Deck 11: Experimental Research: Factorial Designs

Question 1

In a two way factorial experimental design, __________ will be manipulated and __________ will be measured.

A) one independent variable; one dependent variable
B) one independent variable; two dependent variables
C) two independent variables; two dependent variables
D) two independent variables; one dependent variable

Answer 1

D

Question 2

A 2 x 2 x 3 design has

A) three factors and twelve conditions.
B) three levels and twelve conditions.
C) twelve factors and three levels.
D) three levels and seven conditions.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Which of the following is an advantage of a two-way factorial design over a one-way experimental design?

A) Two different kappas can be computed.
B) It is easier to reject the null hypothesis.
C) It allows studying the effects of more than one independent variable simultaneously.
D) It requires fewer statistical analyses.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Consider a 2 x 2 experiment design in which both study time and sleep time have been manipulated and learning has been measured. An interaction between study time and sleep time can be interpreted to mean which of the following?

A) Sleep time affects learning, controlling for study time.
B) Sleep time has no effect on learning.
C) The effect of study time on learning is different in the different levels of sleep time.
D) If the main effects are also significant, the interaction between study time and sleep time cannot be interpreted.

Question 5

Whereas the main effects compare marginal means, the simple effects compare

A) independent means.
B) cell means.
C) more significant means.
D) less significant means.

Question 6

A 2 x 3 x 4 factorial design has

A) three factors and twenty-four conditions.
B) six levels and twenty-four conditions.
C) three levels and twelve conditions.
D) twelve levels and twenty-four conditions.

Question 7

In a factorial design in which the factors are crossed,

A) each of the factors has more than two levels.
B) each of the factors has a different number of levels.
C) each level of one factor occurs with each level of the other factor.
D) there are more levels than conditions.

Question 8

Differences on the dependent measure in the different levels of any one factor, controlling for all other factors in the experiment, are known as which of the following?

A) Marginal means
B) Interactions
C) Main effects
D) Simple effects

Question 9

Consider a 2 x 2 experiment design in which both study time and sleep time have been manipulated and learning has been measured. If a main effect of sleep time is found, this can be interpreted to mean which of the following?

A) Sleep time affects learning, controlling for study time.
B) Study time has no effect on learning.
C) Study time and sleep time both influence learning.
D) The interaction between study time and sleep time is not significant.

Question 10

Differences on the dependent measure between the levels of one factor within one level of another factor are known as

A) an interaction.
B) a main effect.
C) a simple effect.
D) a p-value.

Question 11

The term factor refers to which of the following?

A) An independent variable in a factorial design
B) The dependent variable in an experimental design
C) A measured variable in an experimental design
D) A statistical analysis used in experimental research

Question 12

Factorial experimental designs can have

A) at most two independent variables.
B) at least three independent variables.
C) more than one independent variable.
D) no more than three independent variables.

Question 13

Consider a 2 x 2 experiment design in which both study time and sleep time have been manipulated and learning has been measured. An interaction between study time and sleep time can be interpreted to mean which of the following?

A) The simple effects of study time are not significant.
B) The simple effects of study time are different in each level of sleep time.
C) The main effect of study time is not significant.
D) The main effect of sleep time is not significant.

Question 14

Which of the following statements is correct?

A) The marginal means show the main effects, whereas the cell means show the simple effects.
B) The marginal means show the interactions, whereas the cell means show the simple effects.
C) The cell means show the main effects, whereas the marginal means show the simple effects.
D) The marginal means show both the main effects and the simple effects.

Question 15

A 2 x 2 x 2 design has

A) three factors with two levels each.
B) six conditions and two cells each.
C) eight factors with three levels each.
D) eight conditions with two factors each.

Question 16

The difference between a factorial experimental design and a one way experiment is that

A) there is a stronger manipulation used in the factorial design.
B) causality can be found more clearly in the factorial design.
C) post hoc tests are possible in the factorial design.
D) there is more than one independent variable in the factorial design.

Question 17

In comparison to one-way experiments, factorial experiments

A) are more limited in the number of possible independent variables.
B) are analyzed using the ANOVA.
C) provide information about interactions between and among variables.
D) are more time consuming and thus less useful.

Question 18

A 5 x 6 x 2 design has

A) six factors and thirteen conditions.
B) thirty factors and six conditions.
C) sixty conditions and three factors.
D) fifty conditions and three factors.

Question 19

Marginal means indicate the means of which of the following?

A) A simple effect
B) An interaction
C) A main effect
D) A crossover interaction

Question 20

A schematic diagram is used to

A) diagram the specific predictions of the research hypothesis.
B) undo the interactions that occurred in an experiment.
C) present the means of the independent variable.
D) describe the research hypothesis in terms of predicted correlations.

Question 21

Julia compares means between two conditions of her factorial experiment within one level of another factor. These comparisons are known as

A) main effects.
B) simple effects.
C) marginal effects.
D) interactions.

Question 22

In a three-way factorial design, the three-way interaction can be interpreted to mean which of the following?

A) Two of the two-way interactions have different patterns of means.
B) All three main effects are significant.
C) At least one two-way interaction is significant.
D) None of the two-way interactions is significant.

Question 23

A means comparison in which any one condition mean is compared with any other condition mean is known as which of the following?

A) A pairwise comparison
B) A post hoc comparison
C) A planned comparison
D) A complex comparison

Question 24

A complex comparison is

A) a means comparison in which any one condition mean is compared with any other condition mean.
B) a means comparison in which specific differences between means, as predicted by the research hypothesis, are compared.
C) a means comparison that was not planned ahead of time.
D) a means comparison in which more than two means are compared at the same time.

Question 25

A crossover interaction occurs in a 2 x 2 factorial design when

A) the means on one dependent variable are different within a level of another dependent variable.
B) there are differences on the dependent measure across the levels of any one factor.
C) the simple effect in one level of the second variable is the same as the simple effect in the other level of the second variable.
D) the simple effects are opposite in direction.

Question 26

In a factorial design, the researcher may find

A) interactions only.
B) main effects only.
C) either main effects or interactions, but not both.
D) both main effects and interactions.

Question 27

How many main effects and interactions are there in a 2 x 4 x 3 design?

A) Three main effects and one interaction
B) Four main effects and twenty-four interactions
C) Three main effects and four interactions
D) Two main effects and two interactions

Question 28

Which of the following represents a difference between an ANOVA summary table from a factorial design and an ANOVA summary table from a one-way experimental design?

A) The factorial design will have more dependent variables.
B) The factorial summary table will show mean square errors instead of means.
C) F-values are not labeled as "within groups" in a factorial design.
D) P-values are always < .001 in a factorial design.

Question 29

A scientist who decides to compare condition means after the experiment has already been run will need to use which of the following?

A) Pairwise comparisons
B) Post hoc comparisons
C) Planned comparisons
D) Complex comparisons

Question 30

Results of a study show that children who watch a nonviolent cartoon act more aggressively when they are hungry than when they are not hungry, but that children who watch a violent cartoon act more aggressively when they are not hungry than when they are hungry. This finding represents a

A) crossover interaction.
B) simple main effect.
C) simple effect.
D) marginal effect.

Question 31

A post hoc comparison

A) compares means in which specific differences were predicted by the research hypothesis.
B) makes comparisons that were not planned ahead of time.
C) helps to increase the experimentwise alpha.
D) is an example of a complex comparison.

Question 32

Differences on a dependent measure across the levels of one factor that ignore differences on all other factors are called

A) main effects.
B) marginal means.
C) significance testing.
D) interactions.

Question 33

A priori comparisons, comparing only means for which specific differences are predicted by the research hypothesis, are also called

A) post hoc comparisons.
B) complex comparisons.
C) planned comparisons.
D) pairwise comparisons.

Question 34

When specific comparisons have not been planned ahead of time, increases in experimentwise alpha that occur when many comparisons are made can be reduced by using which of the following?

A) Pairwise comparisons
B) Post hoc comparisons
C) Planned comparisons
D) Increases in experimentwise alpha cannot be reduced after the experiment has been run.

Question 35

A mixed factorial design is one that

A) uses both between-participant and repeated-measures factors.
B) uses factors with different numbers of levels.
C) has both main effects and interactions.
D) has more than one significant F value.

Question 36

Which of the following statements is true about interpreting a 2 x 2 factorial experiment?

A) It is misleading to interpret the main effects when there is a significant interaction.
B) It is misleading to interpret the interaction when there is a significant main effect.
C) It is misleading to interpret the simple effects when there is a significant interaction.
D) It is misleading to interpret the interaction when there are significant simple effects.

Question 37

A 2 x 2 x 2 factorial design has

A) three main effects, three two-way interactions, and one three-way interaction.
B) three main effects, one two-way interaction, and three three-way interactions.
C) three main effects, one two-way interaction, and one three-way interaction.
D) three main effects and one two-way interaction.

Question 38

Complex comparisons are usually made using

A) complex tests.
B) post hoc comparisons.
C) contrast tests.
D) pairwise comparisons.

Question 39

Factorial designs are advantageous because

A) random assignment is not needed.
B) hypotheses can be tested that could not be tested in one-way designs.
C) alpha levels do not need to be set as conservatively.
D) they create more p-values.

Question 40

The results of a study show that, regardless of whether they viewed cartoons or television shows, children who viewed a violent show acted more aggressively than children who saw a nonviolent show. This finding represents a

A) cross-over interaction.
B) main effect.
C) simple effect.
D) marginal effect.

Question 41

Which of the following is true about a significant interaction?

A) It is evidence that the research hypothesis is incorrect.
B) It increases the chance of a Type 2 error.
C) It proves the experimenter's predictions.
D) It only gives support for the research hypothesis if the observed means are also in the expected direction.

Question 42

Stephen and Pham (2007) measured trust in feelings by having participants list either 2 or 10 situations in which they had trusted in their feelings. The researchers then measured the extent to which the participants thought that they would trust in their feelings if they were to perform a task. The researchers used this measures aswhich of the following.

A) A measured variable.
B) A confounding variable.
C) An independent variable.
D) A manipulation check.

Question 43

In order to confirm a research hypothesis in a factorial design there must be both

A) a correct research hypothesis and a significant interaction.
B) a Type 1 and a Type 2 error.
C) a p-value and a two-tailed test.
D) a significant interaction and a predicted pattern of observed means.

Question 44

Amanda conducted a 2 x 2 factorial design in which she manipulated lack of food (high or low) and aggressive stimulation (high or low) in dogs. She then measured barking level. Amanda found that in the high food condition more aggressive stimulation reduced barking, whereas in the low food condition more aggressive stimuli increased barking. An interaction in which such opposite effects occur in different levels of different conditions might be which of the following?

A) A main effect interaction
B) A simple interaction
C) A crossover interaction
D) A normal interaction

Question 45

Pairwise comparisons within factorial designs are problematic because

A) each condition mean must always be compared with every other condition mean.
B) each participant needs to be in each condition.
C) they increase the probability of a Type 1 error.
D) they increase the probability of a Type 2 error.

Question 46

Stephen and Phan (2007) measured trust in feelings by having participants list either 2 or 10 situations in which they had trusted their feelings. Which of the following results did the researchers find>

A) Participants in the high trust in feelings condition made less generous offers.
B) Participants in the high trust in feelings condition made more generous offers.
C) Participants in the high trust in feelings condition played the game longer.
D) Participants in the high trust in feelings condition cooperated more.

Question 47

Toby is conducting an experiment in which he predicts an interaction between appearance and partner sex (same or different). One-half of the participants complete the study dressed in casual clothes, and the other half complete the study dressed in formal attire. All participants are observed in interaction with a same-sex partner and then with an opposite-sex partner. This is an example of a ___________factorial design.

A) between-subjects
B) within-subjects
C) mixed
D) control group

Question 48

Which of the following is likely to decrease experimentwise alpha in a factorial design?

A) Adding more factors
B) Adding more levels to each factor
C) Using post hoc rather than a priori comparisons
D) Making all possible cell comparisons