batholith but much smaller in size is a .

A) sill
B) vein
C) dike
D) stock
E) all of the above

Question 24

A _ is another name for a volcanic mudflow.

A) laccolith
B) lahar
C) landslide
D) pyroclastic flow
E) bornhardt

Question 25

The Appalachian Mountains are famous for their _ structure.

A) faulted
B) volcanic
C) rift valley
D) ridge and valley
E) graben

Question 26

The state having the greatest extent of flood basalts is .

A) Arkansas
B) Arizona
C) California
D) Washington
E) Idaho

Question 27

Which of the following is NOT a landscape caused by faulting?

A) The Sierra Nevada
B) horsts
C) The Swiss Alps
D) Crater Lake, Oregon
E) grabens

Question 28

Which of the following is one of the reasons scientists strongly believe in plate tectonics?

A) The ability to explain midoceanic ridges.
B) The ability to explain oceanic trenches.
C) The ability to explain many earthquake zones.
D) The ability to explain many volcanic zones.
E) The ability to explain all of the above.

Question 29

Where UNDER the surface of the Earth would one expect a convection current directed towards the surface?

A) under plates
B) under continents
C) under midocean ridges
D) in the core
E) under subduction zones

Question 30

What is the term for a piece of crust which has been in a collision along a convergent crustal boundary and become accreted to another crustal plate?

A) terrane
B) loxodrome
C) midoceanic ridge
D) terracette
E) none of the above

Question 31

Where is one plate being subducted under another plate?

A) along the Hawaiian Islands
B) the middle of the Arctic Ocean
C) the middle of the Atlantic Ocean
D) along the Aleutian Trench
E) the middle of North America

Question 32

Crustal plates are on the order of _ kilometer(s) thick.

A) 10
B) 1
C) 10,000
D) 1,000
E) 100

Question 33

The is an igneous intrusion which has a surface area of at least 100 square kilometers.

A) laccolith
B) butte
C) vein
D) stock
E) batholith

Question 34

Which of the following is most closely associated with a mantle plume?

A) Southern California
B) the lower Mississippi River Valley
C) the Hawaiian Islands
D) the Florida peninsula
E) none of the above

Question 35

Which of the following numbers is CLOSEST to the number of active volcanoes on Earth?

A) 5,500
B) 550
C) 5
D) 55,000
E) 55

Question 36

An uplift of a block of land between two parallel faults is a .

A) graben
B) rift valley
C) caldera
D) mesa
E) horst

Question 37

The mechanism of formation of the Hawaiian Islands is directly responsible for the island being the youngest and having current volcanic activity.

A) terrane- covered
B) center
C) southeastern- most
D) northwestern- most
E) smallest

Question 38

Since the 1960s, the cause of plate tectonics has been identified to be .

A) warping
B) diastrophism
C) uniformitarianism
D) convection
E) sun spots

Question 39

The world system of interconnected ocean bottom ridges comes to a total of about kilometers.

A) 600,000
B) 60,000
C) 6
D) 6,000
E) 60

Question 40

Relatively cooler magma in an erupting volcano is apparently the result of .

A) the relatively high amount of silica present
B) the amount of water present
C) position of astronomical bodies
D) surface salinity
E) depth of magma formation

Question 41

On the Richter scale, "very large" earthquakes are assigned a number of or above.

A) 7
B) 1
C) 25
D) 47.5
E) 0

Question 42

Water collected in small bodies along a recently active fault line forms .

A) playas
B) sills
C) reservoirs
D) dikes
E) sag ponds

Question 43

Wegener's early proposal of continental drift was not taken seriously because of his _ .

A) lack of scientific research
B) inability to read and write
C) training as a meteorologist
D) lack of attention to Earth's species distribution
E) failure to provide a plausible cause

Question 44

Which of the following are waves generated by earthquakes?

A) lahars
B) monoclines
C) pyroclastic flows
D) plutons
E) tsunamis

Question 45

Directly before the existence of Pangaea

A) Earth had formed.
B) the Atlantic Ocean formed.
C) there was a single continent called "Micronesia".
D) there was no continental drift.
E) five continents had existed.

Question 46

Mount Saint Helen's exploded in 1980. Which of the following is NOT true?

A) It had been dormant for over 100 years.
B) It is a volcano.
C) It is in the State of Washington.
D) It is quite unlike the other volcanoes near it.
E) It caused salmon to change their spawning habits.

Question 47

Earthquake forecasting

A) will never be possible.
B) has been quite successful.
C) is being studied.
D) is not possible.
E) would not be useful.

Question 48

The totality of materials ejected from a volcano, including liquid material, ashes and dust is termed .

A) pyroclastic material
B) granite
C) lava
D) silica
E) magma

Question 49

The current interest in continental drift, was started with the notion of sea- floor spreading which was propounded by Hess and Dietz in the

A) 1850s.
B) 1990s.
C) 1700s.
D) 1960s.
E) 1890s.

Question 50

A detects swelling and possible eruption in a volcano.

A) frightened graduate student
B) tiltmeter
C) ceilometer
D) seismograph
E) anemometer

Question 51

The Glacier Park, Montana area, provides a classic example of large scale .

A) overthrust faulting
B) flood basalts
C) horsts
D) transcurrent faulting
E) graben structure

Question 52

Which of the following doesn't belong with the others?

A) horst
B) rift valley
C) dike
D) overthrust
E) graben

Question 53

Grabens are commonly found in association with .

A) sag ponds
B) batholiths
C) concretions
D) anticlines
E) horsts

Question 54

Deformation of the Earth's crust is called .

A) plate tectonics
B) diastrophism
C) folding
D) faulting
E) broad warping

Question 55

The Indian subcontinent was originally attached to .

A) Gondwanaland
B) Sial
C) Sima
D) Laurasia
E) Tasmania

Question 56

The major batholiths of North America occur on which part of the continent?

A) Western
B) Central
C) Southern
D) Eastern
E) Northern

Question 57

There is a prominent oceanic trench off of .

A) the west coast of the continental United States
B) the coast of Lake Michigan
C) the coast of Alaska's Aleutian Islands
D) the east coast of the continental United States
E) the Gulf Coast of the continental United States

Question 58

Crater Lake, Oregon, is an example of a volcanic .

A) batholith
B) caldera
C) neck
D) lava flow
E) peak

Question 59

Which is formed on top of Earth's crust?

A) batholith
B) dike
C) vein
D) sill
E) flood basalt

Question 60

The most widespread of all intrusive forms is the _.

A) lava flow
B) stock
C) volcano
D) dike
E) batholith

Question 61

In folded terrain, a simple symmetrical downfold is termed a(n) .

A) syncline
B) magma pool
C) overthrust fold
D) monocline
E) anticline

Question 62

Which of the following was NOT associated with the 1980 eruption of Mt. St. Helens?

A) the filling in of the River shipping channel
B) the end of life in the local ecosystem for at least 1,000 years
C) the deaths of 70 people
D) the destruction of many lakes
E) the change of rivers to which salmon come to spawn

Question 63

In earthquakes, P waves .

A) are faster than S waves
B) travel towards the focus
C) are absent
D) are also known as surface waves
E) arrive more slowly than surface waves

Question 64

The plate boundaries which are are likely to make island arcs.

A) convergent between continental plates
B) convergent between oceanic plates
C) divergent between continental plates
D) divergent between oceanic plates
E) none of the above

Question 65

A(n)_ is the same thing as a pyroclastic flow.

A) steam explosion
B) flood basalt
C) nuée ardente
D) landslide
E) earthquake

Question 66

Loose, water- saturated sediments may undergo _ _ during an earthquake.

A) estivation
B) dessication
C) liquefaction
D) fibrillation
E) metamorphism

Question 67

Currently, the rate of sea- floor spreading in the Atlantic is thought to be

A) 0 centimeters per year (stopped).
B) 10 meters per year.
C) 100 meters per year.
D) less than 1 centimeter per year.
E) 1 kilometer per year.

Question 68

Oceans are being created and removed from the Earth on a cycling time of about _.

A) 100 million years
B) 1 million years
C) 4.6 billion years
D) 500 million years
E) 2.5 billion years

Question 69

Hot, plastic material of the asthenosphere is most conspicuous at .

A) the centers of the continents
B) divergent plate boundaries
C) areas in which mountains are being built
D) oceanic trenches
E) subduction zones

Question 70

The first person to write about the possibility of continental drift was .

A) Wegener
B) Ortelius
C) Aristotle
D) Einstein
E) Hess

Question 71

The Himalayas were formed by crumpling of plate edges in a _ zone.

A) transcurrent
B) rift
C) divergent
D) convergent
E) none of the above

Question 72

A _ plate boundary is associated with lateral slippage, conservation of existing crust, and the San Andreas fault system?

A) subducting
B) convergent
C) divergent
D) fault scarp
E) transform

Question 73

A chain of mountains encompassing many ranges is known as a(n) .

A) hot spot
B) island arc
C) first- order landform
D) mantle plume
E) cordillera

Question 74

Which of the following is termed "conservative"?

A) a divergent plate boundary
B) a transform plate boundary
C) an oceanic ridge
D) a convergent plate boundary
E) an oceanic trench

Question 75

Which earthquake wave type travels the slowest?

A) S
B) R
C) T
D) P
E) Q

Question 76

Mt. St. Helen's is _ .

A) the largest volcano in the world
B) likely to vigorously erupt again
C) scheduled to erupt in the year 2050
D) the world's best example of intrusive vulcanism
E) dead

Question 77

Volcanic activity that takes place deep under the crust is termed _.

A) pyroclastic
B) plutonic
C) subduction
D) metamorphic
E) intrusive

Question 78

If you travel away from a midocean ridge you will find .

A) little evidence of paleomagnetic reversals of the poles
B) increasingly older rocks
C) increasingly younger rocks
D) more and more earthquakes
E) the seafloor is drifting opposite to your direction of motion

Question 79

The Alaskan earthquake of 1964 was extraordinarily violent and has been assigned a moment magnitude of .

A) 2.3
B) 47.5
C) 5.7
D) 9.2
E) 21.6

Question 80

How long ago did the Atlantic start to form?

A) 25 million years
B) 2.5 billion years
C) 4.6 billion years
D) 250 million years
E) 1 million years