Deck 6: Protein: the Tissue Builder

Question 1

Because the human body cannot store excess nitrogen,

A) deamination removes it from the amino acid, leaving a substrate known as acetyl CoA.
B) ammonia is formed from the excess nitrogen and the liver converts it into urea, which is eventually eliminated by the kidneys.
C) the possible energy content of excess amino acids is wasted.
D) All of the answers are correct.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which food is highest in both carbohydrate and protein?

A) bread
B) potato
C) baked beans
D) banana
E) crackers

Answer 2

C

Question 3

All of the following are true physiological functions exhibited by protein EXCEPT

A) it forms the structural basis of muscle tissue.
B) it is the major component of most enzymes in the muscle.
C) it is the major energy source during exercise.
D) All of the answers are correct.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

The protein isolated from which of the following plant foods is most comparable to animal protein?

A) Oats
B) Wheat
C) Peas
D) Soybeans

Question 5

The essential element in protein that is not possessed by either carbohydrate or fat is

A) carbon.
B) hydrogen.
C) oxygen.
D) nitrogen.

Question 6

A review of research supports that there may be an ergogenic effect associated with the use of supplementation.

A) glutamine
B) tryptophan
C) glycine
D) creatine

Question 7

If daily dietary protein is obtained with a mixture of animal and plant foods, a ratio of animal to plant protein of would be similar to the use of animal protein alone.

A) 40:60
B) 30:70
C) 20:80
D) 10:90

Question 8

The major energy food for high intensity aerobic endurance sport performance is:

A) carbohydrate
B) fat
C) protein
D) water
E) alcohol

Question 9

The recommended protein intake for an individual trying to gain muscle mass through strength training is grams of protein per kilogram body weight.

A) 1.6-1.7
B) 1.2-1.4
C) 1.0-0.8
D) 0.5-0.7

Question 10

When considering the functions of protein in human nutrition, which of the following is true?

A) The branched-chain amino acids constitute a significant amount of muscle tissue
B) The potential energy contained in protein can not be used in the human body
C) Protein is a major energy source for humans at rest
D) Tissue building takes precedence over energy production during periods of semistarvation

Question 11

Research suggests that protein may be a significant source of energy during

A) strenuous weight training and accounts for up to 15 percent of the total energy cost.
B) brief sessions of high-intensity exercise.
C) the latter stage of prolonged endurance exercise, when protein could contribute up to 15 percent of the total energy cost.
D) times when the body stores of glycogen and glucose are adequate.

Question 12

A general recommendation for daily caloric intake for protein is percent.

A) 9-10
B) 12-15
C) 15-20
D) 20-25

Question 13

Which of the following statements comparing animal and plant protein is INCORRECT?

A) All natural, unprocessed animal and plant foods contain all twenty amino acids
B) Animal protein is considered to be a complete or high-quality protein
C) Proteins usually exist in smaller concentrations in plant foods, thus the quality of amino acids found
In plants is inferior to those obtained from animals
D) Most plant proteins have insufficient amounts of one or more of the essential amino acids

Question 14

Scientific research has shown that individual amino acid supplements may

A) induce the formation of certain chemicals in the brain needed for nerve impulse transmission.
B) lead to nutritional imbalances, as an overload of one amino acid may inhibit the absorption of others into the body.
C) induce the secretion of hormones.
D) All answers are correct.

Question 15

When discussing the possible ergogenic effect of specific amino acids, which statement is FALSE?

A) Inosine supplementation does not have an ergogenic effect on aerobic endurance performance.
B)Glycine is involved in the formation of phosphocreatine and has been recently shown to positively affect physical performance.
C)Creatine supplementation has improved performance in very-high-intensity exercise endeavors, those lasting less than 30 seconds.
D)An increased blood level of free fatty acids and a decreased level of blood ammonia have been
Reported in some early and contemporary studies involving aspartates.

Question 16

The consumption of individual amino acids

A) may lead to an increase in appetite.
B) may interfere with the absorption of other essential amino acids.
C) may lead to a cardiopulmonary disorder known as eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome.
D) is recommended as safe by the FDA.

Question 17

A HIGH QUALITY protein is best described as one that:

A) contains 10 grams of protein per 100 grams of food
B) contains all of the essential amino acids in the proper amounts and ratio
C) contains all of the nonessential amino acids
D) contains adequate amounts of glucose for protein sparing
E) contains the amino acids leucine, isoleucine and valine

Question 18

Which of the following statements concerning protein metabolism and exercise is NOT true?

A) Weight training promotes synthesis of the contractile muscle proteins
B) The effect of training in producing a positive protein balance during the recovery period depends on
An adequate supply of protein and Calories
C) Aerobic exercise stimulates synthesis of oxidative and mitochondria enzymes
D) After exercise, protein balance is at the very most maintained, but is usually negative

Question 19

Research involving creatine supplementation has shown it to have a positive ergogenic effect on all but which of the following?

A) Gains in either total body mass or lean body mass
B) Energy metabolism when treadmill running at 50-90 percent of VO2 max
C) Anaerobic endurance tests such as running performance in 300 meters
D) Tasks characterized by repetitive high-intensity exercise bouts with brief recovery periods

Question 20

Which of the following has the least amount of dietary protein?

A) one ounce of chicken breast
B) one-half cup of baked beans
C) one slice of whole wheat bread
D) one orange
E) one-half glass of skim milk

Question 21

During exercise, the intake of which of the following nutrients will provide the most significant protein sparing effect, i. e., decrease the use of protein as an energy source?

A) carbohydrate
B) medium chain triglycerides
C) carnitine
D) thiamin, riboflavin, and niacin
E) caffeine

Question 22

Which of the following statements regarding creatine or creatine supplementation is FALSE?

A) Creatine is found naturally in some foods, particularly meat
B) Creatine is not an essential nutrient as it may be synthesized in the body from several amino acids
C)Research has shown that creatine supplementation may increase the amount of both free creatine and phosphocreatine in skeletal muscle
D)Research indicates that creatine supplementation may be an effective ergogenic, particularly as a
Means to increase muscle mass and muscular strength when supplemented in concert with resistance training
E) Currently creatine use by athletes has been prohibited by WADA

Question 23

Which of the following is not an example of complementary proteins?

A) corn tortilla and wheat bread
B) whole wheat bread and beans
C) Spanish rice and refried beans
D) Peanut butter and whole wheat bread
E) Corn and lima beans (Succotash)

Question 24

Which hormone is released from the pancreas and generally increases the rate of gluconeogenesis in the liver?

A) glucagon
B) cortisol
C) epinephrine
D) human growth hormone
E) adrenalin

Question 25

HMB supplementation appears to offer the greatest benefit to:

A) resistance trained individuals
B) endurance trained individuals
C) untrained individuals
D) elderly individuals

Question 26

Which of the following statements relative to protein metabolism is false?

A) excess protein may be converted to glucose in the body
B) the liver is a critical center for the control of amino acid metabolism
C) essential amino acids can be formed in the liver from carbohydrate and nitrogen from non-essential amino acids
D) excess protein may be converted to fat in the body
E) urea is a waste product of protein metabolism

Question 27

Which of the following dietary supplements are theorized to help promote healthy joints in the body, and have received some research support as a means to reduce joint pain and improve mobility?

A) branched-chain amino acids
B) creatine and carnitine
C) glutamine and glycine
D) tryptophan and inosine
E) glucosamine and chondroitin

Question 28

Which of the following statements relative to protein and exercise is FALSE?

A)protein may be catabolized during exercise and used as an energy source, but the contribution generally is about 5-6 percent or less
B) carbohydrate intake may exert a protein-sparing effect during exercise
C) very low levels of protein intake during training may lead to the development of a condition known as sports anemia
D)research has shown that individuals who are training to gain weight need about 6 to 8 grams of protein per kilogram body weight
E)in general, research has shown that protein supplementation above the RDA will not improve physiological performance capacity during exercise

Question 29

Which of the following is not an essential amino acid?

A) alanine
B) leucine
C) isoleucine
D) valine
E) tryptophan

Question 30

Research suggests that creatine supplementation is MOST likely to enhance performance in which of the following types of physical performance tasks?

A) an all-out power lift in one second
B) high intensity exercise lasting 6-30 seconds
C) 10 kilometer race lasting about 30 minutes
D) marathon running (26.2 miles)
E) ultramarathons, such as Ironman-type triathlons

Question 31

There are thirteen amino acids that cannot be manufactured in the body.

Question 32

If even one of the twenty amino acids necessary for protein synthesis is in short supply, protein
construction may be blocked.

Question 33

Expressed as a PERCENTAGE of its total caloric value, which food exchange has the highest protein content?

A) starch/bread
B) whole milk
C) vegetables
D) lean meat
E) fruit

Question 34

What is the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR) for protein?

A) 6-10 percent of daily caloric intake
B) 10-35 percent of daily caloric intake
C) 20-45 percent of daily caloric intake
D) 45-65 percent of daily caloric intake
E) 70-80 percent of daily caloric intake

Question 35

Supplementation with some amino acids has been theorized to decrease the formation of serotonin in the brain and possibly help delay the onset of central nervous system fatigue in prolonged aerobic endurance exercise. Which amino acids are theorized to do this?

A) leucine, isoleucine, and valine
B) arginine, ornithine, and inosine
C) tryptophan, arginine, and creatine
D) inosine, creatine, and alanine
E) asparagine, aspartic acid, and glutamine

Question 36

How many essential amino acids are there?

A) 6
B) 9
C) 12
D) 14
E) 20

Question 37

Which is most likely to be a complete, high-quality protein food?

A) cheddar cheese
B) peanut butter
C) green peas
D) corn
E) macaroni

Question 38

The process involving the formation of glucose from protein in the body is known as:

A) glycolysis
B) glucolysis
C) glycogenolysis
D) gluconeogenesis
E) aminogenesis

Question 39

Nitrate may be found in:

A) oranges
B) pork
C) beef
D) leafy greens

Question 40

Nitrate supplementation has been shown to:

A) reduce blood pressures
B) stimulate muscle tissue growth
C) buffer lactic acid
D) increase fat oxidation

Question 41

The protein-sparing effect spares the utilization of protein as an energy source and allows it to be used
for more important metabolic functions.

Question 42

Plants provide good sources of protein and may supply all the essential amino acids necessary for
human nutrition when certain foods, such as grains and legumes, are eaten together.

Question 43

Endurance training appears to increase the capacity of the muscle to derive energy from protein.

Question 44

The International Society of Sports Nutrition recommends that athletes consume a 1:3-4 ratio of
carbohydrates to protein within 30 minutes of exercise to enhance recovery.

Question 45

Glycogenic amino acids are converted to carbohydrates by gluconeogenesis, and ketogenic amino
acids may be metabolized to acetyl CoA, utilized in the Krebs cycle or converted to fats; thus, the energy content is not wasted.

Question 46

The body can store excess amino acids for later use.

Question 47

Available research supports the ability of protein supplements to improve physical performance above
and beyond the effects of the training program.

Question 48

Infusing amino acids, such as arginine and lysine, has been shown to increase the secretion of human
growth hormone and enhance muscular development and strength.

Question 49

Recent recommendations, based on reputable research, list the range for dietary protein to be from 10-
30 grams of protein per kilogram body weight per day.

Question 50

The thermic effect (TEF) is greater for protein compared to carbohydrate and fat.

Question 51

Some scientists have proposed that low levels of serum-free tryptophan in conjunction with high
levels of branched-chain amino acids may be a major factor in the origin of fatigue during prolonged endurance exercise.

Question 52

Sports anemia has been shown to be prevalent in all subjects initiating a strenuous training program, and it is suggested that balanced diets be enhanced with protein supplements.

Question 53

According to the American College of Sports Medicine, endurance and resistance athletes should
consume 1.2-1.7 grams of protein per kilogram bodyweight per day.

Question 54

Aspartates, in dosages of approximately 5 grams, have been reported to increase blood levels of
free fatty acids and decrease levels of blood ammonia, which have been associated with improved performance.

Question 55

As a person goes through his/her life cycle, the amount of protein per unit body weight remains at a
constant ratio.

Question 56

Proteinuria has been observed in a variety of sports, and research suggests that the greater the intensity
of the exercise, the greater the loss of protein.

Question 57

A sufficient amount of carbohydrate Calories must be present to provide a protein-sparing effect.

Question 58

Most well-controlled research involving acute BCCA supplementation has reported no significant
ergogenic effects on exercise performance.

Question 59

A decreased plasma glutamine level in over-trained athletes was hypothetically linked to impairment of the immune system.

Question 60

A nonessential amino acid that is in short supply in a particular food is called a limiting amino
acid.

Question 61

Chondroitin and/or glucosamine supplements will prevent the development of joint pain or
osteoarthritis in young, healthy athletes.

Question 62

Throughout the life cycle, the protein RDA per unit body weight decreases.

Question 63

Unlike complete proteins, incomplete proteins contain all essential amino acids and provide positive nitrogen balance.

Question 64

Which of the following amino acids is the most important means of transporting the amino group to the liver fro excretion as urea?

A) Valine
B) Alanine
C) Leucine
D) Threonine

Question 65

There is a positive correlation between the production of acidic urine, the excess of calcium bone loss and the decrease in bone density.

Question 66

Low protein intake negatively affects bone health.

Question 67

Some studies investigating the impact of chondroitin and/or glucosamine supplementation on
symptoms of arthritic pain have shown that they do relieve pain and improve mobility.

Question 68

Short-term protein deficiency is not likely to cause any serious health problems.

Question 69

There is a preponderance of research evidence indicating that high-protein diets confer an advantage in strength development.

Question 70

Which of the following amino acid is associated with the increase in BCAA oxidation during prolonged exercise?

A) Leucine
B) Methionine
C) Lysine
D) Proline

Question 71

Deamination is the a chemical process that removes

A) Both the amino group and the carboxyl group from the amino acid to form the acetyl CoA.
B) The first carbon from the amino acid.
C) The carboxyl group from the amino acid.
D) The amino group from the amino acid.

Question 72

The general guidelines suggest the ingestion of 1-2 grams of carbohydrates per Kilogram body weight and 0.15-0.25 grams of proteins per Kilogram body weight in the 3-4 hours prior to competition.

Question 73

There is a great deal of scientific evidence to support the use of HMB supplementation as an anabolic
agent for strength-trained individuals.

Question 76

Protein complementarity is based on the concept when a combination of food sources supplies the body with all essential amino acids to satisfy the dietary requirement.

Question 77

The body has the ability to reduce its needs for one amino acid when another one of similar chemical structure is present in high quality in the daily food intake.

Question 78

The excess of nitrogen is excreted by the body as

A) amine
B) urea
C) glucose
D) alpha-ketoacid

Question 79

Creatine supplementation increases the risk for muscle cramps.