Deck 13: The Trace Minerals

Question 1

Your cousin Emily is a vegetarian.Since you have just learned in your nutrition class that nonheme iron is absorbed less efficiently than heme iron, you want to make sure Emily is getting enough iron.What should you recommend Emily do to maximize her iron absorption?

A)Choose spinach as her main source of iron
B)Eat her nonheme iron sources with a glass of milk
C)Eat her nonheme iron sources with a glass of orange juice
D)Refrain from any major activity after eating to aid digestion/absorption of iron

Answer 1

C

Question 2

What is the oxygen-carrying protein of muscle cells?

A)Transferrin
B)Myoglobin
C)Hemoglobin
D)Cytochrome

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Which of the following is a feature of iron absorption?

A)It is lower in people with iron toxicity
B)It is higher in people with iron deficiency
C)It is lower when iron is in the form of heme rather than non-heme
D)It is higher in adults than children due to more mature intestinal function

Answer 3

B

Question 4

What fraction of the total iron content of a normal diet is heme iron?

A)1/100
B)1/10
C)1/3
D)1/2

Question 5

What percentage of the iron in a hamburger is nonheme iron?

A)0
B)20
C)40
D)60

Question 6

What is the ionic state of ferric iron?

A)+3
B)+2
C)-2
D)-3

Question 7

Among the following, which does not contain the MFP factor?

A)Tuna
B)Spinach
C)Hamburger
D)Chicken leg

Question 8

Which of the following is not a general feature of the trace minerals?

A)Mild deficiencies are easy to overlook
B)They are rarely found in dietary supplements
C)Most are toxic at only 2½-7 times the requirements
D)The amounts contained in supplements are free from regulation by the FDA

Question 9

What is the function of MFP factor?

A)Enhances iron absorption
B)Acts as an iron enrichment nutrient
C)Simulates metallothionein synthesis
D)Acts as chelating agent for iron toxicity treatment

Question 10

A measure of the amount at which a nutrient is absorbed and used by the body is termed

A)net utilization.
B)bioavailability.
C)biological value.
D)utilization efficiency.

Question 11

Absorption of iron from supplements is improved by taking them with

A)tea.
B)meat.
C)milk.
D)whole-grain bread.

Question 12

Which of the following is a characteristic of the trace minerals?

A)A deficiency sign common to many trace minerals is dermatitis
B)The amounts in foods are dependent, in part, on soil composition
C)Deficiencies are more difficult to recognize in children than in adults
D)The amount of all trace minerals in the average person totals approximately 100 grams

Question 13

If a person's body has a total of 5 grams of iron, how many grams would be found in the hemoglobin?

A)1
B)2
C)3
D)4

Question 14

What iron-containing compound carries oxygen in the bloodstream?

A)Ferritin
B)Myoglobin
C)Transferrin
D)Hemoglobin

Question 15

Which of the following is a characteristic of iron transport?

A)Albumin is the major iron transport protein in the blood
B)Transferrin in the blood carries iron to the bone marrow
C)Hemochromatosis results from inability to absorb and transport iron
D)Ferritin functions by transporting iron from the spleen to the bone marrow

Question 16

How does vitamin C enhance iron absorption when consumed in the same meal?

A)It activates transferrin
B)It keeps iron in the reduced ferrous form
C)It releases iron from the proteins in the stomach
D)It complexes with iron and promotes mucosal transport

Question 17

Which of the following nutrients enhances iron absorption from the intestinal tract?

A)Biotin
B)Calcium
C)Vitamin D
D)Vitamin C

Question 18

When calculating the amount of iron that can be absorbed from a meal, all of the following factors are of major importance except

A)EDTA content.
B)phytate content.
C)vitamin C content.
D)MFP factor content.

Question 19

What is the ionic state of ferrous iron?

A)-2
B)-1
C)+1
D)+2

Question 20

Which of the following foods provides iron in the most absorbable form?

A)Rice
B)Spinach
C)Chicken
D)Orange juice

Question 21

Which of the following is known as an iron-overload protein?

A)Transferrin
B)Hemosiderin
C)Marrowferritin
D)Metallothionein

Question 22

Which of the following represents the order of the stages of iron deficiency?

A)Iron stores decline - iron transport diminishes - hemoglobin synthesis falls
B)Hemoglobin synthesis falls - iron transport diminishes - iron stores decline
C)Iron transport diminishes - hemoglobin synthesis falls - iron stores decline
D)Iron transport diminishes - iron stores decline - hemoglobin synthesis falls

Question 23

About how much iron is absorbed from a vegetarian diet compared with an omnivorous diet?

A)The same
B)One-half as much
C)Twice as much
D)Three times as much

Question 24

Approximately how many people worldwide are thought to be affected by iron-deficiency anemia?

A)1 million
B)100 million
C)1.6 billion
D)3.5 billion

Question 25

How would the body typically respond to loss of blood from hemorrhage?

A)More transferrin is produced to allow absorption and transport of more iron
B)The average life of the red blood cell is increased in order to allow better tissue oxygenation
C)Fewer iron storage proteins are produced, which increases the amount of iron available for synthesis of new red blood cells
D)The liver and muscles release their supply of stored red blood cells, which compensates, in part, for the decrease in red blood cell concentration of the circulation

Question 26

Under normal circumstances, what is the average percentage of dietary iron that is absorbed?

A)10
B)18
C)33
D)60

Question 27

All of the following are chief storage sites for surplus iron except the

A)liver.
B)spleen.
C)muscle.
D)bone marrow.

Question 28

What is the major cause of iron deficiency?

A)Blood loss
B)Poor nutrition
C)Hereditary defect
D)Parasitic infections of the GI tract

Question 29

What is hepcidin?

A)A factor in meats that enhances iron absorption
B)An intestinal mucosa protein that assists in iron turnover
C)A substance in legumes that interferes with iron absorption
D)A liver-derived hormone that helps regulate iron absorption and transport

Question 30

Iron deficiency in children is likely to result from a diet that overemphasizes

A)milk.
B)cereals.
C)vegetables.
D)dried beans.

Question 31

What is the average lifespan of red blood cells?

A)Two weeks
B)One month
C)Four months
D)Six months

Question 32

Which of the following population groups is least susceptible to iron-deficiency anemia?

A)Older infants
B)Children 2-10 years of age
C)Women of childbearing age
D)Men 20-45 years of age

Question 33

A person with high blood levels of hepcidin responds by

A)decreasing iron absorption.
B)increasing iron absorption.
C)decreasing zinc absorption.
D)increasing zinc absorption.

Question 34

What is the chief function of hemosiderin?

A)Stores excess body iron
B)Inhibits hemoglobin synthesis
C)Enhances heme iron absorption
D)Enhances nonheme iron absorption

Question 35

What is erythrocyte protoporphyrin?

A)Iron chelating drug
B)Hemoglobin precursor
C)Indicator of iron toxicity
D)Inherited iron-deficiency disease

Question 36

Which of the following is a characteristic of iron utilization?

A)Most of the body's iron is recycled
B)The chief storage site for iron is the intestinal epithelium
C)Iron is absorbed better from supplements than from foods
D)Iron from nonheme food sources is absorbed better than that from heme food sources

Question 37

All of the following are known to reduce the absorption of iron except

A)tea.
B)coffee.
C)sugars.
D)phytates.

Question 38

Which of the following is known to enhance iron absorption?

A)Tea
B)Coffee
C)Foods containing vitamin C
D)Foods containing vitamin E

Question 39

Which of the following is not known to affect iron bioavailability from complete meals?

A)Caffeine
B)Phytates
C)Vitamin C
D)MFP factor

Question 40

Which of the following is found in the first stage of iron deficiency?

A)Iron stores decline, as assessed by serum ferritin
B)Hemoglobin levels fall, as assessed by complete blood count
C)Red blood cell count falls, as assessed by hematocrit count
D)Hemoglobin synthesis declines, as assessed by erythrocyte protoporphyrin

Question 41

For every 10 adult males with iron deficiency, how many have iron overload?

A)5
B)10
C)20
D)40

Question 42

Why are hemoglobin and hematocrit tests of limited usefulness in the assessment of iron status?

A)They are expensive to perform
B)They are notoriously inaccurate
C)They are late indicators of iron deficiency
D)The range of normal value is usually wide

Question 43

Which of the following is a feature of the disorder hereditary hemochromatosis?

A)It is characterized by acrodermatitis
B)It is found primarily in women of child-bearing age
C)It is associated with defects of copper and zinc absorption
D)It is the most common genetic disorder in the United States

Question 44

Which of the following symptoms would ordinarily not be found in individuals with iron-deficiency anemia?

A)Fatigue
B)Headaches
C)Concave nails
D)Diminished sense of smell

Question 45

The most common tests to diagnose iron deficiency include all of the following measures except

A)size of red blood cells.
B)number of red blood cells.
C)DNA content of red blood cells.
D)hemoglobin content of red blood cells.

Question 46

What is the name given to the ingestion of nonnutritive substances?

A)Pica
B)Goiter
C)Tetany
D)Hemosiderosis

Question 47

Which of the following describes one aspect of iron toxicity?

A)Among men in the United States, it is twice as common as iron-deficiency anemia
B)In adults, the consumption of alcohol is somewhat protective against absorption of excess iron
C)In most people with this disorder, infections are rare because bacteria are killed by excess iron in the blood
D)It is usually caused by a virus that attacks the intestinal mucosal cells leading to unregulated and excessive iron absorption

Question 48

Low levels of blood hemoglobin most likely indicate a deficiency of

A)zinc.
B)iron.
C)copper.
D)manganese.

Question 49

Iron overload is also known as

A)ferrocyanosis.
B)hemoglobinemia.
C)hemochromatosis.
D)metalloferrothionosis.

Question 50

The most common cause of iron overload is

A)an injury to the GI tract.
B)a genetic predisposition.
C)excessive use of iron cookware.
D)excessive use of iron supplements.

Question 51

Which of the following is a characteristic of iron deficiency?

A)Blood erythrocyte protoporphyrin levels decline as anemia worsens
B)Iron supplements are not as effective at treating anemia as is proper nutrition
C)People with anemia generally become fatigued only when they exert themselves
D)The concave nails of iron-deficiency anemia result from abnormal ferritin levels

Question 52

The erythrocyte protoporphyrin level is used as an indicator of

A)late iron toxicity.
B)early iron toxicity.
C)late iron deficiency.
D)early iron deficiency.

Question 53

What type of anemia results from iron deficiency?

A)Hemolytic
B)Megaloblastic
C)Microcytic hypochromic
D)Macrocytic hyperchromic

Question 54

Why are people with iron overload at increased risk for infections?

A)Excess tissue iron destroys vitamin C
B)Iron-rich blood favors growth of bacteria
C)Iron-rich blood impairs the immune system
D)Excess tissue iron interferes with antibiotic function

Question 55

Which of the following disorders may be linked with the presence of high blood iron?

A)Dermatitis
B)Diverticulosis
C)Heart disease
D)Neural tube defects

Question 56

Which of the following foods should be especially limited in the diet of individuals with hemochromatosis?

A)Dairy products
B)Fluoridated water
C)Iron-fortified cereals
D)Carbonated beverages

Question 57

Which of the following is a characteristic of iron deficiency and behavior?

A)Erythrocyte iron levels fall before mental alertness is affected
B)Moderate iron deficiency promotes constipation and hyperactivity
C)Mild iron deficiency impairs energy metabolism and neurotransmitter synthesis
D)Iron deficiency increases risk for infections that promote dysfunctional behavior

Question 58

Common terms that describe the body's accumulation of excess iron include all of the following except

A)iron overload.
B)hemosiderosis.
C)hemoglobinemia.
D)hemochromatosis.

Question 59

Which of the following is descriptive of iron deficiency and behavior?

A)The practice of pica may enhance iron absorption
B)Changes in behavior precede the appearance of anemia
C)The practice of pica may delay the onset of iron-induced behavioral changes
D)Adults are more resistant to iron-induced behavioral changes than children

Question 60

What population group is at the highest risk for iron overload?

A)Adult men
B)Adult women
C)Pregnant women
D)Adolescents

Question 61

Which of the following is the most effective and least costly strategy for preventing an iron deficiency?

A)Consume iron supplements at a level 2-3 times the RDA
B)Switch to iron cooking utensils and eat 4 servings of red meat daily
C)Eat small amounts of citrus products and increase intake of low-fat milk
D)Eat small quantities of meat, fish, and poultry frequently together with liberal amounts of vegetables and legumes

Question 62

Approximately how much iron would be provided by a balanced diet supplying 2000 kcalories?

A)3 mg
B)6 mg
C)12 mg
D)30 mg

Question 63

Which of the following is a common example of iron contamination in the diet?

A)Using an iron skillet to scramble eggs can triple their iron content
B)Cooking acidic foods in a copper pot can extract chelate iron from the pot
C)Simmering acidic foods in glass dishes leads to leaching of iron salts from the glass
D)Cooking leafy vegetables in a galvanized pot leads to a six-fold increase in iron content

Question 64

Approximately how much higher is the RDA for iron for a vegetarian woman of childbearing age compared with her nonvegetarian counterpart?

A)33%
B)80%
C)150%
D)200%

Question 65

Which of the following is a feature of zinc in nutrition?

A)Pancreatic enzymes are rich in zinc
B)The body's primary excretory route is urine
C)Good food sources are whole-grain products
D)Toxicity symptoms include constipation and low body temperature

Question 66

Which of the following defines an association between a protein and a function of zinc?

A)Thyroxine: zinc transporter
B)Globulin: transports zinc into cells
C)Transferrin: essential to zinc excretion
D)Metallothionein: promotes zinc homeostasis

Question 67

Which of the following is a major binding protein for zinc?

A)Ligand
B)Ferritin
C)Hemosiderin
D)Metallothionein

Question 68

When eaten in the same meal, which of the following foods enhances the absorption of iron in legumes?

A)Nuts
B)Fiber
C)Oranges
D)Whole-grain breads

Question 69

Which of the following minerals undergoes enteropancreatic circulation during normal metabolism?

A)Iron
B)Zinc
C)Copper
D)Fluoride

Question 70

Why is taking vitamin C ineffective at enhancing iron absorption from standard iron supplements?

A)The iron in the supplement is in a chelated form
B)The iron in the supplement is already in the ferrous form
C)The iron in the supplement binds irreversibly with vitamin C
D)The iron supplement already contains MFP to enhance absorption

Question 71

What percent of the RDA for iron is consumed by the typical woman?

A)33
B)67
C)100
D)130

Question 72

Which of the following would represent a source of possible iron contamination?

A)An iron frypan
B)An iron chelate
C)A ferric iron supplement
D)A ferrous iron supplement

Question 73

What is the RDA for iron for females 19-50 years old?

A)8 mg
B)10 mg
C)18 mg
D)32 mg

Question 74

Signs of iron toxicity include all of the following except

A)apathy.
B)fatigue.
C)hypochromic anemia.
D)increases in infections.

Question 75

Which of the following is known to regulate the absorption of zinc?

A)Metallothionein in the intestinal cells
B)Zinc-releasing enzymes in the intestinal mucosa
C)Pancreatic juice containing zinc-absorption enhancers
D)Bile acids which form a complex with zinc to promote its absorption

Question 76

A child diagnosed with iron-deficiency anemia would most likely benefit from increasing the consumption of

A)milk.
B)red meat.
C)fresh fruits.
D)yellow vegetables.

Question 77

An enzyme in which zinc or copper is an integral part of its structure is classified as a(n)

A)metalloenzyme.
B)oxidoreductase.
C)cytochromidase.
D)metallothionase.

Question 78

What is the bioavailability of dietary zinc?

A)2-5%
B)5-10%
C)15-40%
D)50-60%

Question 79

Which of the following has been shown to improve absorption of iron from iron supplements?

A)Taking then with milk
B)Taking them with orange juice
C)Taking them on an empty stomach rather than with meals
D)Taking them in the form of the ferric salt rather than the ferrous salt

Question 80

Which of the following is a common side effect from taking iron supplements?

A)Itching
B)Diarrhea
C)Constipation
D)Black tongue