Deck 7: Vitamins: the Organic Regulators

Question 1

Which of the following is a valid reason for vitamin supplementation?

A) Diseases and disorders will increase the RDA for all vitamins
B) Antibiotics kill intestinal bacteria and decrease the production of certain vitamins
C) Use of drugs, such as oral contraceptives and insulin will increase the need for all vitamins
D) The lack of the intrinsic factor for vitamin C

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which vitamin is the only one that is assigned hormonal status in its active form?

A) Vitamin E
B) Vitamin K
C) Thiamin
D) Vitamin D

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Vitamin B6 is a collective term for three naturally occurring substances that are all metabolically and functionally related. Vitamin B6

A) deficiencies are more common in male athletes than female athletes.
B) is involved in the metabolism of protein, carbohydrates, and fat.
C) deficiencies have been associated with an increase in an individual's exercise program.
D) supplementation produces an ergogenic effect on metabolic functions during exercise: the capacity to do more work.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Vitamin intake may be inadequate for which of the following reason(s)?

A) A diet high in processed foods that are not prepared properly.
B) Fruits and vegetables should be stored at room temperature in direct light to minimize vitamin loss.
C) Excessive vitamin losses involved with cooking with a microwave or in waterless cookware.
D) All of the answers are correct.

Question 5

Which of the following is true of the vitamin known as niacin?

A) Foods with a high-carbohydrate content are a good source of niacin
B) It has been shown to be an effective ergogenic aid
C) Niacin plays a role in energy metabolism
D) Niacin deficiencies are common

Question 6

Which of the following are fat-soluble vitamins?

A) vitamins B, C, D, niacin
B) vitamins E, niacin, thiamin, riboflavin
C) vitamins A, D, E, K
D) vitamins A, B, C, D
E) vitamins B1, B2, B6, C

Question 7

Which of the following are true B vitamins? (1) inositol (2) choline (3) biotin (4) lipoic acid (5) PABA (6) niacin (7) bioflavinoids (8) ubiquinone (9) vitamin B6 (10) thiamin (11) laetrile (12) pantothenic acid (13) vitamin B15 (14) vitamin P (15) vitamin B17

A) 1, 2, 3, 5, 7
B) 2, 4, 7, 8, 9
C) 3, 6, 9, 10, 12
D) 5, 9, 11, 13, 15
E) 7, 11, 12, 14, 15

Question 8

Which of the following statements regarding vitamin deficiency is NOT true?

A) Bioavailability is the amount of a nutrient that the body absorbs
B) Biochemical deficiency can be frequently identified by blood or tissue tests
C) Subclinical malnutrition always impairs physical performance
D) A clinically manifest vitamin deficiency adversely affects both health and performance

Question 9

Which of the following vitamins has no UL listed?

A) vitamin D
B) niacin
C) vitamin A
D) vitamin B6
E) vitamin B12

Question 10

Which of the following statements is correct for vitamin supplements?

A) A megadose is generally defined as an amount ten times the RDA, although it is sometimes lower for certain vitamins
B) Vitamin/mineral overdoses result in about 1,000 fatalities in the United States each year
C) You should buy supplements containing 200 percent of the RDA for all vitamins and minerals
D) National brands of supplements are more expensive, but have less impurities, thus, they are a more prudent choice

Question 11

Which of the following statements is true of vitamins?

A) Like protein and some minerals, vitamins contribute to the structure of the body
B) Vitamins have a small caloric value
C) Vitamins are indispensable for the maintenance of optimal health
D) Vitamins can serve as an energy supply for the body if certain criteria are met

Question 12

Vitamin K may be obtained in our diet or formed by the

A) body utilizing other ingested nutrients.
B) action of infrared rays from the sun.
C) activity of intestinal bacteria.
D) All of the answers are correct.

Question 13

Thiamine is a water soluble vitamin and

A) is also known as the anti-hemorrhage vitamin.
B) is needed to help convert pyruvate to acetyl CoA.
C) serious deficiencies lead to pellagra.
D) the need for it is increased when one has a high-protein intake.

Question 14

Vitamin C has been the subject of much controversy. Which of the following statements is true for ascorbic acid?

A)Its principal role is the synthesis of collagen, but it is also involved in the formation of certain hormones and neurotransmitters
B) The male adult RDA for vitamin C is 60 mg/day
C) Vitamin C supplementation increases physical performance capacity in subjects who are not vitamin deficient
D) There are no detrimental effects of taking mega doses of vitamin C

Question 15

Which of the following is NOT true of vitamin A?

A) Birth defects have been related to excessive doses of vitamin A taken during pregnancy
B)The gradual loss of night vision and increased susceptibility to infection and skin lesions are symptoms of vitamin A deficiency
C) Symptoms of hypervitaminosis A may include weakness, nausea, pain in the joints, peeling of skin, and liver damage
D) The adult female RDA value is the equivalent of 6 milligrams of retinol or 1 milligram of betacarotene

Question 16

The human body is known to need an adequate supply of different vitamins.

A) 8
B) 10
C) 13
D) 18

Question 17

Vitamin D

A) is obtained by exposing the legs and back to about 5 minutes of winter sunshine once a week.
B) is found naturally in green leafy vegetables and whole milk.
C) can prevent osteomalacia.
D) plays a central role in iron absorption.

Question 18

Cobalamin, more commonly called vitamin B12,

A) was one of the first parts of the B complex group to be discovered.
B) is found abundantly in plant foods.
C) is essential in the synthesis of DNA and in the development of red blood cells.
D) when taken as a supplement, will increase metabolic functions, such as endurance performance.

Question 19

Which of the following vitamins is NOT a fat soluble vitamin?

A) Vitamin B12
B) Vitamin E
C) Vitamin D
D) Vitamin A

Question 20

Free radicals

A) contain 2 electrons in the outer orbit.
B) may be very reactive with body tissues.
C) are not linked to DNA damage and the development of cancer.
D) can be neutralized only by taking beta-carotene or vitamin E supplements.

Question 21

Although athletes on weight reduction diets normally may not need vitamin supplementation, which athletes, based on the nature of their sport, may be best advised to take a supplement?

A) swimmers
B) wrestlers
C) baseball players
D) field hockey players
E) sprinters

Question 22

Xerophthalmia is associated with a deficiency of

A) riboflavin that leads to pellagra
B) niacin that leads to beriberi
C) vitamin A that leads to blindness
D) vitamin D that leads to rickets
E) vitamin K that leads to excessive bleeding

Question 23

Excessive intake of this water-soluble vitamin may impair liver function.

A) riboflavin
B) ascorbic acid
C) cholecalciferol
D) retinol
E) niacin

Question 24

What do superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase have in common?

A) they are associated with B vitamin coenzymes in metabolism of carbohydrate
B) they are necessary for digestion of protein in the duodenum of the small intestine
C) they function as natural, endogenous antioxidant enzymes in the tissues
D) they are, respectively, synonyms for vitamin D, vitamin K, and vitamin C
E) they are phytochemicals found in fruits and vegetables along with essential vitamins

Question 25

Most of the B vitamins function in human metabolism as

A) coenzymes
B) hormones
C) antioxidants
D) a source of Calories
E) activators of mineral metabolism

Question 26

Riboflavin is also known as vitamin

A) B1
B) B2
C) B3
D) B6
E) B12

Question 27

Vitamin A toxicity is MOST LIKELY to occur from:

A) consuming too many dark green and deep orange vegetables
B) eating liver more than once per week
C) consuming high-dosage vitamin A supplements
D) drinking too much vitamin A fortified milk
E) eating rabbit meat two days per week

Question 28

Which vitamin is most difficult to obtain from natural dietary sources, although it may be found in several fortified foods?

A) thiamin
B) niacin
C) C
D) vitamin D
E) vitamin E

Question 29

A high intake of folate is dangerous because:

A) it is stored in the body
B) it means the person is eating too much meat
C) it can "mask" pernicious anemia
D) we do not know enough about it
E) it depresses red blood cell formation

Question 30

Which of the following statements is not true about vitamin B6?

A) The term vitamin B6 refers to a family of compounds: pyridoxine, pyridoxal and pyridoxamine
B) As a coenzyme, it acts in the conversion of the amino acid tryptophan to one of the essential vitamins
C) It is fat soluble and therefore can be stored in the body
D) Foods containing it should be included in the diet daily
E) The richest food sources are meats, liver, vegetables, and whole grains

Question 31

Which vitamin may block the release of free fatty acids from adipose tissue and thus may decrease a source of potential energy during exercise?

A) niacin
B) thiamin
C) folate
D) pantothenic acid
E) B12

Question 32

The task of acquiring enough vitamin B12 may pose a problem to vegans because:

A) fibers in vegetables inhibit its absorption
B) vegans lack the intrinsic factor
C) B12 is only naturally found in animal products
D) a deficiency may occur from excess intake of soy products
E) folate retards its absorption

Question 33

Good sources of vitamin A (as retinol or beta-carotene) include: (1) bread (2) apricots (3) legumes (4) pumpkin pie (5) pears (6) sweet potatoes (7) baked potatoes (8) hamburger (9) liver.

A) 1, 3, 4, 6
B) 2, 5, 7, 8
C) 2, 4, 6, 9
D) 3, 5, 7, 8
E) 1, 6, 7, 9

Question 34

Pantothenic acid is:

A) a vitamin like compound
B) a long chain fatty acid obtained in the diet
C) a byproduct of intense exercise
D) an essential component of coenzyme A (CoA)

Question 35

Which of the following vitamins function as antioxidants in human metabolism?

A) C, D and K
B) A, B and K
C) A, B and C
D) A, C and E
E) B, D, and E

Question 36

Which of the following vitamins may NOT be formed in the body from another nutrient, provitamin or bacteria?

A) A
B) niacin
C) C
D) D
E) K

Question 37

Foods rich in vitamin C generally include:

A) meats
B) milk
C) bread
D) citrus fruits
E) A and D

Question 38

Many of the symptoms of vitamin C deficiency such as bruising and failure of wounds to heal are related to the role of vitamin C in the synthesis of:

A) calcium and iron
B) thyroxin
C) collagen
D) adrenal hormones
E) bones

Question 39

A deficiency of either of these two vitamins produces a similar anemia:

A) thiamin and riboflavin
B) riboflavin and niacin
C) thiamin and vitamin B6
D) pantothenic acid and biotin
E) vitamin B12 and folate

Question 40

If an athlete is on a well-balanced nutrient-dense diet, which of the following is true:

A) vitamin B12 supplements are needed to increase endurance
B) niacin supplements should be ingested to help burn fat
C) quercetin supplements will improve exercise performance
D) adequate vitamin nutrition should be obtained through the diet

Question 41

Which vitamin has an RDA of 75 to 90 mg/day, is involved in collagen formation, iron absorption, epinephrine production, and has antioxidant properties

A) Vitamin U
B) Vitamin A
C) Vitamin D
D) Vitamin C

Question 42

One argument against ingesting more vitamins than the amount recommended is:

A) there are no valid arguments against taking vitamin mega-doses-you simply excrete the excess in your urine
B) too much vitamin D can turn your nose orange
C) vitamins may build up in tissues and interfere with some vital physiological processes
D) that although more vitamins will supply more energy to the cells, the cells will become fatigued

Question 43

A diet of less than 15 mg/day of this nutrient may cause disruption in red blood cells.

A) Vitamin B6 Pyridoxine
B) Vitamin A
C) Vitamin E
D) Calcium

Question 44

Riboflavin, also known as vitamin B2, is needed to prevent glossitis and to facilitate the formation of
oxidative enzymes known as flavoproteins.

Question 45

Vitamin E is needed for the formation of two compounds that are essential in two steps of the blood-
clotting process.

Question 46

Vitamin A can be stored in the body in relatively large amounts.

Question 47

A deficiency of several B vitamins, collectively, would negatively affect physical performance.

Question 48

Loss of night vision is one of the first symptoms of vitamin E deficiency.

Question 49

Free radicals are formed in the , and when you exercise, the increased use of causes a(n) in free radicals.

A) Kreb's cycle-glucose-decrease
B) Kreb's cycle-fatty acids-increase
C) electron transport system-oxygen-increase
D) electron transport system-glucose-decrease

Question 50

Because vitamin A is fat soluble:

A) It is easily stored by the body and can be toxic when consumed in excessive amounts
B) it must go through beta-oxidation in order to be used for fuel
C) it must be ingested in high amounts when exercising to burn additional fat stores
D) it is poorly absorbed during digestion

Question 51

The B vitamins play major roles in:

A) facilitating energy production and making red blood cells
B) maintaining skin health and decreasing oxidative damage to skin cells
C) decreasing free radicals and increasing epinephrine from the brain
D) increasing fatty acid mobilization from adipose tissue and serving as neurotransmitters

Question 52

The water soluble vitamins include:

A) vitamins A, C, and E
B) beta carotene, vitamin C and Vitamin E
C) vitamin C and the B complex
D) vitamins, A, D, E, and K

Question 53

Major sources of vitamin E in the diet are:

A) meat
B) milk and dairy products
C) citrus fruits
D) vegetable oils
E) poultry

Question 54

While vitamin supplements will not necessarily enhance performance, no health impairments are
associated with their ingestion in large quantities.

Question 55

Pantothenic acid is involved in gluconeogenesis and has an important function at the center of energy
pathways; thus, deficiencies could decrease the availability of acetyl CoA for the Krebs cycle.

Question 56

There are nine fat-soluble vitamins, but only four water-soluble ones.

Question 57

A vitamin attached to a protein molecule forms an enzyme that can serve as a catalyst for reactions
such as blood clotting.

Question 58

Biotin serves as a coenzyme for several enzymes involved in amino acid metabolism and the synthesis
of glucose and fatty acids.

Question 59

Vitamin C undergoes several conversions in the body and in its active form functions as a
hormone.

Question 60

The human body is capable of forming the physiologically active form of vitamin A, primarily from
beta-carotene.

Question 61

Niacin supplementation may be a useful means to help reduce serum cholesterol levels, but high
doses may cause liver damage in some individuals so niacin supplements should not be taken indiscriminately.

Question 62

An essential vitamin can be synthesized in the body if the non essential vitamins are present.

Question 63

Vitamin E is also known as retinol. The major role of vitamin E in the body is to help promote cell
differentiation, particularly of the epithelial cells. A severe case of vitamin E deficiency may lead to xerophthalmia, a destruction of the cornea of the eye.

Question 64

Vitamin supplementation may be necessary when the energy intake is below 1,200 Calories per day.

Question 65

CoQ10 supplementation is recommended for the endurance athlete.

Question 66

In general, supplements with individual vitamins as well as multivitamin supplements have not been
shown to enhance physical performance in a wide variety of events ranging from strength/power sports to prolonged aerobic endurance events.

Question 67

Vitamins often work in conjunction with minerals; such is the case with vitamin E and selenium.

Question 68

There are 13 vitamins of which 4 are fat-soluble and the rest are water-soluble.

Question 69

Vitamin supplementation will improve performance in an athlete who is on a balanced diet.

Question 70

In order for vitamin D to function effectively in the body, the hormone form, which is produced by
the liver and kidney, must be converted by sunlight to the active vitamin form. This vitamin form then works in conjunction with parathormone to help regulate calcium metabolism.

Question 71

If you decide to take a vitamin supplement, buy one of the highly advertised national brands because the quality will be worth the extra price.

Question 72

Vitamins C and E, along with beta-carotene, are very popular supplements because all three possess
antioxidant properties.

Question 73

Serum levels of vitamins did increase in several experiments involving multivitamin-mineral
supplements, but no positive effects on heart rate and VO2 max were noted.

Question 74

A significant proportion of the United States' population spend over four billion dollars yearly on
vitamin supplements.

Question 75

Vitamin A is also known as alpha-tocopherol, and the RDA is given in alpha-tocopherol equivalents
(RE). The RDA is 1,000 alpha-tocopherol equivalents.

Question 76

Which of the following vitamin deficiency is associated with rickets in children?

A) Vitamin A
B) Vitamin C
C) Vitamin E
D) Vitamin D

Question 77

Antioxidant supplementation might be a reasonable recommendation to limit the effects of oxidation
stress.

Question 78

is essential for the blood coagulation process.

A) Vitamin D
B) Vitamin C
C) Vitamin K
D) Vitamin A

Question 79

Toxic reaction may occur from hypervitaminosis.

Question 80

For most enzymes, when their appropriate coenzymes are not available, they cannot catabolize the reaction.