Deck 13: Introduction to Landform Study

Question 1

The rock type which results from metamorphosed shale is .

A) limestone
B) quartz
C) marble
D) gneiss
E) slate

Answer 1

E

Question 2

Density with depth in the Earth's crust.

A) decreases
B) increases
C) remains largely the same
D) is insignificant
E) is not described by any of the above

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Most processes which shape topography are .

A) quite abrupt
B) very rapid
C) no longer active
D) unknown
E) very slow

Answer 3

E

Question 4

refers to the analytical element of landscape study concerned with the nature, arrangement, and orientation of the materials comprising the observed feature(s).

A) Process
B) Structure
C) Slope
D) Drainage
E) none of the above

Question 5

Within the Earth is molten mineral matter called .

A) magma
B) rock
C) soil
D) extrusive material
E) bedrock

Question 6

The geographer's concern with the Earth's interior .

A) created the science of geology
B) is restricted to its influence on Earth surface features
C) is not important
D) makes up most of the content of physical geography
E) is not correctly described by any of the above

Question 7

have the most extensive occurrence at the surface of the continental United States?

A) Igneous rocks
B) Basaltic rocks
C) Intrusive rocks
D) Metamorphic rocks
E) Sedimentary rocks

Question 8

The Pleistocene is a part of the period.

A) Quaternary
B) Cambrian
C) Permian
D) Tertiary
E) Silurian

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT a property of minerals?

A) Each has a regular pattern of atoms.
B) They can be man- made.
C) Each always has the same chemical composition.
D) They are totally inorganic.
E) They all are composed of crystals.

Question 10

Earth's age is billion years old.

A) )046
B) 460
C) )46
D) 46
E) 4.6

Question 11

The largest and most important mineral family consists of the _ .

A) bromides
B) halides
C) silicates
D) oxides
E) sulfides

Question 12

The most widespread oxides are those that combine oxygen and .

A) calcite
B) native elements
C) silver
D) water
E) iron

Question 13

The inferential knowledge concerning the nature of the interior of the Earth has been accumulated by .

A) computer modeling
B) lunar cycles
C) seismic wave analysis
D) gravity studies
E) none of the above

Question 14

Shale is usually metamorphosed into .

A) gneiss
B) slate
C) marble
D) basalt
E) tufa

Question 15

Approximately different minerals are known.

A) 4,400,000
B) 44
C) 4,400
D) 440,000
E) 440

Question 16

Compared to Earth's crust as a whole, the sedimentary rocks beneath the ocean bottoms are .

A) much sandier
B) very thin
C) not commonly found
D) found almost as deep as is the Moho
E) laid down vertically instead of horizontally

Question 17

is an "internal" process?

A) Diastrophism
B) Aeolian
C) Weathering
D) Mass wasting
E) Fluvial

Question 18

The vast majority of all sedimentary rocks are sandstones, limestones and _.

A) magmas
B) detritus
C) shales
D) schists
E) none of the above

Question 19

Which of the following is the specific name given to the study of the characteristics of rocks?

A) Radiology
B) Epistomology
C) Opthamology
D) Petrology
E) Limnology

Question 20

Which of the following represents the largest and most important group of rock- forming minerals? The bulk of the crust of the Earth is composed of these minerals.

A) carbonates
B) oxides
C) native elements
D) silicates
E) sulfates

Question 21

The initial formation of Earth involved the solidification and cooling of _ _.

A) sediments
B) strata
C) metamorphic rocks
D) magma
E) ice

Question 22

Limestone is composed primarily of .

A) cations
B) tufa
C) igneous material
D) calcite
E) silt

Question 23

are formed from skeletal remains of coral and other lime- secreting sea animals.

A) Sandstones
B) Shales
C) Schists
D) Limestones
E) none of the above

Question 24

Erosion, compaction, and sedimentation are most closely associated with rocks.

A) metamorphic
B) sedimentary
C) intrusive
D) basaltic
E) igneous

Question 25

Approximately 100 elements occur in nature. How many of them are widespread in making the minerals and rocks of the crust?

A) three quarters of them
B) half of them
C) a quarter of them
D) none of them
E) all of them

Question 26

By Earth history standards, the Grand Canyon is .

A) becoming a first- order landform
B) very old
C) not important
D) young
E) as old as the Earth

Question 27

The Age of Dinosaurs persisted for some years.

A) 1.60 billion
B) 160 million
C) 160 billion
D) 160 thousand
E) 160

Question 28

In the Focus section about scale, it is apparent that .

A) scale is meaningless in landform study
B) the largest scale would consider the North American continent
C) the smallest scale is related to the view from farthest away
D) ordinary human experience transcends all the scales
E) landform scale has precise definitions in kilometers

Question 29

"The present is the key to the past" is the summarization of the doctrine of .

A) Analogy
B) Uniformitarianism
C) Fundamentalism
D) Precambrian time
E) Earth history

Question 30

Which of the following is NOT an external geomorphic process?

A) weathering
B) mass wasting
C) erosion
D) deposition
E) diastrophism

Question 31

The proof for the long- doubted idea of drifting continents came in the form of _ .

A) glacial ice
B) understanding of mountains
C) animal distributions
D) observation of coastlines
E) analysis of magnetic and seismic patterns

Question 32

Life appeared on Earth

A) after most of Earth's history was already over.
B) as one- celled organisms and remained so over most of Earth's history.
C) the day before yesterday.
D) very early in Earth's history.
E) within the last 1 million years.

Question 33

Which of the following is NOT one of the principal categories of rock- forming minerals?

A) oxides
B) sulfides
C) peptides
D) native elements
E) halides

Question 34

is what causes sedimentary deposits to form into rock.

A) Chemical cementation
B) Pressure
C) Weight of the overburden
D) Precipitation of materials from water
E) all of the above

Question 35

In terms of Earth history, life appeared

A) almost directly after the beginning.
B) before the Grand Canyon began.
C) before the first true "landscapes".
D) after the continents started to drift.
E) after 99% of the time had elapsed.

Question 36

The following is found at the base of Earth's crust:

A) the Moho
B) the geosphere
C) the mesosophere
D) the outer core
E) the inner core

Question 37

The relief we see today is best thought of as _.

A) temporary
B) unexplainable
C) not very diverse
D) everlasting in terms of Earth history
E) a product of internal rather than external processes

Question 38

is a dark, fine- grained extrusive rock.

A) Basalt
B) Conglomerate
C) Granite
D) Shale
E) Tufa

Question 39

The deepest penetration by humans into the Earth's crust is a drill core about kilometers deep.

A) 6,702
B) 31
C) 360
D) 0.5
E) 12

Question 40

Sedimentary rocks are the most common bedrock on the continents and comprise about percent of the surface.

A) 95
B) 55
C) 5
D) 75
E) 25

Question 41

The term "landforms" is synonymous with .

A) relief
B) local relief
C) topography
D) geology
E) physical geography

Question 42

The is NOT a portion of Earth's interior.

A) asthenosphere
B) outer core
C) magnetosphere
D) lithosphere
E) Moho

Question 43

The earliest Era in the Geologic time scale is .

A) Mesozoic
B) Precambrian
C) Archaeozoic
D) Cenozoic
E) Paleozoic

Question 44

In a Focus section in the "Introduction to Landform Chapter" the authors write about a hike in Horseshoe Park in the Colorado Rockies and looking back at North America from a spacecraft. The point of this Focus section is to understand more about and the landscape.

A) local relief
B) volcanoes
C) scale
D) folding
E) rocks

Question 45

Which of the following is NOT associated with sedimentary rocks?

A) cementation
B) fragmented parts of preexisting rocks
C) extrusion of magma
D) skeletal remains of coral
E) stratification

Question 46

The Moho is the boundary between the crust and the

A) continents.
B) ocean basins.
C) outer core.
D) mantle.
E) inner core.

Question 47

Slate, schist, and gneiss are all rocks which are classified as _.

A) igneous and intrusive
B) sedimentary and clastic
C) metamorphic and unfoliated
D) metamorphic and foliated
E) igneous and extrusive

Question 48

A considerable body of knowledge concerning Earth's interior has been amassed through .

A) digging mines
B) studying Earth's magnetism
C) drilling wells
D) studying seismic waves
E) all of the above

Question 49

Sedimentary deposits built into relatively regular layers are known as _.

A) clastic inclusions
B) detrital striations
C) intrusive exfoliation
D) strata
E) granite

Question 50

is an example of a native element.

A) Lead
B) Gold
C) Halite
D) Calcite
E) Iron

Question 51

Under most of the Earth's land surface, solid rock exists as a buried layer known as .

A) an outcrop
B) soil
C) bedrock
D) sediments
E) regolith

Question 52

The altitudinal difference between the highest and lowest points in an area is known as .

A) regolith
B) landscape
C) topography
D) relief
E) the strata

Question 53

Foliation refers to this characteristic of rocks:

A) wavy, banded lines
B) large crystals
C) small crystals
D) hollow cores
E) numerous joints

Question 54

When magma cools rapidly, it results in .

A) earthquakes
B) detritus
C) small crystals
D) large crystals
E) foliation

Question 55

The chemical binder for many sedimentary rocks, such as limestone, is .

A) boron
B) calcium carbonate
C) basalt
D) nitrogen
E) phosphorous

Question 56

The basic elements for an analytical approach to landform development do NOT include which of the following?

A) slope
B) drainage
C) normality
D) process
E) structure

Question 57

The lithosphere is sometimes defined as the

A) crust and upper mantle.
B) upper and lower mantle.
C) asthenosphere and mesosphere.
D) lower mantle and outer core.
E) outer and inner core.

Question 58

and nickel are thought to comprise significant portions of Earth's inner and outer cores.

A) Basalt
B) Iron
C) Titanium
D) Aluminum
E) Quartz

Question 59

Which of the following is the SHORTEST amount of time?

A) epoch
B) period
C) Earth history
D) the Precambrian
E) era

Question 60

The maximum world relief is CLOSEST to .

A) 50 kilometers
B) 40,000 kilometers
C) 20 kilometers
D) 1 meter
E) 1 kilometer

Question 61

Which of the following is out of order if we are considering the Earth from the atmosphere to the center?

A) inner core
B) Moho
C) outer Core
D) mantle
E) crust

Question 62

Which is a fundamental question at the heart of any geographic inquiry.

A) What?
B) So what?
C) Why?
D) Where?
E) all of the above

Question 63

Earth's inner core is thought to consist of _ .

A) a rigid mass
B) sulfur
C) hydrogen/helium gas
D) magma
E) superheated water

Question 64

Rhyolite, andesite, basalt, and obsidian are all rocks that are classified as .

A) igneous and extrusive
B) metamorphic and unfoliated
C) metamorphic and foliated
D) igneous and intrusive
E) sedimentary and clastic

Question 65

Mechanically formed sedimentary rocks are those formed from .

A) silt
B) magma
C) granite
D) oxygen
E) pieces of other rocks

Question 66

Some sedimentary rocks are formed chemically and known as .

A) magma
B) granites
C) igneous intrusive rocks
D) basalts
E) none of the above

Question 67

The theory of continental drift was revived, expanded, and put into its present form .

A) in the 1700s
B) last year
C) in the 1800s
D) in the 1960s
E) in the 1910s

Question 68

As they are created, sedimentary rock strata align .

A) horizontally
B) along faults
C) vertically
D) along folds
E) with Earth's magnetic field

Question 69

During sedimentation, materials are often sorted by .

A) color
B) shape
C) porosity
D) size
E) atomic weight

Question 70

The concept of plate tectonics .

A) means Africa and South America were once joined
B) was proven only a few decades ago
C) is well- accepted by Earth scientists
D) is described correctly by all of the above
E) is not described correctly by any of the above

Question 71

Shale, sandstone, breccia, and limestone are all rocks that are classified as _.

A) sedimentary and clastic
B) metamorphic and foliated
C) metamorphic and unfoliated
D) igneous and extrusive
E) igneous and intrusive

Question 72

It has been deduced that Earth has a heavy core surrounded by concentric layers of various composition and density.

A) 51
B) 3
C) 153
D) 9
E) 27

Question 73

With respect to minerals, which of the following is TRUE?

A) Over 500,000 minerals exist.
B) "Mineral" is a synonym for "rock".
C) All minerals have probably been discovered.
D) Fewer than 20 minerals make up 95% of the crust.
E) All minerals crystals are too small to be seen.

Question 74

A strongly metamorphosed rock with narrow foliation is

A) limestone.
B) schist.
C) basalt.
D) gneiss.
E) tufa.

Question 75

Marble is metamorphosed _ .

A) gneiss
B) limestone
C) slate
D) schist
E) shale

Question 76

Sandstone is usually metamorphosed into .

A) limestone
B) slate
C) quartzite
D) magma
E) none of the above

Question 77

The present estimate of the Earth's age is about years.

A) 2.8 billion
B) 50 million
C) 500 million
D) 4.6 billion
E) none of the above

Question 78

The geographer's concern with Earth's interior is restricted primarily to its influence on .

A) Earth surface features
B) foliation
C) magma intrusions
D) oxidation
E) magnet fields

Question 79

Which of the following is thought to be liquid?

A) inner core
B) crust
C) mantle
D) asthenosphere
E) outer core

Question 80

Rapid cooling in molten, extrusive materials makes the resulting materials .

A) dense
B) fine- grained
C) soft
D) hard
E) large- grained