Deck 15: Motivating Employees

Question 1

Some studies about motivation in the Arab world indicated that professionals in Tunisia have the highest levels of motivation.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Job design refers to the way tasks are combined to form complete jobs.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Maslow argued that each level in the needs hierarchy must be substantially satisfied before the next is activated.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Motivation is a result of an interaction between a person and a situation.

Question 5

Job enlargement increases job depth.

Question 6

Lower-order needs are satisfied internally while higher-order needs are predominantly satisfied externally.

Question 7

According to Herzberg, the factors that led to job satisfaction were separate and distinct from those that led to job dissatisfaction.

Question 8

The best managers are high in the need for power and high in the need for affiliation.

Question 9

The two-factor theory is also called Theory X and Theory Y.

Question 10

Self-generated feedback has been shown to be a more powerful motivator than externally generated feedback.

Question 11

The key to reinforcement theory is that it ignores factors such as goals, expectations, and needs and focuses solely on what happens to a person when he or she takes some action.

Question 12

High levels of effort don't necessarily lead to favorable job performance unless the effort is channeled in a direction that benefits the organization.

Question 13

Adding vertical depth to a job is called job enlargement.

Question 14

Reinforcement theory says that behavior is a function of its consequences.

Question 15

David McClelland proposed the three-needs theory, which says there are three acquired needs that are major motives in work.

Question 16

Reinforcement theory is related to an individual's belief that he or she is capable of performing a task.

Question 17

Maslow argued that each level in the needs hierarchy must be substantially satisfied before the next is activated and that once a need is substantially satisfied, the next need becomes dominant.

Question 18

The best-known theory of motivation is probably McGregor's Theories X and Y.

Question 19

Based on McClelland's three-needs theory, high achievers perform best when the odds are against them.

Question 20

The three key elements in the definition of motivation are energy, direction, and achievement.

Question 21

Job sharing consists of two or more people who split a full-time job.

Question 22

An individual who wants to buy a home in an expensive neighborhood with a low crime rate is satisfying which need?

A) self-actualization
B) physiological
C) safety
D) esteem

Question 23

Vroom would say that if a person values an outcome, his or her effort to obtain that outcome will always be great.

Question 24

The three variables in Vroom's expectancy theory are valence, instrumentality, and expectancy.

Question 25

Flextime is a scheduling system in which employees work four 10-hour days.

Question 26

When a mail sorter's job is expanded to include mail delivery, the mail sorter has experienced job enlargement.

Question 27

Bayt and YouGov's Employee Motivation study in the Middle East indicated that professionals in ________ reported the highest levels of motivation.

A) Jordan, Kuwait, and Morocco
B) Oman, Qatar, and Saudi Arabia
C) Algeria, Bahrain, and Egypt
D) Tunisia, Lebanon, and Oman

Question 28

Equity theory has a relatively strong following in the United States.

Question 29

Within Maslow's hierarchy of needs, the need for belonging is associated with ________.

A) esteem needs
B) physiological needs
C) safety needs
D) social needs

Question 30

According to equity theory, a person who earns $50,000 will be less satisfied with his or her pay than a person who earns $100,000.

Question 31

In the job characteristics model, skill variety refers to the degree to which a job requires completion of a whole and identifiable piece of work.

Question 32

We want employees to ________ putting forth an effort to achieve organizational goals.

A) consider
B) motivate others into
C) stop
D) persist in

Question 33

The drive to find food, drink, and sexual satisfaction is based on what level of need?

A) self-actualization
B) physiological
C) safety
D) social

Question 34

Contrary to what Maslow said, in countries where uncertainty avoidance characteristics are strong, such as some Arab countries, security needs would be at the top of the needs hierarchy.

Question 35

Stock options are widely used in the Arab world as a motivation mechanism.

Question 36

Equity theory has three referent categories: other, system, and self.

Question 37

Everybody is motivated by jobs that are high in autonomy, variety, and responsibilities.

Question 38

What element of motivation is a measure of intensity or drive?

A) direction
B) persistence
C) energy
D) achievement

Question 39

According to the job characteristics model, task identity is not important.

Question 40

________ refers to the process by which a person's efforts are energized, directed, and sustained toward attaining a goal.

A) Need configuration
B) Motivation
C) Leadership
D) Effort management

Question 41

________ assumes that employees have little ambition, dislike work, and avoid responsibility.

A) Belongingness Need Theory
B) Self-actualization Need Theory
C) Theory Y
D) Theory X

Question 42

The higher your ________, the more confidence you have in your ability to succeed in a task.

A) reinforcers
B) self-efficacy
C) job scope
D) self-esteem

Question 43

People will do better when they get ________ because it helps identify discrepancies between what they have done and what they want to do.

A) goals
B) equity
C) input
D) feedback

Question 44

An individual who would enjoy taking on the challenge of personally redesigning the work flow of a manufacturing line to improve employee productivity would probably be rated high on which of the following?

A) need for impact
B) need for power
C) need for affiliation
D) need for achievement

Question 45

Which of the following is considered a lower-order need?

A) social
B) self-actualization
C) esteem
D) safety

Question 46

Which of the following suggests that there is a desire for friendly and close interpersonal relationships at work?

A) need for affiliation
B) need for fulfillment
C) need for achievement
D) need for power

Question 47

According to Herzberg, what characteristic is associated with job dissatisfaction?

A) work itself
B) growth
C) status
D) advancement

Question 48

Growth, achieving one's potential, self-fulfillment, and the drive to become what one is capable of becoming are characteristics of which need according to Maslow's hierarchy?

A) physiological
B) social
C) esteem
D) self-actualization

Question 49

Theory Y assumes that people inherently ________.

A) want to work and can exercise self-direction
B) work to satisfy hygiene factors
C) avoid responsibility and need to be closely controlled
D) want to belong more than anything else

Question 50

The need for such factors as status, recognition, attention, self-respect, autonomy, and achievement are examples of which of the following needs according to Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

A) esteem
B) self-actualization
C) physiological
D) social

Question 51

Maslow argued that once a need is substantially satisfied, ________.

A) individuals no longer require that need
B) the next need becomes dominant
C) it becomes a higher-order need
D) that need continues to motivate an individual

Question 52

Reinforcement theorists believe that behavior results from ________.

A) setting high goals
B) internal personality traits, such as need for achievement
C) intrinsic satisfiers
D) external consequences

Question 53

According to Herzberg,when ________ are adequate, people won't be dissatisfied, but they also will not be satisfied.

A) power needs
B) achievement needs
C) hygiene factors
D) affiliation needs

Question 54

Which factor has been found to influence the goals--performance relationship?

A) easy goals
B) goal commitment
C) foreign culture
D) external locus of control

Question 55

Goal setting works best when the goals are ________.

A) moderately challenging
B) indefinite
C) infinite
D) specific

Question 56

According to Herzberg, in order to provide employees with job satisfaction, managers should concentrate on ________.

A) extrinsic factors
B) hygiene factors
C) motivator factors (moderate)
D) issues such as pay

Question 57

The concept that behavior is a function of consequences is known as ________.

A) reinforcement theory
B) leadership
C) human resource management
D) group dynamics

Question 58

Difficult goals, when accepted, result in ________.

A) low satisfaction
B) higher performance than easy goals
C) lower performance than easy goals
D) higher dissatisfaction

Question 59

Goal setting is more effective in cultures located in ________.

A) South America
B) Asia
C) North America
D) Europe

Question 60

According to McClelland, the need to make others behave in a way they wouldn't have behaved otherwise is which of the following work motives?

A) need for achievement
B) need for motivation
C) need for power
D) need for affiliation

Question 61

Which one of the following identifies five primary job characteristics, their interrelationships, and their impact on employee productivity, motivation, and satisfaction?

A) job enrichment
B) job enlargement
C) job characteristics model
D) job rotation

Question 62

The job characteristics model (JCM) identifies ________ as the degree to which a job has substantial impact on the lives or work of other people.

A) autonomy
B) skill variety
C) task significance
D) task identity

Question 63

An approach to designing motivating jobs that includes the vertical expansion of a job by adding planning and evaluating responsibilities is ________.

A) job characteristics model
B) job enrichment
C) reinforcement theory
D) job enlargement

Question 64

Job ________ is vertical expansion of a job by adding planning and evaluating responsibilities.

A) enrichment
B) scope
C) design
D) enlargement

Question 65

Which expectancy theory linkage explains the belief that having a high grade point average is critical in obtaining a good job?

A) valence
B) expectancy
C) instrumentality
D) goal setting to achievement

Question 66

The research evidence on the use of job enrichment programs could be classified as ________.

A) moderately supportive
B) strongly supportive
C) encouraging
D) inconclusive

Question 67

A ________ is any consequence immediately following a response that increases the probability that the behavior will be repeated.

A) goal
B) conclusion
C) reinforcer
D) job characteristics model

Question 68

The number of different tasks required in a job and the frequency with which those tasks are repeated is ________.

A) scope
B) design
C) enlargement
D) enrichment

Question 69

A theory that suggests that employees compare their inputs and outcomes from a job to the ratio of input to outcomes of relevant others is known as ________.

A) equity theory
B) reinforcement theory
C) action motivation
D) goal setting

Question 70

The job characteristics model provides guidance to managers concerning ________.

A) pay satisfaction
B) employee selection
C) job design
D) collective bargaining

Question 71

Maslow's hierarchy aligns well with employees in ________.

A) Mexico
B) the United States
C) most Arab countries
D) Japan

Question 72

________ is the way tasks are combined to form complete jobs.

A) Job enlargement
B) Job enrichment
C) Job scope
D) Job design

Question 73

The importance that an individual places on a potential outcome or reward that can be achieved on the job is known as ________.

A) valence or attractiveness of reward
B) operant learning opportunity
C) goal-setting behavior
D) effort performance linkage or expectancy

Question 74

The view that a high achievement need acts as an internal motivator presupposes a willingness to accept a moderate degree of risk and a concern with performance: two cultural characteristics that are relatively absent in ________.

A) some Arab countries
B) Great Britain
C) Canada
D) the United States

Question 75

According to reinforcement theory, rewards are effective if they ________ a desired behavior.

A) coincide with
B) decrease
C) precede
D) follow

Question 76

One of the first attempts to design jobs horizontally expanded jobs and is known as job ________.

A) scope
B) enlargement
C) enrichment
D) rotation

Question 77

________ is the degree to which a job provides substantial freedom, independence, and discretion to the individual in scheduling the work and determining the procedures to be used in carrying it out.

A) Skill variety
B) Task significance
C) Task identity
D) Autonomy

Question 78

Behavior that is not rewarded, or is punished, is ________.

A) not high on a list of priorities
B) unstructured
C) less likely to be repeated
D) extinguished

Question 79

________ is the degree to which carrying out the work activities required by a job results in an individual's obtaining direct and clear information about the effectiveness of his or her performance.

A) Feedback
B) Task significance
C) Task identity
D) Skill variety

Question 80

In general, the research support for equity theory could be described as ________.

A) weak
B) considerable
C) moderate
D) inconclusive